Fifth Council of the Lateran
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| Fifth Council of the Lateran | |
|---|---|
| Date | 1512–1517 |
| Accepted by | Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence |
Next council | Council of Trent |
| Convoked by | Pope Julius II |
| President | Pope Julius II, Pope Leo X |
| Attendance | about 100 bishops, mostly Italians |
| Topics | Church discipline |
Documents and statements | five decrees, pawn shops allowed, permission required to print books |
| Chronological list of ecumenical councils | |
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| Part of a series on the |
| Ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church |
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| 4th–5th centuries |
| 6th–9th centuries |
| 12th–14th centuries |
| 15th–16th centuries |
| 19th–20th centuries |
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The Fifth Council of the Lateran, held between 1512 and 1517, was the eighteenth
Background
| This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article. (September 2017) ) |
When elected pope in 1503, Pope Julius II promised under oath to convoke a general council, but his promise was not fulfilled.[1]
The Republic of Venice had encroached on papal rights in Venetian territories by independently filling vacant episcopal sees, subjecting clergy to secular tribunals and generally disregarding the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Julius II in other ways. In 1509, Julius II joined the League of Cambrai, a coalition formed to restore lands that had been recently conquered by Venice to their original owners. Julius II censured Venice with an interdict and deployed the armies of the Papal States, along with the combined forces of the League of Cambrai, to Venetian-occupied Romagna. There, Venice suffered a complete defeat at the Battle of Agnadello, on 14 May 1509. In 1510, Venice negotiated with Julius II, who withdrew from the League of Cambrai and removed the censure in exchange for terms that included Venice agreeing to return disputed towns in Romagna, to renounce claims to fill vacant benefices, to acknowledge jurisdiction of ecclesiastical tribunals over clergy and their immunity to secular tribunals including exemption from taxes, to revoke all unauthorised treaties made with towns in the Papal States, to abandon appeal to a future general council against the papal bans and to concede free navigation of the Adriatic Sea to Papal States subjects.[2][3]
The first stages of conflict between the Papal States and France began in 1510. King
Julius II was a soldier, and his goal was to free the entire
Under the leadership of Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, the French were at first successful, but after his death, they yielded to the superior forces of the League. After being defeated in the Battle of Ravenna in 1512, they retreated beyond the Alps. Bologna again submitted to Julius II, and the cities of Parma, Reggio and Piacenza became part of the Papal States.[2]
Conciliabulum of Pisa
The reforms of the
According to Kraus, it was intended by French politicians to restrain Julius II, and to recognize by general council of the principles of the 1438
Maximilian I, who had planned since 1507 to procure his own election to the papacy after Julius died, at first gave his protection to the schismatic conciliabulum at Pisa. Then, he withdrew it, and the German bishops also refused to have anything to do with the schismatic tendencies of the French. On 18 July 1511, Julius II summoned a general council, the Fifth Lateran Council, at Rome; it assembled there on 19 April 1512, with a very small attendance that had only Italian prelates.[11]
Julius deprived the four leading schismatic cardinals of their dignities, deposed them from their offices and excommunicated the conciliabulum participants.[12]
After the conciliabulum transferred from Pisa to Milan because of popular opposition,[9] possibly elected Carvajal as Antipope Martin VI.[13]
Soon afterward, in 1512, fearing the Swiss mercenaries invasion of the French occupied Duchy of Milan, the conciliabulum participants departed to Asti and then Lyon, France, where they abandoned the conciliabulum later that year.[14]
The schismatic conciliabulum was a political step aimed at Julius II, who was involved in conflict with the Duchy of Ferrara and France. The whole matter was a futile attempt to revive 15th century conciliarism and to use it for political purposes.[9]
Convocation of Lateran Council
Julius II was quick to oppose the conciliabulum and convoked a general council by a
A war of polemics was waged about the councils, pitting Thomas Cajetan, the Dominican Master General, on the papal side against the conciliarist arguments of Jacques Almain, the spokesman of the University of Paris.
At the seventh session, in 1513, Carvajal and Sanseverino separated from their French colleagues and formally renounced the schism, and they were restored by Leo X to their offices.[10]
Location
The arrangements for the council were done by the papal master of ceremonies Paride de Grassi, who prepared by reaching out to several individuals who had knowledge of the proceeding and structures for previous councils, such as Constance and Florence. De Grassi constructed a main council chamber inside the nave of the Lateran Basilica. This chamber was surrounded by a wall to protect the privacy of the proceedings. Rooms for eating and latrines were constructed within it, as the participants could not leave the premises during the council. A second smaller room was constructed in the aula concilii in the Lateran Palace, and was designed for the purpose of having a smaller locations were the pope, cardinals, emperors, and other high-ranking members could enjoy more privacy. However, the aula concilii housed only one meeting and no formal sessions were conducted in it. The details of the room, measurements, structures, and facilities were reconstructed by scholar Nelson Minnich, who heavily relied on the diaries of Paride De Grassi himself.[16][17][18]
Meetings and decision
France's victory over the
Several decrees were published, including:
- A rejection and condemnation of the conciliabulum of Pisa, quashing everything done by it.[20][21]
- A confirmation of the excommunications of cardinals by Julius II (1512).[10]
- Inter multiplices, a Bull promulgated by Leo X on 4 May 1515, sanctioning the
- immortality of the soul, usually believed to have been directed against Pietro Pomponazzi
- One concerning the freedom of the Church and the dignity of bishops.
- A requirement that a local bishop give permission before the printing of a new book.[24]
- Confirmation of the contemporaneous 1516 Concordat of Bologna between the Holy See and the Kingdom of France and abrogation of the 1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.[25][26][27]
- Advocation of war against the Turks to reclaim the Holy Land, to be funded by three years of tax levies.[28][29]
- Condemnation of all propositions contradicting "the truth of the enlightened Christian faith", restrictions on clergy teachings about the "nature of the rational soul" and regulation of university course sequences for clerics' studies in philosophy and poetry. A call to all philosophy teachers to complement any lesson that contradicts the Christian faith with "convincing arguments" from the Christian point of view.[30]
- Requirement for documented competence in preaching.[31]
Little was done to put the work of the council into practice. Whether or not the Protestant Reformation could have been avoided if the reforms had been implemented is a matter of debate. Martin Luther's 95 theses were published just seven months after the close of the council.
Notes
- ^ According to Leclercq, four cardinals met at Pisa and proxies representing three others, several bishops and abbots were also present.[1] Ott set the number of cardinals at five.[2] According to Schaff-Herzog, the schismatic conciliabulum was called by nine cardinals under Carvajal, three of whom, however, had not formally given assent, to convene Sept. 1, 1511.[9] The handful of members held three sessions at Pisa.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Leclercq 1910.
- ^ a b c d e Ott 1910.
- ^ Leathes 1903, p. 134.
- ^ Burd 1903, pp. 197–198.
- ^ Kraus 1907, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Burd 1903, p. 198.
- ^ Pellegrini 2004.
- ^ Kraus 1907; Shahan 1908.
- ^ a b c Schaff-Herzog.
- ^ a b c Shahan 1908.
- ^ Kraus 1907, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Shahan 1908; Schaff-Herzog.
- ^ Shahan 1908; Pellegrini 2004.
- ^ Leclercq 1910; Schaff-Herzog.
- ^ Hefele, Hergenroether, and Leclercq. Histoire des Conciles, vol. VIII/1 (Paris, 1917), pp. 522-523
- ISBN 978-1-351-89173-8.
- JSTOR 23563961.
- JSTOR 23563730.
- ^ Oratio prima Synodi Lateranensis habita, printed at Rome, 1513; it is printed in Harduin's collection of the Councils, Vol. IX, p.1576.
- ^ Lateran Council V, [The Pragmatic is revoked and the acts of the quasi-council of Pisa regarding the same are annulled].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [Each and all of the measures sponsored by the schismatic cardinals are rejected].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [On the reform of credit organisations (Montes pietatis)].
- ^ Benigni 1912.
- ^ Lateran Council V, [On printing books].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [Bull containing agreements between the pope and the most christian king of France, on the Pragmatic].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [On the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [On setting a date for those acknowledging the Pragmatic Sanction].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [The pope urges christian rulers to make peace among themselves so that an expedition against the enemies of the christian faith may be possible].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [Constitution imposing taxes and closing the council].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [Condemnation of every proposition contrary to the truth of the enlightened christian faith].
- ^ Lateran Council V, [On how to preach].
Sources
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Benigni, Umberto (1912). "Montes Pietatis". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the OCLC 609661773.- Burns, James H.; Izbicki, Thomas M., eds. (1997). Conciliarism and papalism. Cambridge texts in the history of political thought. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47089-7.
- Constant, Eric A. (2002). "A reinterpretation of the Fifth Lateran Council Decree Apostolici regiminis (1513)". Sixteenth Century Journal. 33 (2): 353–379. S2CID 159661929.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 9 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 73.
- Catholic Church. Lateran Council V (2007) [Documents promulgated 1512–1517]. Fifth Lateran Council (IntraText ed.). Rome: Èulogos SpA. Retrieved 2014-11-21 – via The IntraText Digital Library. Introduction and translation taken from Tanner, Norman P, ed. (1990). Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. London: Sheed & Ward. ISBN 0-87840-490-2.
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the OCLC 609661773.
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the OCLC 609661773.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Leclercq, Henri (1910). "Fifth Lateran Council (1512-17)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Minnich, Nelson H. (1974), "The Participants at the Fifth Lateran Council", Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 12 (1974), pp. 157–206.
- Minnich, Nelson H. (2007). "Julius II and Leo X as presidents of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)". In Alazard, Florence; La Branca, Frank (eds.). La papauté à la Renaissance. XLVIe Colloque international d'études humanistes, at the Centre d'études supérieures de la Renaissance, in Tours, 30 June to 4 July 2003. Savoir de Mantice. Vol. 12. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur. pp. 153–166. ISBN 9782745315717.
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Julius II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Pellegrini, Marco (2004) [2002]. "A turning-point in the history of the factional system in the Sacred College : the power of the pope and cardinals in the age of Alexander VI". In Signorotto, Gianvittorio; Visceglia, Maria A. (eds.). Court and politics in papal Rome, 1492-1700. Cambridge studies in Italian history and culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780521641463.
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Shahan, Thomas (1908). "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Tanner, Norman P. (2001). The councils of the church : a short history. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 978-0-8245-1904-9.
