Filipino Americans
Religion | |
---|---|
65% Roman Catholicism 21% Protestantism 8% Irreligion 1% Buddhism[7] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Overseas Filipinos |
Filipino Americans (Filipino: Mga Pilipinong Amerikano) are Americans of Filipino ancestry. Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century[8] and other small settlements beginning in the 18th century.[9] Mass migration did not begin until after the end of the Spanish–American War at the end of the 19th century, when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.[10][11]
As of 2019, there were 4.2 million Filipinos, or Americans with Filipino ancestry, in the United States[12][13] with large communities in California, Hawaii, Illinois, Texas, Florida, and the New York metropolitan area.[14]
Terminology
The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to Fil-Am[15] or Pinoy.[16] Another term which has been used is Philippine Americans.[17] The earliest appearance of the term Pinoy (feminine Pinay), was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin.[18] Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.[19] Beginning in 2017, started by individuals who identify with the LGBT+ Filipino American population, there is an effort to adopt the term FilipinX; this new term has faced opposition within the broader overseas Filipino diaspora, within the Philippines, and in the United States, with some who are in opposition believing it is an attempt of a "colonial imposition".[20]
Background
Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America.[21] The first documented presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around Morro Bay, California,[22] with the first permanent settlement in Saint Malo, Spanish Louisiana, in 1763,[23] the settlers there were called "Manilamen" and they served in the Battle of New Orleans during the closing stages of the War of 1812, after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.[24] There were then small settlements of Filipinos beginning in the 18th century,[25] and Filipinos worked as cowboys and ranch hands in the 1800s.[26] Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. By 1904, Filipino peoples of different ethnic backgrounds were imported by the U.S. government onto the Americas and were displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as part of a human zoo.[27][28] During the 1920s, many Filipinos immigrated to the United States as unskilled labor, to provide better opportunities for their families back at home.[29]
Philippine independence was recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. After independence in 1946, Filipino American numbers continued to grow. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.[30] The majority of Filipinos who immigrated after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 were skilled professionals and technicians.[29]
The
Culture
The history of
In areas of sparse Filipino population, they often form loosely-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[40] Organizations are often organized into regional associations.[41] The associations are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[42] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored for the Filipino American community.[43] In a Filipino party, shoes should be left in the front of the house and greet everyone with a hi or hello. When greeting older relatives, 'po' and 'opo' must be said in every sentence to show respect.[44]
Some Filipinos have traditional Philippine surnames, such as Bacdayan or Macapagal, while others have surnames derived from
Despite being from Asia, Filipinos are sometimes called "Latinos" due to their historical relationship to Spanish colonialism;[50] this view is not universally accepted.[51] The Philippines experienced both Spanish and American colonial territorial status,[a] with its population seen through each nation's racial constructs.[61] This shared history may also contribute to why some Filipinos choose to also identify as Hispanic or Latino, while others may not and identify more as Asian Americans.[62] In a 2017 Pew Research Survey, only 1% of immigrants from the Philippines identified as Hispanic.[63]
Due to
Language
Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the national language, with English in wide use.[72] Many Filipinos speak Philippine English, a dialect derived from American English due to American colonial influence in the country's education system and due to limited Spanish education.[73] Among Asian Americans in 1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of individuals who had problems with English.[74] In 2000, among U.S.-born Filipino Americans, three quarters responded that English is their primary language;[75] nearly half of Filipino Americans speak English exclusively.[76]
In 2003, Tagalog was the fifth most-spoken language in the United States, with 1.262 million speakers;[4] by 2011, it was the fourth most-spoken language in the United States.[77] Tagalog usage is significant in California, Nevada, and Washington, while Ilocano usage is significant in Hawaii.[78] Many of California's public announcements and documents are translated into Tagalog.[79] Tagalog is also taught in some public schools in the United States, as well as at some colleges.[80] Other significant Filipino languages are Ilocano and Cebuano.[81] Other languages spoken in Filipino American households include Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Bicolano and Waray.[82] However, fluency in Philippine languages tends to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino Americans.[83] Other languages of the community include Spanish and Chinese (Hokkien and Mandarin).[5] The demonym, Filipinx, is a gender-neutral term that is applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora, specifically Filipino-Americans. The term is not applied to Filipinos in the Philippines.[84][85]
Religion
The Philippines is 90% Christian,
During the early part of the United States governance in the Philippines, there was a concerted effort to
In 2010, Filipino American Catholics were the largest population of Asian American Catholics, making up more than three fourths of Asian American Catholics.[97] In 2015, a majority (65%) of Filipino Americans identify as Catholic;[98] this is down slightly from 2004 (68%).[99] Filipino Americans, who are first generation immigrants were more likely to attend mass weekly, and tended to be more conservative, than those who were born in the United States.[100] Culturally, some traditions and beliefs rooted from the original indigenous religions of Filipinos are still known among the Filipino diaspora.[101][102]
Cuisine
The number of Filipino restaurants does not reflect the size of the population.[103][104][105] Due to the restaurant business not being a major source of income for the community, few non-Filipinos are familiar with the cuisine.[106] Although American cuisine influenced Filipino cuisine,[107] it has been criticized by non-Filipinos.[108] Even on Oahu where there is a significant Filipino American population,[109] Filipino cuisine is not as noticeable as other Asian cuisines.[110] One study found that Filipino cuisine was not often listed in Food frequency questionnaires.[111] On television, Filipino cuisine has been criticized, such as on Fear Factor,[112] and praised, such as on Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations,[113] and Bizarre Foods America.[114]
Filipino American chefs cook in many
In the 2010s, successful and critically reviewed Filipino American restaurants were featured in
Family
Filipino Americans undergo experiences that are unique to their own identities. These experiences derive from both the Filipino culture and American cultures individually and the dueling of these identities as well. These stressors, if great enough, can lead Filipino Americans into suicidal behaviors.[129] Members of the Filipino community learn early on about kapwa, which is defined as "interpersonal connectedness or togetherness".[130]
With kapwa, many Filipino Americans have a strong sense of needing to repay their family members for the opportunities that they have been able to receive. An example of this is a new college graduate feeling the need to find a job that will allow them to financially support their family and themselves. This notion comes from "utang na loob," defined as a debt that must be repaid to those who have supported the individual.[131]
With kapwa and utang na loob as strong forces enacting on the individual, there is an "all or nothing" mentality that is being played out. In order to bring success back to one's family, there is a desire to succeed for one's family through living out a family's wants as opposed to one's own true desires.[132] This can manifest as one entering a career path that they are not passionate in, but select in order to help support their family.[133]
Despite many of the stressors for these students deriving from family, it also becomes apparent that these are the reasons that these students are resilient. When family conflict rises in Filipino American families, there is a negative association with suicide attempts.[129] This suggests that though family is a presenting stressor in a Filipino American's life, it also plays a role for their resilience.[129] In a study conducted by Yusuke Kuroki, family connectedness, whether defined as positive or negative to each individual, served as one means of lowering suicide attempts.[129]
Media
Beginning in the late 1800s, Filipino Americans began publishing books in the United States.
Politics
Filipino Americans have traditionally been socially conservative,[142] particularly with "second wave" immigrants;[143] the first Filipino American elected to office was Peter Aduja.[144] In the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Republican president George W. Bush won the Filipino American vote over John Kerry by nearly a two-to-one ratio,[145] which followed strong support in the 2000 election.[146] However, during the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, Filipino Americans voted majority Democratic, with 50% to 58% of the community voting for President Barack Obama and 42% to 46% voting for Senator John McCain.[147][148] The 2008 election marked the first time that a majority of Filipino Americans voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[149]
According to the 2012
In a survey conducted by the Asian Americans Advancing Justice in September 2020, it found that of the 263 Filipino American respondents, 46% identified as Democrats, 28% identified as Republicans, and 16% as independent.
Due to scattered living patterns, it is nearly impossible for Filipino American candidates to win an election solely based on the Filipino American vote.
Community issues
Immigration
The Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9225) made Filipino Americans eligible for dual citizenship in the United States and the Philippines.[170] Overseas suffrage was first employed in the May 2004 elections in which Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was reelected to a second term.[171]
By 2005, about 6,000 Filipino Americans had become dual citizens of the two countries.[172] One effect of this act was to allow Filipino Americans to invest in the Philippines through land purchases, which are limited to Filipino citizens, and, with some limitations, former citizens.[173]), vote in Philippine elections, retire in the Philippines, and participate in representing the Philippine flag. In 2013, for the Philippine general election there were 125,604 registered Filipino voters in the United States and Caribbean, of which only 13,976 voted.[174]
Dual citizens have been recruited to participate in international sports events including athletes
The Philippine government actively encourages Filipino Americans to visit or return permanently to the Philippines via the "Balikbayan" program and to invest in the country.[177]
Filipinos remain one of the largest immigrant groups to date with over 40,000 arriving annually since 1979.
Illegal immigration
It has been documented that Filipinos were among those naturalized due to the
Mental health
Identity
Filipino Americans may be mistaken for members of other racial/ethnic groups, such as
In the
In Hawaii, Filipino Americans often have little identification with their heritage,[192] and it has been documented that many disclaim their ethnicity.[193] This may be due to the "colonial mentality", or the idea that Western ideals and physical characteristics are superior to their own.[194] Although categorized as Asian Americans, Filipino Americans have not fully embraced being part of this racial category due to marginalization by other Asian American groups and or the dominant American society.[195] This created a struggle within Filipino American communities over how far to assimilate.[196] The term "white-washed" has been applied to those seeking to further assimilate.[197] Those who disclaim their ethnicity lose the positive adjustment to outcomes that are found in those who have a strong, positive, ethnic identity.[194]
Of the ten largest immigrant groups, Filipino Americans have the highest rate of
This description has also been used in the political arena, given the lack of
The concept is also used to describe how the ethnicity has assimilated.[206] Few affirmative action programs target the group although affirmative action programs rarely target Asian Americans in general.[207] Assimilation was easier given that the group is majority religiously Christian, fluent in English, and have high levels of education.[208] The concept was in greater use in the past, before the post-1965 wave of arrivals.[209]
The term invisible minority has been used for Asian Americans as a whole,[210][211] and the term "model minority" has been applied to Filipinos as well as other Asian American groups.[212] Filipino critics allege that Filipino Americans are ignored in immigration literature and studies.[213]
As with fellow Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are viewed as "perpetual foreigners", even for those born in the United States.[214] This has resulted in physical attacks on Filipino Americans, as well as non-violent forms of discrimination.[215]
In college and high school campuses, many Filipino American student organizations put on annual Pilipino Culture Nights to showcase dances, perform skits, and comment on the issues such as identity and lack of cultural awareness due to assimilation and colonization.[216]
Filipino American gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual identities are often shaped by immigration status, generation, religion, and racial formation.[217]
Suicide ideation and depression
Mental health is a topic that is seldom spoken about among the Filipino American community because of the stigma that is attached to it.[218] In the documentary "Silent Sacrifices: Voices of the Filipino American Family" Patricia Heras points out that a lack of communication between 1st generation and 2nd generation Filipino American immigrants can lead to family members not understanding the personal hardships that each one goes through.[219] Some of the main topics of discussion in this documentary are depression and suicide ideation experienced by the 2nd generation youth.[219] These topics are supported by a study that was conducted in 1997 by the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that revealed that 45.6% of Filipina American teenage students in San Diego public schools had seriously thought about committing suicide. Half of those students had actually attempted suicide.[220] Although depression cannot be said to cause suicide, the high scores of depression and low self-esteem show a relation to the high scores of suicidal thoughts among Filipinos.[221]
Depression in Filipinos can sometimes be difficult to notice without digging deeper into their feelings. Filipinos can display their depression in many ways such as showing extreme suffering or smiling even when it may not seem authentic.[218] Some of the common causes of depression include: financial worries, family separation during the immigration process, and cultural conflict.[218] One of these cultural conflicts is the belief that one must base decisions on what will "save face" for the family.[222] A study was published in 2018 by Janet Chang and Frank Samson about Filipino American youth and their non-Filipino friends. They had found that Filipino American youth with three or more close non-Filipino friends were more likely to experience depression and anxiety more so than Filipino American youth with two or less non-Filipino friends that they considered to be close.[223] Although having friends of diverse backgrounds gave these Filipinos a sense of inclusion among their peers, they also gained a heightened awareness of discrimination.[223]
Veterans
During
The U.S. government promised these soldiers all of the benefits afforded to other veterans.
Many Filipino veterans traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for these benefits.[231] Since 1993, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to pay the benefits, but all died in committee.[232] As recently as 2018, these bills have received bipartisan support.[233]
Representative
There was a proposed lawsuit to be filed in 2011 by The Justice for Filipino American Veterans against the Department of Veterans Affairs.[238]
In the late 1980s, efforts towards reinstating benefits first succeeded with the incorporation of Filipino veteran naturalization in the Immigration Act of 1990.[202] Over 30,000 such veterans had immigrated, with mostly American citizens, receiving benefits relating to their service.[239]
Similar language to those bills was inserted by the Senate into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[240] which provided a one time payment of at least 9,000 USD to eligible non-US Citizens and US$15,000 to eligible US Citizens via the Filipino Veterans Equity Compensation Fund.[241] These payments went to those recognized as soldiers or guerrillas or their spouses.[242] The list of eligibles is smaller than the list recognized by the Philippines.[243] Additionally, recipients had to waive all rights to possible future benefits.[244] As of March 2011, 42 percent (24,385) of claims had been rejected;[245] By 2017, more than 22,000 people received about $226 million in one time payments.[246]
In the 113th Congress, Representative
In September 2012, the
Beginning in 2008, a bipartisan effort started by Mike Thompson and Tom Udall an effort began to recognize the contributions of Filipinos during World War 2; by the time Barack Obama signed the effort into law in 2016, a mere fifteen thousand of those veterans were estimated to be alive.[251] Of those living Filipino veterans of World War II, there were an estimated 6,000 living in the United States.[252] Finally in October 2017, the recognition occurred with the awarding of a Congressional Gold Medal.[253] When the medal was presented by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, several surviving veterans were at the ceremony.[254] The medal now resides in the National Museum of American History.[255]
Holidays
Congress established
Date | Name | Region |
---|---|---|
January | Winter Sinulog[258] | Philadelphia |
April | PhilFest[259] | Tampa, FL
|
May | Asian Pacific American Heritage Month |
Nationwide, USA |
May | Asian Heritage Festival[260] | New Orleans |
May | Filipino Fiesta and Parade[261] | Honolulu |
May | FAAPI Mother's Day[262] | Philadelphia |
May | Flores de Mayo[263] | Nationwide, USA |
June | Philippine Independence Day Parade | New York City |
June | Philippine Festival[264] | Washington, D.C. |
June | Philippine Day Parade[265] | Passaic, NJ
|
June | Pista Sa Nayon[266] | Vallejo, CA
|
June | New York Filipino Film Festival at The ImaginAsian Theatre | New York City |
June | Empire State Building commemorates Philippine Independence[267] | New York City |
June | Philippine–American Friendship Day Parade[268] |
Jersey City, NJ
|
June 12 | Fiesta Filipina[269] | San Francisco |
June 12 | Philippine Independence Day | Nationwide, USA |
June 19 | Jose Rizal's Birthday[270] |
Nationwide, USA |
June | Pagdiriwang[271] |
Seattle |
July | Fil-Am Friendship Day[272] | Virginia Beach, VA
|
July | Pista sa Nayon[273] | Seattle |
July | Filipino American Friendship Festival[274] | San Diego |
July | Philippine Weekend[275] | Delano, CA
|
August 15 to 16 | Philippine American Exposition[276] | Los Angeles |
August 15 to 16 | Annual Philippine Fiesta[277] | Secaucus, NJ
|
August | Summer Sinulog[278] | Philadelphia |
August | Historic Filipinotown Festival[279] |
Los Angeles |
August | Pistahan Festival and Parade[280] | San Francisco |
September 25 | Filipino Pride Day[281] | Jacksonville, FL
|
September | Festival of Philippine Arts and Culture (FPAC)[282] | Los Angeles |
September | AdoboFest[283] | Chicago |
October | Filipino American History Month | Nationwide, USA |
October | Filipino American Arts and Culture Festival (FilAmFest)[284] | San Diego |
October | Houston Filipino Street Festival[285] | Sugar Land, TX
|
November | Chicago Filipino American Film Festival (CFAFF)[286] | Chicago |
December 16 to 24 | Simbang Gabi Christmas Dawn Masses[287] | Nationwide, USA |
December 25 | Pasko Christmas Feast[288] | Nationwide, USA |
December 30 | Jose Rizal Day |
Nationwide, USA |
Notable people
Footnotes
- ^ Other nations and territories that were once part of the Spanish Empire, that were or are part of the United States, include the Florida,[52][53] Texas,[53][54] Mexican Cession,[52][55] Gadsden Purchase,[55][56] Puerto Rico,[53][57] Guam,[58] Panama Canal Zone,[59] and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[60]
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Further reading
- Espiritu, Yen (1995). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-56639-317-1.
- Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (1996). Filipino achievers in the USA & Canada: profiles in excellence. Bookhaus Publishers. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-931613-11-1.
- Bankston III, Carl L. (2005). "Filipino Americans". In Min, Pyong Gap (ed.). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. Pine Forge Press. pp. 180–202, 368. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-05-09. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
- Isaac, Allan Punzalan (2006). American Tropics: Articulating Filipino America. U of Minnesota Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8166-4274-8.
- Melendy, H. Brett. "Filipino Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 119–135. online
- Pido, Antonio J. A. (1986). The Pilipinos in America: macro/micro dimensions of immigration and integration. CMS Migration and Ethnicity Series. Center for Migration Studies. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-913256-78-7.
- Posades, Barbara M. The Filipino Americans (1999) excerpt Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Tiongson, Antonio; Gutierrez, Ricardo; Guiterrez, Edgardo, eds. (2006). Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Temple University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-59213-121-1.
- Stephen M. Cherry (2014). Faith, Family, and Filipino American Community Life. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7085-3.
- Archive
- Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union, Local 7 Records Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, 1915–1985; Predominantly 1933–1982. 46.31 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Carlos Bulosan Papers, 1914–1976. Archived 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine 4.65 cubic feet, 17 microfilm reels. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Chris D. Mensalvas Papers, 1935–1974. Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine .25 cubic feet, 1 sound cassette. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Chris D. Mensalvas Photograph Collection, 1937–1956. Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine 1 folder of photographic prints. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Trinidad Rojo Papers, 1923–1991. Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine 2.81 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- "Philippine and Filipino American History & Heritage" (23 January 2019) [Archives and Manuscripts]. Research Guides. College Park, Maryland: University Libraries, University of Maryland.
External links
- Eloisa Gomez Borah (2012). "Americans of Filipino Descent – FAQs". UCLA Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
- "FANHS National". Filipino American National Historical Society. 2014.
- "Filipino American Heritage Website". Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- de Castro, Christian; Abarquez-de la Cruz, Prosy (9 October 2012). "The Filipino American Library". Filipino American Heritage Institute.
- "Filipino American Resources". Lemieux Library. Seattle University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
- "Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center". Smithsonian Institution.
- Filipino American National Historical Society Hampton Roads Chapter; Council of United Filipino Organizations of Tidewater; MacArthur Memorial Museum; Virginia Beach City Public Schools (2019). "Born of Empires - Content Academy". Filipino American National Historical Society Hampton Roads Chapter.