Title: Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy
Identifier: cunninghamstextb00cunn (find matches)
Year: 1914 (1910s)
Authors: Cunningham, D. J. (Daniel John), 1850-1909; Robinson, Arthur, b. 1862, ed
Subjects: Anatomy
Publisher: New York, W. Wood
Contributing Library: Columbia University Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons

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1276 THE UKINO-GENITAL SYSTEM. of the bladder, or points where the ureters join the organ. They separate the superior surface from the infero-lateral portions of the inferior aspect of the bladder wall (Fig. 993, A). The posterior border stretches across between the lateral angles of the bladder, and separates the superior from the basal surface of the viscus. The superior surface is related in the male to coils of intestine; in the female it is also related to the anterior surface of the uterus. The lateral border of the empty bladder lies against the pelvic fascia just above, or at the level of the arcus tendineus of the levator ani muscle. The ductus deferens crosses the lateral wall of the pelvis parallel to it, but at a considerably higher level. In median section the cavity of the empty and relaxed bladder often presents the appearance of a Y-shaped chink, the stem of the Y being represented by the urethra as it leaves the organ, and the two limbs by the narrow intervals between the superior surface and the under parts of the bladder wall which lie in front of and behind the urethral orifice. This relaxed form is sometimes described as the diastolic condition of the empty bladder, and is found associated with a bladder wall of but little thickness, and with a concave upper surface. The condition is usually the result of an escape of fluid after death, when the bladder wall has lost the power of contracting. It certainly does not Lig. umbilicale medium (urachu Obliterated part of the umbilical artery Inferior epigastric artery Ductus deferens—*^r Colon
Text Appearing After Image:
Tuberculum pubicum Ilio-pectineal eminence ^Inferior epigastric ;5v artery Ductus deferens .Urinary bladder (highest point) Sacral promontory Ureter Common iliac artery Fig. 994.—View looking into the Pelvis from above and somewhat behind. The bladder has been artificially distended. represent a normal condition of the organ in the living. The normal empty bladder is strongly contracted, and its wall is thick and firm. A distinctly Y-shaped appearance is not presented by its cavity in median section, but the interior of the organ is seen as a simple narrow interval continuous with the canal of the urethra. Distended Bladder.—As the bladder fills with fluid the superior wall is raised upwards from the infero-lateral and basal walls, and, at the same time, the borders separating the superior from the other surfaces of the bladder become at first more rounded and then nearly obliterated. The lateral borders of the bladder becoming in this manner opened out, give rise to so-called lateral surfaces in the distended organ. These surfaces, however, are not sharply marked off, and are directly continuous with the superior surface. During distension, also, the angles present in the empty condition of the organ become rounded as the entire bladder wall becomes more uniformly convex. The general shape of the bladder becomes altered during distension; the tetrahedral form of the empty organ is lost, and the bladder as it becomes filled assumes first a somewhat spherical, then an oval contour. During distension the enlarging bladder comes to occupy more and more of the pelvic cavity, displacing upwards the portions of the colon and small intestine which may lie in the pelvis when the organ is empty. Until all the available pelvic space has been filled up, the form

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