Filipino Americans

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Filipino American
)
This article is about people of Filipino descent in the United States. For American people in the Philippines, see Americans in the Philippines.
Filipino Americans
Mga Pilipinong Amerikano
Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Chavacano), and other languages of the Philippines[3]
Spanish, Chinese (Minnan and Fujien)[5][6]
Religion
65% Roman Catholicism
21% Protestantism
8% Irreligion
1% Buddhism[7]
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Filipinos

Filipino Americans (Filipino: Mga Pilipinong Amerikano) are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century[8] and other small settlements beginning in the 18th century.[9] Mass migration did not begin until after the end of the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.[10][11]

As of 2019, there were 4.2 million Filipinos, or Americans with Filipino ancestry, in the United States[12][13] with large communities in California, Hawaii, Illinois, Texas, Florida, and the New York metropolitan area.[14]

Terminology

The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Am[15] or Pinoy.[16] Another term which has been used is Philippine Americans.[17] The earliest appearance of the term Pinoy (feminine Pinay), was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin.[18] Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.[19] Beginning in 2017, started by individuals who identify with the LGBT+ Filipino American population, there is an effort to adopt the term FilipinX; this new term has faced opposition within the broader overseas Filipino diaspora, within the Philippines, and in the United States, with some who are in opposition believing it is an attempt of a "colonial imposition".[20]

Background

Main articles: Demographics of Filipino Americans and History of Filipino Americans
See also: Filipinos in Hawaii, Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area, Filipino Americans in Hampton Roads, and Little Manila
Five images of the Filipino settlement at Saint Malo, Louisiana

Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America.[21] The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around Morro Bay, California,[22] with the first permanent settlement in Saint Malo, Spanish Louisiana, in 1763,[23] the settlers there were called "Manilamen" and they served in the Battle of New Orleans during the closing stages of the War of 1812, after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.[24] There were then small settlements of Filipinos beginning in the 18th century,[25] and Filipinos worked as cowboys and ranch hands in the 1800s.[26] Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. By 1904, Filipino peoples of different ethnic backgrounds were imported by the U.S. government onto the Americas and were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as part of a human zoo.[27][28] During the 1920s, many Filipinos immigrated to the United States as unskilled labor, to provide better opportunities for their families back at home.[29]

Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. After independence in 1946, Filipino American numbers continued to grow. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.[30] The majority of Filipinos who immigrated after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were skilled professionals and technicians.[29]

The

ancestry group after Chinese Americans according to 2010 American Community Survey.[33][34] They are also the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.[35] Significant populations of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Florida, Texas, Hawaii, the New York metropolitan area, and Illinois
.

Culture

The history of

music, theater and arts have all had roles in building Filipino American cultural identities and communities.[39][page needed
]

In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[40] Organizations are often organized into regional associations.[41] The associations are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[42] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino American community.[43] In a Filipino party, shoes should be left in the front of the house and greet everyone with a hi or hello. When greeting older relatives, 'po' and 'opo' must be said in every sentence to show respect.[44]

Some Filipinos have traditional Philippine surnames, such as Bacdayan or Macapagal, while others have surnames derived from

Japanese, Indian, and Chinese and reflect centuries of trade with these merchants preceding European and American rule.[45][46][47][48] Reflecting its 333 years of Spanish rule, many Filipinos adopted Hispanic surnames,[46][6] and celebrate fiestas.[49]

Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called "Latinos" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism;[50] this view is not universally accepted.[51] The Philippines experienced both Spanish and American colonial territorial status,[a] with its population seen through each nation's racial constructs.[61] This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos choose to also identify as Hispanic or Latino, while others may not and identify more as Asian Americans.[62] In a 2017 Pew Research Survey, only 1% of immigrants from the Philippines identified as Hispanic.[63]

Due to

remittances came from (or through) the United States.[65] In 2004, the amount of remittances coming from the United States was $5 billion;[66] this is an increase from the $1.16 billion sent in 1991 (then about 80% of total remittances being sent to the Philippines), and the $324 million sent in 1988.[67] Some Filipino Americans have chosen to retire in the Philippines, buying real estate.[68][69] Filipino Americans, continue to travel back and forth between the United States and the Philippines, making up more than a tenth of all foreign travelers to the Philippines in 2010;[69][70] when traveling back to the Philippines they often bring cargo boxes known as a balikbayan box.[71]

Language

Tagalog language spread in the United States.

Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the national language, with English in wide use.[72] Many Filipinos speak Philippine English, a dialect derived from American English due to American colonial influence in the country's education system and due to limited Spanish education.[73] Among Asian Americans in 1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of individuals who had problems with English.[74] In 2000, among U.S.-born Filipino Americans, three quarters responded that English is their primary language;[75] nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively.[76]

In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth most-spoken language in the United States, with 1.262 million speakers;[4] by 2011, it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States.[77] Tagalog usage is significant in California, Nevada, and Washington, while Ilocano usage is significant in Hawaii.[78] Many of California's public announcements and documents are translated into Tagalog.[79] Tagalog is also taught in some public schools in the United States, as well as at some colleges.[80] Other significant Filipino languages are Ilocano and Cebuano.[81] Other languages spoken in Filipino American households include Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Bicolano and Waray.[82] However, fluency in Philippine languages tends to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino Americans.[83] Other languages of the community include Spanish and Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin).[5] The demonym, Filipinx, is a gender-neutral term that is applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora, specifically Filipino-Americans. The term is not applied to Filipinos in the Philippines.[84][85]

Religion

Religious Makeup of Filipino-Americans (2012)[86]

  Catholicism (65%)
  Evangelical Protestant (12%)
  Mainline Protestant (9%)
  Unaffiliated (8%)
  Other Christian (3%)
  Buddhism (1%)
  Other (2%)

The Philippines is 90% Christian,

missionaries were able to convert large numbers of Filipinos.[87] and the majority are Roman Catholic, giving Catholicism a major impact on Filipino culture.[89] Other Christian denominations include Protestants (Aglipayan, Episcopalian, and others), and nontrinitarians (Iglesia ni Cristo and Jehovah's Witnesses).[89] Additionally there are those Filipinos who are Muslims, Buddhist or nonreligious; religion has served as a dividing factor within the Philippines and Filipino American communities.[89]

During the early part of the United States governance in the Philippines, there was a concerted effort to

San Lorenzo Ruiz. This was officially designated as a church for Filipinos in July 2005, the first in the United States, and the second in the world, after a church in Rome.[96]

In 2010, Filipino American Catholics were the largest population of Asian American Catholics, making up more than three fourths of Asian American Catholics.[97] In 2015, a majority (65%) of Filipino Americans identify as Catholic;[98] this is down slightly from 2004 (68%).[99] Filipino Americans, who are first generation immigrants were more likely to attend mass weekly, and tended to be more conservative, than those who were born in the United States.[100] Culturally, some traditions and beliefs rooted from the original indigenous religions of Filipinos are still known among the Filipino diaspora.[101][102]

Cuisine

Main articles: Filipino cuisine and Filipino-American cuisine
greater Los Angeles area
A Filipino fusion food truck in the San Francisco Bay Area

The number of Filipino restaurants does not reflect the size of the population.[103][104][105] Due to the restaurant business not being a major source of income for the community, few non-Filipinos are familiar with the cuisine.[106] Although American cuisine influenced Filipino cuisine,[107] it has been criticized by non-Filipinos.[108] Even on Oahu where there is a significant Filipino American population,[109] Filipino cuisine is not as noticeable as other Asian cuisines.[110] One study found that Filipino cuisine was not often listed in Food frequency questionnaires.[111] On television, Filipino cuisine has been criticized, such as on Fear Factor,[112] and praised, such as on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations,[113] and Bizarre Foods America.[114]

Filipino American chefs cook in many

chain.[120]

In the 2010s, successful and critically reviewed Filipino American restaurants were featured in

Food & Wine named Lasa, in Los Angeles, one of its restaurants of the year in 2018.[125] With this emergence of Filipino American restaurants, food critics like Andrew Zimmern have predicted that Filipino food will be "the next big thing" in American cuisine.[126] Yet in 2017, Vogue described the cuisine as "misunderstood and neglected";[127] SF Weekly in 2019, later described the cuisine as "marginal, underappreciated, and prone to weird booms-and-busts".[128]

Family

Filipino Americans undergo experiences that are unique to their own identities. These experiences derive from both the Filipino culture and American cultures individually and the dueling of these identities as well. These stressors, if great enough, can lead Filipino Americans into suicidal behaviors.[129] Members of the Filipino community learn early on about kapwa, which is defined as "interpersonal connectedness or togetherness".[130]

With kapwa, many Filipino Americans have a strong sense of needing to repay their family members for the opportunities that they have been able to receive. An example of this is a new college graduate feeling the need to find a job that will allow them to financially support their family and themselves. This notion comes from "utang na loob," defined as a debt that must be repaid to those who have supported the individual.[131]

With kapwa and utang na loob as strong forces enacting on the individual, there is an "all or nothing" mentality that is being played out. In order to bring success back to one's family, there is a desire to succeed for one's family through living out a family's wants as opposed to one's own true desires.[132] This can manifest as one entering a career path that they are not passionate in, but select in order to help support their family.[133]

Despite many of the stressors for these students deriving from family, it also becomes apparent that these are the reasons that these students are resilient. When family conflict rises in Filipino American families, there is a negative association with suicide attempts.[129] This suggests that though family is a presenting stressor in a Filipino American's life, it also plays a role for their resilience.[129] In a study conducted by Yusuke Kuroki, family connectedness, whether defined as positive or negative to each individual, served as one means of lowering suicide attempts.[129]

Media

Beginning in the late 1800s, Filipino Americans began publishing books in the United States.

pensionados at University of California, Berkeley published The Filipino Students' Magazine.[136] One of the earliest Filipino American newspapers published in the United States, was the Philippine Independent of Salinas, California, which began publishing in 1921.[136] Newspapers from the Philippines, to include The Manila Times, also served the Filipino diaspora in the United States.[135] In 1961, the Philippine News was started by Alex Esclamado, which by the 1980s had a national reach and at the time was the largest English-language Filipino newspaper.[137] While many areas with Filipino Americans have local Filipino newspapers, one of the largest concentrations of these newspapers occur in Southern California.[138] Beginning in 1992, Filipinas began publication, and was unique in that it focused on American born Filipino Americans of the second and third generation.[135] Filipinas ended its run in 2010, however it was succeeded by Positively Filipino in 2012 which included some of the staff from Filipinas.[139] The Filipino diaspora in the United States are able to watch programming from the Philippines on television through GMA Pinoy TV and The Filipino Channel.[140][141]

Politics

government in exile and temporary capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

Filipino Americans have traditionally been socially conservative,[142] particularly with "second wave" immigrants;[143] the first Filipino American elected to office was Peter Aduja.[144] In the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Republican president George W. Bush won the Filipino American vote over John Kerry by nearly a two-to-one ratio,[145] which followed strong support in the 2000 election.[146] However, during the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, Filipino Americans voted majority Democratic, with 50% to 58% of the community voting for President Barack Obama and 42% to 46% voting for Senator John McCain.[147][148] The 2008 election marked the first time that a majority of Filipino Americans voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[149]

According to the 2012

nonpartisan, 27% were Republican, and 24% were Democrats.[148] Additionally, Filipino Americans had the largest proportions of Republicans among Asian Americans polled, a position normally held by Vietnamese Americans, leading up to the 2012 election,[150] and had the lowest job approval opinion of Obama among Asian Americans.[150][151] In a survey of Asian Americans from thirty seven cities conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that of the Filipino American respondents, 65% voted for Obama.[152] According to an exit poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, it found that 71% of responding Filipino Americans voted for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 general election.[153]

In a survey conducted by the Asian Americans Advancing Justice in September 2020, it found that of the 263 Filipino American respondents, 46% identified as Democrats, 28% identified as Republicans, and 16% as independent.

2021 United States Capitol attack.[158] Rappler alleges that Filipino-American media has heavily repeated QAnon conspiracies.[159] Rappler further alleges that, many Filipino Americans that voted for Trump, and adhere to QAnon, do cite similar political leanings in the Philippines regarding Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, and anti-Chinese sentiment since China has been building artificial reefs in the South China Sea near the Philippines in the 2010s and have recently seen the Republican Party as more hardline against the Chinese government's actions.[160] Filipino Americans have also been more receptive to gun rights compared to other Asian American ethnic groups.[161] This is in part due to the lax gun laws in the Philippines.[161]

Due to scattered living patterns, it is nearly impossible for Filipino American candidates to win an election solely based on the Filipino American vote.

Robert C. Scott was the only Filipino American in the 113th Congress.[167] In the 116th United States Congress, Scott was joined by Rep. TJ Cox, bringing the number of Filipino Americans in Congress to two.[168] In the 117th United States Congress, Scott once again became the sole Filipino-American Representative after Cox was defeated in a rematch against David Valadao.[169]

Community issues

See also: Anti-Filipino sentiment § United States, and Philippines–United States relations

Immigration

See also: Multiple citizenship
Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.
Quarters for Filipino workers at a salmon cannery in Nushagak, Alaska in 1917.
Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940

The Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9225) made Filipino Americans eligible for dual citizenship in the United States and the Philippines.[170] Overseas suffrage was first employed in the May 2004 elections in which Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was reelected to a second term.[171]

By 2005, about 6,000 Filipino Americans had become dual citizens of the two countries.[172] One effect of this act was to allow Filipino Americans to invest in the Philippines through land purchases, which are limited to Filipino citizens, and, with some limitations, former citizens.[173]), vote in Philippine elections, retire in the Philippines, and participate in representing the Philippine flag. In 2013, for the Philippine general election there were 125,604 registered Filipino voters in the United States and Caribbean, of which only 13,976 voted.[174]

Dual citizens have been recruited to participate in international sports events including athletes

Beijing 2008.[176]

The Philippine government actively encourages Filipino Americans to visit or return permanently to the Philippines via the "Balikbayan" program and to invest in the country.[177]

Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant groups to date with over 40,000 arriving annually since 1979.

Mexico and ahead of India, Vietnam and China.[181] Filipinos have the longest waiting times for family reunification visas, as Filipinos disproportionately apply for family visas; this has led to visa petitions filed in July 1989 still waiting to be processed in March 2013.[182]

Illegal immigration

See also:
Illegal immigration among Asian Americans

It has been documented that Filipinos were among those naturalized due to the

illegal immigrants behind Mexico (6.65 million, 62%), El Salvador (530,000, 5%), Guatemala (480,000, 4%), and Honduras (320,000, 3%).[184] In January 2011, the Department of Homeland Security estimate of "unauthorized immigrants" from the Philippines remained at 270,000.[185] By 2017, the number of Filipinos who were in the United States illegally increased to 310,000.[186] Filipinos who reside in the United States illegally are known within the Filipino community as "TnT's" (tago nang tago translated to "hide and hide").[187]

Mental health

Main article: Mental health of Filipino Americans
See also: Health of Filipino Americans

Identity

Main article: List of ethnic slurs § F
See also: Hyphenated American

Filipino Americans may be mistaken for members of other racial/ethnic groups, such as

Latinos or Pacific Islanders;[188] this may lead to "mistaken" discrimination that is not specific to Asian Americans.[188] Filipino Americans additionally, have had difficulty being categorized, termed by one source as being in "perpetual absence".[189]

In the

pensionados, who immigrated on government scholarships,[178] were treated poorly.[191]

In Hawaii, Filipino Americans often have little identification with their heritage,[192] and it has been documented that many disclaim their ethnicity.[193] This may be due to the "colonial mentality", or the idea that Western ideals and physical characteristics are superior to their own.[194] Although categorized as Asian Americans, Filipino Americans have not fully embraced being part of this racial category due to marginalization by other Asian American groups and or the dominant American society.[195] This created a struggle within Filipino American communities over how far to assimilate.[196] The term "white-washed" has been applied to those seeking to further assimilate.[197] Those who disclaim their ethnicity lose the positive adjustment to outcomes that are found in those who have a strong, positive, ethnic identity.[194]

Of the ten largest immigrant groups, Filipino Americans have the highest rate of

cuisine;[199] Filipino Americans have been described as the most "Americanized" of the Asian American ethnicities.[200] However, even though Filipino Americans are the second largest group among Asian Americans, community activists have described the ethnicity as "invisible", claiming that the group is virtually unknown to the American public,[201] and is often not seen as significant even among its members.[202] Another term for this status is forgotten minority.[203]

This description has also been used in the political arena, given the lack of

political mobilization.[204] In the mid-1990s it was estimated that some one hundred Filipino Americans have been elected or appointed to public office. This lack of political representation contributes to the perception that Filipino Americans are invisible.[205]

The concept is also used to describe how the ethnicity has assimilated.[206] Few affirmative action programs target the group although affirmative action programs rarely target Asian Americans in general.[207] Assimilation was easier given that the group is majority religiously Christian, fluent in English, and have high levels of education.[208] The concept was in greater use in the past, before the post-1965 wave of arrivals.[209]

The term invisible minority has been used for Asian Americans as a whole,[210][211] and the term "model minority" has been applied to Filipinos as well as other Asian American groups.[212] Filipino critics allege that Filipino Americans are ignored in immigration literature and studies.[213]

As with fellow Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are viewed as "perpetual foreigners", even for those born in the United States.[214] This has resulted in physical attacks on Filipino Americans, as well as non-violent forms of discrimination.[215]

In college and high school campuses, many Filipino American student organizations put on annual Pilipino Culture Nights to showcase dances, perform skits, and comment on the issues such as identity and lack of cultural awareness due to assimilation and colonization.[216]

Filipino American gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual identities are often shaped by immigration status, generation, religion, and racial formation.[217]

Suicide ideation and depression

Mental health is a topic that is seldom spoken about among the Filipino American community because of the stigma that is attached to it.[218] In the documentary "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family" Patricia Heras points out that a lack of communication between 1st generation and 2nd generation Filipino American immigrants can lead to family members not understanding the personal hardships that each one goes through.[219] Some of the main topics of discussion in this documentary are depression and suicide ideation experienced by the 2nd generation youth.[219] These topics are supported by a study that was conducted in 1997 by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that revealed that 45.6% of Filipina American teenage students in San Diego public schools had seriously thought about committing suicide. Half of those students had actually attempted suicide.[220] Although depression cannot be said to cause suicide, the high scores of depression and low self-esteem show a relation to the high scores of suicidal thoughts among Filipinos.[221]

Depression in Filipinos can sometimes be difficult to notice without digging deeper into their feelings. Filipinos can display their depression in many ways such as showing extreme suffering or smiling even when it may not seem authentic.[218] Some of the common causes of depression include: financial worries, family separation during the immigration process, and cultural conflict.[218] One of these cultural conflicts is the belief that one must base decisions on what will "save face" for the family.[222] A study was published in 2018 by Janet Chang and Frank Samson about Filipino American youth and their non-Filipino friends. They had found that Filipino American youth with three or more close non-Filipino friends were more likely to experience depression and anxiety more so than Filipino American youth with two or less non-Filipino friends that they considered to be close.[223] Although having friends of diverse backgrounds gave these Filipinos a sense of inclusion among their peers, they also gained a heightened awareness of discrimination.[223]

Veterans

See also: Filipino Veterans Fairness Act, 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment, and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiment
Manila American Cemetery and Memorial

During

U.S. Command, and recognized guerrillas during the Japanese Occupation. In January 2013, ten thousand surviving Filipino American veterans of World War II lived in the United States, and a further fourteen thousand in the Philippines,[226] although some estimates found eighteen thousand or fewer surviving veterans.[227]

The U.S. government promised these soldiers all of the benefits afforded to other veterans.

veterans of the promised benefits.[229] One estimate claims that monies due to these veterans for back pay and other benefits exceeds one billion dollars.[225] Of the sixty-six countries allied with the United States during the war, the Philippines is the only country that did not receive military benefits from the United States.[202] The phrase "Second Class Veterans" has been used to describe their status.[202][230]

Filipino American World War II veterans at the White House in 2003

Many Filipino veterans traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for these benefits.[231] Since 1993, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to pay the benefits, but all died in committee.[232] As recently as 2018, these bills have received bipartisan support.[233]

Representative

Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on House Administration.[235] As of February 2012 had attracted 41 cosponsors.[236] In January 2017, the medal was approved.[237]

There was a proposed lawsuit to be filed in 2011 by The Justice for Filipino American Veterans against the Department of Veterans Affairs.[238]

In the late 1980s, efforts towards reinstating benefits first succeeded with the incorporation of Filipino veteran naturalization in the Immigration Act of 1990.[202] Over 30,000 such veterans had immigrated, with mostly American citizens, receiving benefits relating to their service.[239]

Similar language to those bills was inserted by the Senate into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[240] which provided a one time payment of at least 9,000 USD to eligible non-US Citizens and US$15,000 to eligible US Citizens via the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund.[241] These payments went to those recognized as soldiers or guerrillas or their spouses.[242] The list of eligibles is smaller than the list recognized by the Philippines.[243] Additionally, recipients had to waive all rights to possible future benefits.[244] As of March 2011, 42 percent (24,385) of claims had been rejected;[245] By 2017, more than 22,000 people received about $226 million in one time payments.[246]

In the 113th Congress, Representative

Committee on Veterans' Affairs.[248] In 2013, the U.S. released a previously classified report detailing guerrilla activities, including guerrilla units not on the "Missouri list".[249]

In September 2012, the

social security benefits; however an eligible veteran would lose those benefits if they visited for more than one month in a year, or immigrated.[250]

Beginning in 2008, a bipartisan effort started by Mike Thompson and Tom Udall an effort began to recognize the contributions of Filipinos during World War 2; by the time Barack Obama signed the effort into law in 2016, a mere fifteen thousand of those veterans were estimated to be alive.[251] Of those living Filipino veterans of World War II, there were an estimated 6,000 living in the United States.[252] Finally in October 2017, the recognition occurred with the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal.[253] When the medal was presented by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, several surviving veterans were at the ceremony.[254] The medal now resides in the National Museum of American History.[255]

Holidays

Congress established

Morro Bay, California. It is widely celebrated by Fil-Ams.[256][257]

Spectators at the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City
Major & Regional Celebrations in the United States
Date Name Region
January Winter Sinulog[258] Philadelphia
April PhilFest[259]
Tampa, FL
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
 Nationwide, USA
May Asian Heritage Festival[260] New Orleans
May Filipino Fiesta and Parade[261] Honolulu
May FAAPI Mother's Day[262] Philadelphia
May Flores de Mayo[263] Nationwide, USA
June Philippine Independence Day Parade New York City
June Philippine Festival[264] Washington, D.C.
June Philippine Day Parade[265]
Passaic, NJ
June Pista Sa Nayon[266]
Vallejo, CA
June New York Filipino Film Festival at The ImaginAsian Theatre New York City
June Empire State Building commemorates Philippine Independence[267] New York City
June
Philippine–American Friendship Day Parade[268]
Jersey City, NJ
June 12 Fiesta Filipina[269] San Francisco
June 12 Philippine Independence Day Nationwide, USA
June 19
Jose Rizal's Birthday[270]
 Nationwide, USA
June
Pagdiriwang[271]
 Seattle
July Fil-Am Friendship Day[272]
Virginia Beach, VA
July Pista sa Nayon[273] Seattle
July Filipino American Friendship Festival[274] San Diego
July Philippine Weekend[275]
Delano, CA
August 15 to 16 Philippine American Exposition[276] Los Angeles
August 15 to 16 Annual Philippine Fiesta[277]
Secaucus, NJ
August Summer Sinulog[278] Philadelphia
August
Historic Filipinotown Festival[279]
 Los Angeles
August Pistahan Festival and Parade[280] San Francisco
September 25 Filipino Pride Day[281]
Jacksonville, FL
September Festival of Philippine Arts and Culture (FPAC)[282] Los Angeles
September AdoboFest[283] Chicago
October Filipino American History Month Nationwide, USA
October Filipino American Arts and Culture Festival (FilAmFest)[284] San Diego
October Houston Filipino Street Festival[285]
Sugar Land, TX
November Chicago Filipino American Film Festival (CFAFF)[286] Chicago
December 16 to 24 Simbang Gabi Christmas Dawn Masses[287] Nationwide, USA
December 25 Pasko Christmas Feast[288] Nationwide, USA
December 30
Jose Rizal Day
 Nationwide, USA

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Filipino Americans.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Other nations and territories that were once part of the Spanish Empire, that were or are part of the United States, include the Florida,[52][53] Texas,[53][54] Mexican Cession,[52][55] Gadsden Purchase,[55][56] Puerto Rico,[53][57] Guam,[58] Panama Canal Zone,[59] and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[60]

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "New Census data: More than 4 million Filipinos in the US". 17 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Melen McBride. "HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE OF FILIPINO AMERICAN ELDERS". Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.,
  4. ^ a b "Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Archived
    from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5.Filipino Americans at Google Books
  7. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Religious Affiliations Among U.S. Asian American Groups - Filipino: 89% Christian (21% Protestant (12% Evangelical, 9% Mainline), 65% Catholic, 3% Other Christian), 1% Buddhist, 0% Muslim, 0% Sikh, 0% Jain, 2% Other religion, 8% Unaffiliated[failed verification]
    "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 19 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2017. Filipino Americans: 89% All Christian (65% Catholic, 21% Protestant, 3% Other Christian), 8% Unaffiliated, 1% Buddhist
  8. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
    Rodis 2006
  9. ^ Rodel Rodis (25 October 2006). "A century of Filipinos in America". Inquirer. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  10. ^ "Labor Migration in Hawaii". UH Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
  11. ISBN 978-1-60871-792-7. Archived
    from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
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Further reading

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External links

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