Fifth Avenue

Route map:
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Fifth Avenue
Museum Mile
Lenox Avenue (north of 110th)
Construction
CommissionedMarch 1811

Fifth Avenue is a major and prominent

West 143rd Street in Harlem. It is one of the most expensive shopping streets in the world.[3][4]

Fifth Avenue carries

135th Street and carries one-way traffic southbound for the remainder of its route. The entire street used to carry two-way traffic until 1966. From 124th to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, with southbound traffic diverted around the park via Mount Morris Park West and northbound to Madison Avenue. Most of the avenue has a bus lane, though not a bike lane. Fifth Avenue is the traditional route for many celebratory parades
in New York City, and is closed on several Sundays per year.

Fifth Avenue was originally only a narrower thoroughfare but the section south of

Millionaire's Row
" in the early 20th century due to the high concentration of mansions there. A section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 110th Streets, also alongside Central Park, is also nicknamed Museum Mile due to the large number of museums there.

History

Early history

Fifth Avenue between

Common Council came to own a large amount of land, primarily in the middle of the island away from the Hudson and East Rivers, as a result of grants by the Dutch provincial government to the colony of New Amsterdam. Although originally more extensive, by 1785 the council held approximately 1,300 acres (530 ha), or about 9 percent of the island.[7]

The lots along what is now Fifth Avenue were laid out in the late 18th century following the

Common Council had, starting in June 1785, attempted to raise money by selling property. The land that the Council owned was not suitable for farming or residential estates, and it was also far away from any roads or waterways.[7] To divide the common lands into sellable lots, and to lay out roads to service them, the Council hired Casimir Goerck to survey them. Goerck was instructed to make lots of about 5 acres (2.0 ha) each and to lay out roads to access the lots. He completed his task in December 1785, creating 140 lots of varying sizes, oriented with the east–west axis longer than the north–south axis.[7] As part of the plan, Goerck drew up a street called Middle Road, which eventually became Fifth Avenue.[7][8][9]

The topography of the lots contributed to the public's reluctance to buy the lots. By 1794, with the city growing ever more populated and the inhabited area constantly moving north towards the Common Lands, the Council decided to try again, hiring Goerck once more to re-survey and map the area. He was instructed to make the lots more uniform and rectangular and to lay out roads to the west and east of Middle Road, as well as to lay out east–west streets of 60 feet (18 m) each. Goerck's East and West Roads later became

Sixth Avenues, while Goerck's cross streets became the modern-day numbered east–west streets. Goerck took two years to survey the 212 lots which encompassed the entire Common Lands.[7] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which prescribed the street plan for Manhattan, was heavily inspired from Goerck's two surveys.[5]
: 9 

19th century

Robert L. Bracklow (1849–1919), from his Glimpses through the Camera series, Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street, New York, USA, September 1, 1888, albumen print cabinet card, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

From the early 19th century, some plots on Fifth Avenue in Midtown were acquired by the wealthy and by institutions. In the mid-19th century, Fifth Avenue between 40th and 59th Streets was home to several institutions such as the

St. Luke's Hospital.[5]: 2 [10]: 282–283  Other uses such as a cattle farm remained until the 1860s.[5]
: 2 

The portion of Fifth Avenue in Midtown became an upscale

William K., and Cornelius II mansions).[11]: 578, 580 [13] In the 1880s and 1890s, the ten blocks of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park (at 59th Street) were known as "Vanderbilt Row".[5]
: 3 

The Vanderbilts' relocation prompted many business owners on Fifth Avenue between Madison Square and 34th Street to move uptown.[11]: 581  The upper section of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side, facing the newly created Central Park, was not developed at that time because of what the Real Estate Record and Guide described as the presence of "no opposite neighbors", as the Upper West Side was not yet developed.[11]: 580–581 [14]

Early 20th century

The midtown blocks were largely a residential area until the turn of the 20th century, when they were developed as commercial areas.

Gotham hotels had to be destroyed.[20]

Fifth Avenue after a snow storm in 1905

The first commercial building on Fifth Avenue was erected by

Bergdorf Goodman Building between 57th and 58th Streets, the flagship of Bergdorf Goodman, opened in stages between 1928 and 1929.[25]
: 2 

By the 1920s, Fifth Avenue was the most active area for development in Midtown, and developers were starting to build north of 45th Street, which had previously been considered the boundary for profitable developments.[26]: 2–3 [27]: 14–15 [28] The most active year for construction in that decade was 1926, when thirty office buildings were constructed on Fifth Avenue.[26]: 2 [27]: 14 [29] The two-block-wide area between Fifth and Park Avenues, which represented eight percent of Manhattan's land area, contained 25% of developments that commenced between 1924 and 1926.[28]

In the 1920s, traffic towers controlled important intersections along the lower portion of Fifth Avenue.[30] The idea of using patrolmen to control traffic at busy Fifth Avenue intersections was introduced as early as 1914.[31] The first such towers were installed in 1920 upon a gift by Dr. John A. Harriss, who paid for patrolmen's sheds in the middle of Fifth Avenue at 34th, 38th, 42nd, 50th and 57th Streets.[32] Two years later, the Fifth Avenue Association gave seven 23-foot-high (7.0 m) bronze traffic towers, designed by Joseph H. Freedlander, at important intersections between 14th and 57th Streets for a total cost of $126,000.[33] The traffic signals reduced travel time along Fifth Avenue between 34th and 57th Streets, from 40 minutes before the installation of the traffic towers to 15 minutes afterward.[30] Freedlander's towers were removed in 1929 after they were deemed to be obstacles to the movement of traffic.[34] He was commissioned to design bronze traffic signals at the corners of these intersections, with statues of Mercury atop the signals. The Mercury signals survived through 1964,[32] and some of the statues were restored in 1971.[35]

Mid-20th century to present

In 1954, rising traffic led to a proposal to limit use of the avenue to buses and taxis only.[36] On January 14, 1966, Fifth Avenue below 135th Street was changed to carry only one-way traffic southbound, and Madison Avenue was changed to one-way northbound. Both avenues had previously carried bidirectional traffic.[37]

Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the upscale retailers that once lined Fifth Avenue's midtown section moved away or closed altogether.[38]: 390 [39] According to a 1971 survey of the avenue, conducted by the Office of Midtown Planning under the leadership of Jaquelin T. Robertson, only 57 percent of building frontages between 34th and 57th Street were used as stores. The remaining frontage, including was used for companies such as banks and airline ticket offices. The section between 34th and 42nd Street, once the main shopping district on Fifth Avenue, was identified in the survey as being in decline. The section between 42nd and 50th Street was characterized as having almost no ground-level retail. The section between 50th Street and Grand Army Plaza was identified as having a robust retail corridor that was starting to decay.[38]: 390 

In February 1971, New York City mayor

New York City Planning Commission approved this legislation in March 1971.[42] The legislation was adopted that April.[43] Just before the legislation was enacted, American Airlines leased a ground-level storefront on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 53rd Street; Robertson initially disputed the move, even though it had been finalized before the legislation was proposed.[38]: 392 [44] As part of an experiment in 1970, Lindsay closed Fifth Avenue between 42nd and 57th Street to vehicular traffic for seven hours on Saturdays.[45]

In 1998, a midblock crosswalk was installed south of the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 50th Street, part of an experiment to allow vehicular traffic to turn without conflicting with pedestrians. At the time, it was one of a few midblock crosswalks in the city.[46] The former southern crosswalk at Fifth Avenue and 50th Street was fenced off.[47] A similar crosswalk was later installed south of 49th Street. Both crosswalks were removed in 2019.

During three Sundays in December 2022, the NYCDOT closed Fifth Avenue between 48th and 57th Streets to all vehicular traffic.[48][49] Excluding special events such as parades, this was the first time since the 1970s that the midtown section of Fifth Avenue was closed to vehicular traffic.[50]

Description

Fifth Avenue originates at Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village and runs northwards through the heart of Midtown, along the eastern side of Central Park, where it forms the boundary of the Upper East Side and through Harlem, where it terminates at the Harlem River at 142nd Street. Traffic crosses the river on the Madison Avenue Bridge.

Fifth Avenue serves as the dividing line for house numbering and west–east streets in Manhattan; for example, it separates East 59th Street from West 59th Street. Higher-numbered avenues such as Sixth Avenue are to the west of Fifth Avenue, while lower-numbered avenues such as Third Avenue are to the east.[51] Address numbers on west–east streets increase in both directions as one moves away from Fifth Avenue. A hundred street address numbers were provided for every block to the east or west of Fifth Avenue; for instance, the addresses on West 50th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues were numbered 1–99 West 50th Street, and between Sixth and Seventh Avenues 100–199 West 50th Street.[51] The building lot numbering system worked similarly on the East Side before Madison and Lexington Avenues were added to the street grid laid out in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. Unlike at other avenues, west–east street addresses do not increment to the next hundred to the east of Madison and Lexington Avenues.

The "most expensive street in the world" moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the shopping district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the world's most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis.[4] In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world. Some of the most coveted real estate on Fifth Avenue are the penthouses perched atop the buildings.[52]

The American Planning Association (APA) compiled a list of "2012 Great Places in America" and declared Fifth Avenue to be one of the greatest streets to visit in America. This historic street has many world-renowned museums, businesses and stores, parks, luxury apartments, and historical landmarks that are reminiscent of its history and vision for the future.[53]

Traffic pattern

Fifth Avenue from

Madison Avenue was changed to one way uptown (northbound).[37] From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park
, with southbound traffic diverted around the park via Mount Morris Park West.

Members of Naval Reserve Center Bronx's color guard march up Fifth Avenue at the 244th Annual NYC St. Patrick's Day parade

Parade route

Fifth Avenue is the traditional route for many celebratory

LGBT Pride March, which goes north to south to end in Greenwich Village. The Latino literary classic by New Yorker Giannina Braschi, entitled "Empire of Dreams", takes place on the Puerto Rican Day Parade on Fifth Avenue.[54][55]

Bicycling route

Bicycling on Fifth Avenue ranges from segregated with a bike lane south of 23rd Street, to scenic along Central Park, to dangerous through Midtown with very heavy traffic during rush hours. There is no dedicated bike lane along most of Fifth Avenue.[56] A protected bike lane south of 23rd Street was added in 2017,[57] and another protected lane for bidirectional bike traffic between 110th and 120th Streets was announced in 2020.[58]

In July 1987,

mopeds would not be banned.[61] On August 31, 1987, a state appeals court judge halted the ban for at least a week pending a ruling after opponents against the ban brought a lawsuit.[62] A bike lane on Fifth Avenue between 59th and 42nd Streets was proposed in late 2022.[63]

Public transportation

Bus

Fifth Avenue is one of the few major streets in Manhattan along which

Fifth Avenue Coach, which continued to offer bus service.[64][65] Double-decker buses were operated by the Fifth Avenue Coach Company until 1953 and again by MTA Regional Bus Operations from 1976 to 1978.[66]

A bus lane for Fifth Avenue within Midtown was announced in 1982.[67] Initially it ran from 59th to 34th Streets. The bus lane opened in June 1983 and was restricted to buses on weekdays from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.[68] In June 2020, mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city would test out busways on Fifth Avenue from 57th to 34th Street.[69][70] Despite a deadline of October 2020, the Fifth Avenue busway was not in place at that time.[71]

Today, local bus service along Fifth Avenue is provided by the MTA's

M55 runs on Fifth Avenue south of 44th Street.[72] Numerous express buses from Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Staten Island also run along Fifth Avenue.[73]

Subway

The New York City Subway has never built a line underneath Fifth Avenue, likely because wealthy Fifth Avenue residents would have objected to any such line.[64] However, there are several subway stations along streets that cross Fifth Avenue:[74]

Nicknames

1026–1028 Fifth Avenue, one of the few extant mansions on Millionaire's Row

Upper Fifth Avenue/Millionaire's Row

In the late 19th century, the very rich of New York began building mansions along the stretch of Fifth Avenue between 59th Street and

Millionaire's Row", with mansions such as the Mrs. William B. Astor House and William A. Clark House
. Entries to Central Park along this stretch include Inventor's Gate at 72nd Street, which gave access to the park's carriage drives, and Engineers' Gate at 90th Street, used by equestrians.

A milestone change for Fifth Avenue came in 1916, when the grand corner mansion at 72nd Street and Fifth Avenue that James A. Burden Jr. had erected in 1893 became the first private mansion on Fifth Avenue above 59th Street to be demolished to make way for a grand apartment house. The building at 907 Fifth Avenue began a trend, with its 12 stories around a central court, with two apartments to a floor.[75] Its strong cornice above the fourth floor, just at the eaves height of its neighbors, was intended to soften its presence.

In January 1922, the city reacted to complaints about the ongoing replacement of Fifth Avenue's mansions by apartment buildings by restricting the height of future structures to 75 feet (23 m), about half the height of a ten-story apartment building.

Benjamin Winter, Sr. and Frederick Brown, the old mansions were quickly torn down and replaced with apartment buildings.[77]

This area contains many notable apartment buildings, including

J. E. R. Carpenter. A very few post-World War II structures break the unified limestone frontage, notably the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
between 88th and 89th Streets.

The Museum Mile street sign
The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Museum Mile

Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 110th streets on the

Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009; its museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959,[82]
opened in late 2012.

In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival to promote the museums and increase visitation.[83] The Museum Mile Festival traditionally takes place here on the second Tuesday in June from 6 – 9 p.m. It was established in 1979 by Lisa Taylor to increase public awareness of its member institutions and promote public support of the arts in New York City.[84][85] The first festival was held on June 26, 1979.[86] The nine museums are open free that evening to the public. Several of the participating museums offer outdoor art activities for children, live music and street performers.[87] During the event, Fifth Avenue is closed to traffic.

Museums on the mile include:

Further south, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 70th Street, lies the Henry Clay Frick House, which houses the Frick Collection.[89]

Historical landmarks

Buildings on Fifth Avenue can have one of several types of official landmark designations:

  • The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is the New York City agency that is responsible for identifying and designating the city's landmarks and the buildings in the city's historic districts. New York City landmarks (NYCL) can be categorized into one of several groups: individual (exterior), interior, and scenic landmarks.[90]
  • The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance.[91]
  • The National Historic Landmark (NHL) focuses on places of significance in American history, architecture, engineering, or culture; all NHL sites are also on the NRHP.[92]
  • World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and are legally protected by international treaties.[93]

Individual landmarks

Below is a list of historic sites on Fifth Avenue, from north to south.[94][95] Historic districts are not included in this table, but are mentioned in § Historic districts. Buildings within historic districts, but no individual landmark designation, are not included in this table.

Name Image Address Cross-street NHL NRHP NYCL Notes
369th Regiment Armory 2366 Fifth Avenue 142nd–143rd Streets Yes exterior [96][97]
St. Andrew's Church 2067 Fifth Avenue 127th Street Yes exterior [96][98]
Harlem Fire Watchtower Marcus Garvey Park 122nd Street Yes exterior [96][99]
Central Park 60th–110th Streets Yes Yes scenic landmark [96][95][100]
Museum of the City of New York 1220–1227 Fifth Avenue 103rd-104th Streets exterior [101]
Willard D. Straight House 1130 Fifth Avenue 94th Street exterior [101]
Felix M. Warburg House 1109 Fifth Avenue 92nd Street Yes exterior [96][102]
Otto H. Kahn House 1100 Fifth Avenue (corner of) 1 East 91st Street exterior [103]
Andrew Carnegie Mansion 2 East 91st Street 91st Street Yes exterior [96][104]
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 1009 Fifth Avenue 82nd Street Yes Yes exterior and interior Also designated as WHS[95][96][105][106]
Duke Residence
1009 Fifth Avenue 82nd Street Yes exterior [96][107]
Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue 80th–84th Streets Yes Yes exterior and interior [95][96][108]
998 Fifth Avenue 998 Fifth Avenue 81st Street exterior [109]
Harry F. Sinclair House 2 East 79th Street 79th Street Yes Yes [110]
Payne Whitney House 972 Fifth Avenue 78th–79th Streets, midblock exterior [111]
James B. Duke House 1 East 78th Street 78th Street Yes exterior [96][112]
Edward S. Harkness House 1 East 75th Street 75th Street exterior [113]
Henry Clay Frick House 1 East 70th Street 70th Street Yes Yes exterior [96][95][114]
Robert Livingston Beeckman House 854 Fifth Avenue 66th–67th Streets, midblock exterior [115]
Knickerbocker Club 2 East 62nd Street 62nd Street exterior [116]
The Metropolitan Club
2 East 60th Street 60th Street exterior [117]
Grand Army Plaza 58th–60th Streets scenic landmark [118]
The Sherry-Netherland Sidewalk Clock 783 Fifth Avenue 59th Street Yes [96]
Plaza Hotel 768 Fifth Avenue 58th–59th Streets Yes Yes exterior and interior [95][96][119]
Bergdorf Goodman 754 Fifth Avenue 57th–58th Streets exterior [25]
Coty Building 714 Fifth Avenue 55th–56th Streets, midblock exterior [120]
712 Fifth Avenue 712 Fifth Avenue 55th–56th Streets, midblock exterior [121]
The Peninsula New York 696 Fifth Avenue 55th Street exterior [122]
St. Regis New York 693 Fifth Avenue 55th Street exterior [123]
Aeolian Building 689 Fifth Avenue 54th Street exterior [124]
University Club of New York 1 West 54th Street 54th Street exterior [125]
Saint Thomas Church Corner 1 West 53rd Street exterior [126]
Morton F. Plant & Edward Holbrook House
653 Fifth Avenue 52nd Street Yes exterior [96][127]
George W. Vanderbilt Residence 647 Fifth Avenue 52nd Street Yes exterior [96][128]
Rockefeller Center (including British Empire Building, La Maison Francaise, International Building) 1–75 Rockefeller Plaza 49th–51st Streets Yes Yes complex [95][96][129]
St. Patrick's Cathedral
460 Madison Avenue 50th–51st Streets Yes Yes exterior [95][96][130]
Saks Fifth Avenue Building
611 Fifth Avenue 49th–50th Streets exterior [131]
Goelet (Swiss Center) Building 608 Fifth Avenue 49th–50th Streets exterior and interior [132][133]
Charles Scribner's Sons Building 597 Fifth Avenue 48th Street exterior and interior [134]
Fred F. French Building 551 Fifth Avenue 45th Street Yes exterior and interior [96][26][135]
Sidewalk Clock, 522 Fifth Avenue 522 Fifth Avenue 44th Street Yes object [96][136]
Manufacturers Trust Company Building 510 Fifth Avenue 43rd Street exterior and partial interior [137]
500 Fifth Avenue 500 Fifth Avenue 42nd Street exterior [138]
New York Public Library Main Branch 476 Fifth Avenue 40th–42nd Streets Yes Yes exterior and partial interior [95][96][139]
Knox Building
452 Fifth Avenue 40th Street Yes exterior [96][140]
Lord & Taylor Building 424 Fifth Avenue 38th Street exterior [141]
Stewart & Company Building 402 Fifth Avenue 37th Street exterior [142]
Tiffany and Company Building 401 Fifth Avenue 37th Street Yes exterior [96][143]
390 Fifth Avenue 390 Fifth Avenue 36th Street exterior [144]
B. Altman and Company Building 355–371 Fifth Avenue 34th–35th Streets Yes [145]
Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue 33rd–34th Streets Yes Yes exterior and partial interior [95][96][146]
The Wilbraham 284 Fifth Avenue 30th Street Yes exterior [96][147]
Marble Collegiate Church 272 Fifth Avenue 29th Street Yes exterior [96][148]
Sidewalk Clock, 200 Fifth Avenue 200 Fifth Avenue 24th Street Yes object [96][149]
Flatiron Building 173–185 Fifth Avenue 22nd–23rd Streets Yes Yes exterior [96][95][150]
Scribner Building 153–157 Fifth Avenue 21st–22nd Streets, midblock Yes exterior [96][151]
Salmagundi Club 47 Fifth Avenue 11th–12th Streets, midblock Yes exterior [96][152]

Historic districts

There are numerous historic districts through which Fifth Avenue passes. Buildings in these districts with individual landmark designations are described in § Individual landmarks. From north to south, the districts are:

In the 1980s, there was also a proposal for a historic district on Fifth Avenue between 48th and 58th Streets. At the time, St. Patrick's Cathedral, St. Thomas Church, the Cartier Building at number 651, the University Club, the Rizzoli Building at number 712, and the Coty Building at number 714 were official city landmarks. However, other structures on that strip had no protection yet, including Rockefeller Center, the Elizabeth Arden Building at 689 Fifth Avenue, the St. Regis Hotel, the Peninsula Hotel, and the Bergdorf Goodman Building.[160]

Other

In addition, the cooperative apartment building at 2 Fifth Avenue was named a New York cultural landmark on December 12, 2013, by the Historic Landmark Preservation Center, as the last residence of former New York City Mayor Ed Koch.[161]

Economy

Fifth Avenue looking north from 51st Street. This section of the street contains numerous boutiques and flagship stores.

Between

60th Street, Fifth Avenue is lined with prestigious boutiques and flagship stores and is consistently ranked among the most expensive shopping streets in the world.[3]

Many

Wempe. Luxury department stores include Saks Fifth Avenue and Bergdorf Goodman. Fifth Avenue also is home to an Apple Store
.

Many

Pan American World Airways went out of business, while Air France, Finnair, and KLM moved their ticket offices to other areas in Midtown Manhattan.[162]

Gallery

  • Bird's-eye view looking north from 51st St. c. 1893
    Bird's-eye view looking north from 51st St. c. 1893
  • Street view looking north from 51st St. c. 1895
    Street view looking north from 51st St. c. 1895
  • The same shot in March 2015
    The same shot in March 2015
  • Christmas on Fifth Avenue in 1896
    Christmas on Fifth Avenue in 1896
  • Fifth Avenue, 1918
    Fifth Avenue, 1918

See also

References

Notes

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  2. ^ Google (September 12, 2015). "Fifth Avenue (north of 124th Street)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Fifth Avenue The World's Most Expensive Shopping Street (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. September 21, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2010. For the 9th year in a row, Fifth Avenue between 39th and 60th Streets ranks first among Cushman & Wakefield's Main Streets Across the World Report, according to the New York Post.
  4. ^ a b Foderaro, Lisa W. "Survey Reaffirms 5th Ave. at Top of the Retail Rent Heap", The New York Times, April 29, 1997. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "John Peirce Residence" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 23, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  6. ^ Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). "The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections". p. 67 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ .
  8. ^ Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan: With Explanatory Remarks and References. author. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  9. ^ Reps, John W. "1811 COMMISSIONERS PLAN FOR NEW YORK". URBAN PLANNING, 1794-1918. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  10. . Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  11. ^ .
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  13. . Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  14. ^ "Central Park Lots". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 18, no. 453. November 18, 1876. p. 851 – via columbia.edu.
  15. OCLC 26852090
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  16. ^ "Mr. Edward Harriman..." (PDF). The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 79, no. 2038. April 6, 1907. p. 296 – via columbia.edu.
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  21. . Retrieved September 10, 2020.
  22. .
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  24. . Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  25. ^ a b "Bergdorf Goodman" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c "Fred F. French Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 18, 1986. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  27. ^ a b "Fred F. French Building" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. December 19, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  28. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331
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  29. .
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  38. ^ .
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  40. .
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  47. . Retrieved May 12, 2021.
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  50. ^ Lazar, David (November 22, 2022). "Fifth Avenue will go car-free for three December Sundays". Spectrum News NY1 New York City. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  51. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331
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  52. ^ "- Manhattan NYC New York Penthouses for Sale and Rent. Manhattan Penthouse Apartments". www.nycpenthouses.com.
  53. ^ Great Places in America. Planning.org (February 24, 2011). Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  54. ^ "Giannina Braschi". National Book Festival. Library of Congress. 2012. 'Braschi, one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin America today' is the author of Empire of Dreams.
  55. ^ Marting, Diane (2010), New/Nueva York in Giannina Braschi's 'Poetic Egg': Fragile Identity, Postmodernism, and Globalization, Indiana: The Global South, pp. 167–182.
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  61. ISSN 0362-4331
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  62. . Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  63. ^ Chang, Rachel (December 20, 2022). "NYC's Famed Fifth Avenue to Get a Major Revamp". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  64. ^ a b Reale, Nicholas (July 14, 2014). "Where the Subway Won't Go: A Brief Transit History of Fifth Avenue, New York City". Untapped New York. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  65. ^ Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York. J.B. Lyon Company, printers. 1910. p. 778. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  66. ISSN 0362-4331
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  67. . Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  68. . Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  69. ^ Gartland, Michael (June 8, 2020). "De Blasio announces 20 miles of new express MTA busways as NYC begins to reopen". nydailynews.com. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  70. ^ "Better Buses Restart: Mayor de Blasio Announces Major Projects to Speed Buses During City's Phased Reopening". The official website of the City of New York. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  71. ^ Guse, Clayton (December 7, 2020). "De Blasio's plan to add new 'busways' in NYC for essential workers falls short". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  72. ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  73. ^ See:
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Further reading

External links

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