Filibuster
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A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill",[1] and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body.
Etymology
The term "filibuster" ultimately derives from the Dutch vrijbuiter ("freebooter", a pillaging and plundering adventurer), but the precise history of the word's borrowing into English is obscure.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary finds its only known use in early modern English in a 1587 book describing "flibutors" who robbed supply convoys.[2] In the late 18th century, the term was re-borrowed into English from its French form flibustier, a form that was used until the mid-19th century.
The modern English form "filibuster" was borrowed in the early 1850s from the Spanish filibustero (lawless plunderer). The term was applied to private military adventurers like William Walker who were then attacking and pillaging Spanish colonies in Central America.[2] Spain lost all its Central American territory in 1821.[3] Over the course of the mid to late 19th century, the term "filibustering" became common in American English in the sense of "obstructing progress in a legislative assembly".[2]
Ancient Rome
One of the first known practitioners of the filibuster was the Roman senator Cato the Younger. In debates over legislation he especially opposed, Cato would often obstruct the measure by speaking continuously until nightfall.[4] As the Roman Senate had a rule requiring all business to conclude by dusk, Cato's purposefully long-winded speeches were an effective device to forestall a vote.
Cato attempted to use the filibuster at least twice to frustrate the political objectives of
Cato made use of the filibuster again in 59 BC in response to a land reform bill sponsored by Caesar, who was then consul.
Westminster-style parliaments
Australia
Both houses of the
In opposition, Tony Abbott's Liberal National coalition used suspension of standing orders in 2012 for the purposes of filibustering, most commonly during question time against the Labor government.[7][8]
In 2022, Liberal Senator Michaelia Cash engaged in a nine-hour filibuster in committee of the whole (in which senators can usually question ministers as often as they liked) in an effort to stall the passage of industrial relations laws.[9]
Canada
Federal
A dramatic example of filibustering in the
The House was supposed to break for the summer on June 23 but remained open in an extended session due to the filibuster. The 103 NDP MPs had been taking it in turn to deliver 20-minute speeches – plus 10 minutes of questions and comments – in order to delay the passing of the bill. MPs are allowed to give such speeches each time a vote takes place, and many votes were needed before the bill could be passed. As the Conservative Party of Canada held a majority in the House, the bill passed.[10][11] This was the longest filibuster since the 1999 Reform Party of Canada filibuster, on native treaty issues in British Columbia.[12][13]
Conservative
Another example of filibuster in Canada federally came in early 2014 when NDP MP and Deputy Leader David Christopherson filibustered the government's bill C-23, the Fair Elections Act at the Procedure and House Affairs Committee.[23] His filibuster lasted several meetings, in the last of which he spoke for over 8 hours. It was done to support his own motion to hold cross-country hearings on the bill so that MPs could hear what the Canadian public thought of the bill.[24] In the end, given that the Conservative government had a majority at committee, his motion was defeated and the bill passed although with some significant amendments.[25]
In the spring of 2017 Conservative and NDP Opposition MPs united to filibuster a motion from Government House Leader Bardish Chagger arguing it was an attempt by the Liberal Government to limit the ability of opposition parties to hold the government to account.[26] David Christopherson was again one of the leaders in this filibuster along with Conservative Scott Reid. Several other opposition MPs made significant contributions to the filibuster including, Blake Richards, John Nater, and Jamie Schmale. The filibuster lasted from March 21 until May 2 when the Liberal Government agreed to drop the most controversial elements of their proposal.[27]
Provincial
Newfoundland and Labrador
An ironic example of filibustering occurred when the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador reportedly had "nothing else to do in the House of Assembly" and debated between only themselves about their own budget after both the Conservative and NDP party indicated either their support for the bill or intent to vote.[28]
Ontario
The
A second high-profile and uniquely implemented filibuster in the
The filibuster began on April 2 with the Abbeywood Trail amendment
India
The Rajya Sabha (Council of states) – which is the upper house in the Indian bicameral legislature – allows for a debate to be brought to a close with a simple majority decision of the house, on a closure motion so introduced by any member.[37] On the other hand, the Lok Sabha (Council of the people) – the lower house – leaves the closure of the debate to the discretion of the speaker, once a motion to end the debate is moved by a member.[38]
Ireland
In 2014, Irish Justice Minister Alan Shatter performed a filibuster; he was perceived to "drone on and on" and hence this was termed a "Drone Attack".[39]
New Zealand
In August 2000,
In 2009, several parties staged a filibuster of the Local Government (Auckland Reorganisation) Bill in opposition to the government setting up a new
United Kingdom
In the
- In 1874, Irish Questionof return to self-government seriously.
- In 1983, Labour MP British TelecommunicationsBill. However, as this was at a standing committee and not in the Commons chamber, he was also able to take breaks to eat.
- On July 3, 1998, Labour MP Michael Foster's Wild Mammals (Hunting with Dogs) Bill was blocked in Parliament by opposition filibustering.[citation needed]
- In January 2000, filibustering directed by Prime Minister Tony Blair's 1,000th day in office. However, since this business included Prime Minister's Questions, William Hague, the Conservative leader at that time, was deprived of the opportunity of a high-profile confrontation with the Prime Minister.
- On Friday, April 20, 2007, a private member's bill aimed at exempting Members of Parliament from the Freedom of Information Act was 'talked out' by a collection of MPs, led by Liberal Democrats Simon Hughes and Norman Baker who debated for five hours, therefore running out of time for the parliamentary day and 'sending the bill to the bottom of the stack.' However, since there were no other private member's bills to debate, it was resurrected the following Monday.[43]
- In January 2011, Labour peers, including most notably Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill 2010 until after February 16, the deadline given by the Electoral Commission to allow the referendum on the Alternative Vote to take place on May 5. On the eighth day of debate, staff in the House of Lords set up camp beds and refreshments to allow peers to rest, for the first time in eight years.[44]
- In January 2012, Conservative and Scottish National Party MPs used filibustering to successfully block the Daylight Savings Bill 2010–12, a private member's bill that would put the UK on Central European Time. The filibustering included an attempt by Jacob Rees-Mogg to amend the bill to give the county of Somerset its own time zone, 15 minutes behind London.[45][46]
- In November 2014, Conservative MPs Philip Davies and Christopher Chope successfully filibustered a private member's bill that would have prohibited retaliatory evictions. Davies's speech was curtailed by Deputy Speaker Dawn Primarolo for disregarding her authority after she ordered Davies to wrap up his then hour-long speech. A closure motion moved by the government, which was agreed to 60–0, failed due to being inquorate.[47][48]
- In October 2016 Conservative Minister John Nicolson of the Scottish National Partythat would pardon historic convictions for homosexual acts (which are no longer an offense), replacing an existing law that requires each pardon to be applied for separately.
The all-time Commons record for non-stop speaking, six hours, was set by Henry Brougham in 1828, though this was not a filibuster. The 21st century record was set on December 2, 2005, by Andrew Dismore, Labour MP for Hendon. Dismore spoke for three hours and 17 minutes to block a Conservative private member's bill, the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Protection of Property) Bill, which he claimed amounted to "vigilante law".[49] Although Dismore is credited with speaking for 197 minutes, he regularly accepted interventions from other MPs who wished to comment on points made in his speech. Taking multiple interventions artificially inflates the duration of a speech and thus may be used as a tactic to prolong a speech.
In local unitary authorities of England a motion may be carried into closure by filibustering. This results in any additional motions receiving less time for debate by councilors instead of forcing a vote by the council under closure rules.[citation needed]
Northern Ireland
A notable filibuster took place in the
Other
On October 28, 1897,
In the Southern Rhodesia Legislative Assembly, Independent member Ahrn Palley staged a similar filibuster against the Law and Order Maintenance Bill on November 22, 1960, although this took the form of moving a long series of amendments to the Bill, and therefore consisted of multiple individual speeches interspersed with comments from other Members. Palley kept the Assembly sitting from 8 PM to 12:30 PM the following day.
In the
On December 16, 2010, Werner Kogler of the Austrian Green Party gave his speech before the budget committee, criticizing the failings of the budget and the governing parties (Social Democratic Party and Austrian People's Party) in the last years. The filibuster lasted for 12 hours and 42 minutes (starting at 13:18, and speaking until 2:00 in the morning),[52] thus breaking the previous record held by his party-colleague Madeleine Petrovic (10 hours and 35 minutes on March 11, 1993),[53] after which the standing orders had been changed, so speaking time was limited to 20 minutes.[54] However, it did not keep Kogler from giving his speech.
United States
Senate
The filibuster is a powerful legislative device in the
The procedure is not enumerated in the
Under current Senate rules, any modification or limitation of the filibuster would be a rule change that itself could be filibustered, with two-thirds of those senators present and voting (as opposed to the normal three-fifths of those sworn) needing to vote to break the filibuster.[55] However, under Senate precedents, a simple majority can (and has) acted to limit the practice by overruling decisions of the chair. The removal or substantial limitation of the filibuster by a simple majority, rather than a rule change, is called the constitutional option by proponents,[62] and the nuclear option by opponents.
On November 21, 2013, the Democratic controlled Senate voted 52 to 48 to require only a majority vote to end a filibuster of all executive and judicial nominees, excluding Supreme Court nominees, rather than the 3/5 of votes previously required.[63] On April 6, 2017, the Republican controlled Senate voted 52 to 48 to require only a majority vote to end a filibuster of Supreme Court nominees.[64] A 3/5 (60 vote) supermajority is still required to end filibusters on legislation.
While president, Donald Trump spoke out against the 60-vote requirement for legislation on several occasions.[65][66] In opposition to Trump, then-Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell committed to not abolish the filibuster for legislation; in April 2017, a broad mix of 61 senators (32 Republicans, 28 Democrats, and one independent)[67] signed a letter stating their support for the 60-vote threshold and their opposition to abolishing the filibuster for legislation.[65]
In 2021, the Senate filibuster's past, particularly its historical usage in blocking civil rights legislation, a practice described by the Associated Press as racist, fueled arguments for its end.[68] On January 19, 2022, the Democratic controlled Senate voted to change the filibuster. The vote, however, failed 52–48, due to the defection of Democratic Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema.[69]
House of Representatives
In the
State legislatures
Only 13 state legislatures have a filibuster:
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arkansas
- Connecticut
- Florida
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Maine
- Nebraska
- South Carolina
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
France
In France, since the duration of speeches themselves are limited,[74] points of order (rappels au règlement) and, especially, amendments are popular tools for parliamentary obstructionism.[75]
The record number of amendments occurred, in August 2006, the left-wing opposition submitted 137,449 amendments[76] to the proposed law bringing the share in Gaz de France owned by the French state from 80% to 34% in order to allow for the merger between Gaz de France and Suez.[77] Normal parliamentary procedure would require 10 years to vote on all the amendments.
The French constitution gives the government two options to defeat such a filibuster. The first one was originally the use of the
In the end, the government did not have to use either of those procedures. As the parliamentary debate started, the left-wing opposition chose to withdraw all the amendments to allow for the vote to proceed. The "filibuster" was aborted because the opposition to the privatisation of Gaz de France appeared to lack support amongst the general population. It also appeared that this privatisation law could be used by the left-wing in the presidential election of 2007 as a political argument. Indeed, Nicolas Sarkozy, president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP – the right wing party), Interior Minister, former Finance Minister and future President, had previously promised that the share owned by the French government in Gaz de France would never go below 70%.
Chile
In 1993, Jorge Ulloa of the Independent Democratic Union, held a six-hour-long speech at the Chamber of Deputies in Valparaíso, allowing for Pablo Longueira to arrive from Concepción and vote the impeachment of three Supreme Court justices.[79]
In the
Hong Kong
The first incidence of filibuster in the
Legislators of the Pro-democracy Camp filibustered during a debate about financing the construction of the
In 2012,
To ban filibuster, Ip Kwok-him of the DAB sought to limit each member to move only one motion, by amending the procedures of the Finance Committee and its two subcommittees in 2013. All 27 members from pan-democracy camp submitted 1.9 million amendments.[84] The Secretariat estimated that 408 man-months (each containing 156 working hours) were needed to vet the facts and accuracy of the motions, and, if all amendments were admitted by the chairman, the voting time would take 23,868 two-hour meetings.
Italy
In Italy, filibustering has ancient traditions and is expressed overall with the proposition of legal texts such as motions or amendments[85] on which debates take place.[86]
Iran
In
South Korea
South Korean opposition lawmakers started a filibuster on February 23, 2016, to stall the Anti-Terrorism bill, which they claim will give too much power to the
Spain
In the
See also
- Constitution of the Roman Republic
- Gag order
- Gaming the system
- Justice delayed is justice denied
- Liberum veto
- "The Stackhouse Filibuster" – an episode of The West Wing
- "Scandal
- "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" – a 1939 film by Frank Capra
- Obstructionism
References
Notes
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- ^ Mark Twain. "Stirring Times in Austria". Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ Mustafa, Noralyn. (June 18, 2004). "Roseller T. Lim – He filibustered for 18 hours to stop Marcos but..." Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
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- ^ Binder, Sarah (April 22, 2010). "The History of the Filibuster". Brookings. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
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- ^ "The Need for the Constitutional Option". HuffPost. March 28, 2010. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
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- ^ "Senators sign letter to preserve filibuster rules". Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ "Senate filibuster's racist past fueled arguments for its end". AP NEWS. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
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- ^ Hong Kong Opposition to Rail Holds Off Vote Archived 2017-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal
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- ^ (in Italian) Pacuvio Labeone, Italicum, canguri e scavalchi: gli emendamenti azzeccagarbugli Archived 2023-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, Goleminformazione, 22 gennaio 2015.
- ^ (in Italian) I tre giorni della supercazzola Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, L’Ago e il filo, 2013.
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Media
- BBC, "Filibustering Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine," at BBC News, July 16, 2005.
- BBC, "MP's marathon speech sinks bill Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine" at BBC News, December 2, 2005.
Further reading
- Beth, Richard; Stanley Bach (March 28, 2003). Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate. Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- Sarah A. Binder and ISBN 0-8157-0952-8
- Eleanor Clift, "Filibuster: Not Like It Used to Be Archived 2004-05-25 at the Wayback Machine," Newsweek, 24 Nov. 2003.
- Bill Dauster, "It’s Not Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: The Senate Filibuster Ain’t What it Used To Be", The Washington Monthly, Nov. 1996, at 34–36.
- Government Printing Office, 1992.
- OCLC 455871593.
- Lazare, Daniel (1996). The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy. Harcourt. OCLC 32626734.
- Jessica Reaves, "The Filibuster Formula," Time, 25 Feb. 2003.
- U.S. Senate, "Filibuster and Cloture Archived 2017-02-24 at the Wayback Machine."
- U.S. Senate, "Filibuster Derails Supreme Court Appointment Archived 2010-05-05 at the Wayback Machine."
External links
- Archive of the amendment debates, 2 April 1997 (Canada, Toronto) Archived 2017-07-07 at the Wayback Machine in the Provincial Hansard. The filibuster extends from section L176B of the archive to L176AE; the Cafon Court slip-up is in section L176H, Stockwell rules on the issue of repetition in L176N, and Zorra Street is reached in L176S.
- Congressional Quarterly 101 Filibuster Archived 2009-06-24 at the Wayback Machine