Filipino orthography
Filipino orthography (Filipino: Ortograpiyang Filipino) specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.
In 2013, the
Alphabet
The modern Filipino alphabet introduced since 1987 consists of 28 letters.
Letter | Name | Phoneme | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
A | ey | /a/ | Becomes [ɐ] in unstressed syllables and [ä] in stressed syllables. |
B | bi | /b/ | |
C | si | /k/, /s/ | For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, [k] applies to ⟨ca, co, cu⟩, while [s] applies to ⟨ce, ci⟩. Formerly used for Tagalog words under Spanish orthography. |
D | di | / d /
|
Is often allophonic with [ɾ] in intervocalic positions. |
E | i | /e/ | Normally [e ~ e̞], but can become [ɛ] in emphatic speech. |
F | ef | /f/ | Often indistinguishable from [p]. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. |
G | dyi | /ɡ/, /dʒ/, /h/ | For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, [dʒ] often applies to those from English, while [h] applies to those from Spanish. |
H | eyts | /h/ | Speakers from Luzon tend to pronounce the name of the letter as [e̞t͡ʃ]. |
I | ay | /i/ | Becomes [ɪ] in unstressed syllables and [i] in stressed syllables. |
J | dyey | /dʒ/, /h/ | Normally rewritten as ⟨dy, diy⟩ to represent [dʒ] or as ⟨h⟩ to represent [h]. For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, the former corresponds to English, while the latter to Spanish. |
K | key | /k/, /kʷ/ | Not to be confused with [kʰ]. [kʷ] only applies to ⟨kw, kuw⟩. |
L | el | / l /
|
|
M | em | /m/ | |
N | en | / n /, /nʲ/
|
[n.j ~ nʲ] only applies to ⟨ny, niy⟩. |
Ñ | enye | /nʲ/ | Exclusively written for words of Spanish origin that have not been assimilated into the language. |
Ng
|
en dyi | /ŋ/ | Comparative to ⟨ng⟩ in "sing," "running," etc. Not to be confused with the indirect case marker ng (originally ng̃ with a tilde over the g), which is [nɐŋ]. |
O | o | /o/ | Normally [o ~ o̞], but can become [ɔ] in emphatic speech. |
P | pi | /p/ | Not to be confused with [pʰ]. |
Q | kyu | /kʷ/ | Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. Formerly used for Tagalog words under Spanish orthography. |
R | ar | /ɾ/ | Normally [ r ] in consonant clusters.
|
S | es | /s/ | |
T | ti | / t /
|
Not to be confused with [tʰ]. |
U | yu | /u/ | Becomes [ʊ] in unstressed syllables and [u] in stressed syllables. |
V | vi | /v/ | Often indistinguishable from [b]. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. |
W | dobolyu | /w/ | |
X | eks | /ks/, /s/ | Normally rewritten as ⟨eks, ks, s⟩. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. |
Y | way | /j/ | |
Z | zi | /z/ | Often indistinguishable from [s]. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. Alternatively pronounced as [zeɪ̯]. |
Notes on Filipino orthography
- C, F, J, loanwords, regional words and proper nouns.
- The vowels are A, E, I, O, and U.
- Usual Diacritics have no impact on collation or alphabetical order. Possible combinations include: á, à, â, é, è, ê, ë, í, ì, î, ó, ò, ô, ú, ù, û. Historically, the tilde was used with <g> (g̃) in many Philippine languages. It was notably used to shorten the words nang (ergative case marker) and man͠gá (pluralization particle) into ng̃ and mg̃á respectively. Today, these two words are usually just simply written as ng and mga.
- Ñ is considered as a separate letter, instead of a letter-diacritical mark combination.
- The alphabet also uses the Sagñay, Camarines Sur).
- The Ng digraphletter is similar to, but not the same as, the prepositional word ng ("of"/"of the"), originally spelled ng̃ (with a tilde over the g only). The words ng and ng̃ are shortened forms of the word nang.
- Ë is a new variant of e introduced in 2013 to represent /ə/ in Austronesian words of non-Tagalog origin.[1]
- D and R are commonly interchangeable depending on the letter's location: "D" becomes "R" if there is a preceding vowel, e.g. dagat ("sea") to mandaragat ("seafarer"), dunong ("intelligence") to marunong ("knowledgeable"). This does not, however, apply to some words such as dumadagundong ("booming") as well as loanwords and proper nouns.
History
Pre-Hispanic scripts
During the
Baybayin script began to decline in the 17th century and became obsolete in the 18th century. The scripts that are still in use today by the indigenous Mangyan groups of the Philippines are the Buhid and the Hanunó'o script.[2]
Adoption of the Latin script
When the
The writing system of the
Virtually unutilized from the Abecedario were the letters K and W, which are both used extensively in most Philippine languages today due to the imposition of the Abakada alphabet. Relics of this Abecedario alphabet can still be seen in the way "
Quite notable are proper nouns wherein the letter Y is written before consonants and is pronounced I.
The representation of certain sounds were largely derived from Spanish orthography but differed in several ways. The letter H was utilized to represent the voiceless glottal fricative (/h/) in the orthographies of most Philippine languages during the Spanish period in contrast to the orthography of Spanish which uses the letter J (the letter H in Spanish is silent). Spanish loanwords like Jesús, Justicia, or Jardín, however, often retained their original spelling in Spanish. Archaic use of the letter X in the Old Spanish writing system that is pronounced in a guttural way (quite similar phonetically to H in English even though the sound is different) is evident in surnames such as Roxas. Another example is México, Pampanga.
To represent /k/, "c" was used before the vowels "a", "o", and "u" (i.e. cayo, cong, culang) and at final positions (pumasoc) while a silent "u" was used between "q" and "e" or "i" (i.e. "aquing", "quilala") reflecting Spanish orthography. This is because should "c" be utilized before either "i" or "e", the sound produced would instead be representing /s/ (like Spanish ciudad). These two combination of letters ("ci" and "ce") were not used in native words and "s" was used in all cases to represent /s/. Likewise, in representing /g/, "g" was used before "a", "o", "u" (i.e. "gamit", "tago", "gutom") and at final positions while a silent "u" was used between "g" and "e" or "i" to (i.e. "guitna") so that "gue" represents /ɡe/ and "gui" represents /ɡi/.
The letter W as used today was absent. Instead, "u" was utilized ("gaua", "aua", "uala") and diphthongs written as "aw" today (araw) was written with "ao" (arao). Words like "huwag" and "kapwa" were written as houag and capoua.
A common practice in the orthography of some of the Philippine languages during the
Originally, there was a large tilde that spanned both n and g (as in n͠g) when a vowel follows the
Due to technical constraints, machine-printed variants of n͠ga emerged, which included ñga, ng̃a, and even gña as in the case of
Contraction of certain words were indicated by two commas such as iba and at → "iba, t,"; Indicated today by a single quotation mark as in English (i.e. iba't).
Punctuation marks were also borrowed from Spanish. Quotation marks like « » instead of the quotation marks (" ") were used. The inverted question mark (¿) and inverted exclamation mark (¡) were also utilized at the beginning of phrases ending with either the regular question mark/exclamation mark.
The
Collation of the Abecedario (32 letters):[6]
Majuscule Forms
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | Ch | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | Ll | M | N | Ng |
Ñ | Gñ |
O | P | Q | R | Rr |
S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Minuscule Forms
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | c | ch | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | ll | m | n | ng | ñ | ng̃ or ñg or n͠g or gñ | o | p | q | r | rr | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
Late 19th-century orthographic reforms
Filipino doctor and student of languages Trinidad Pardo de Tavera in his 1887 essay El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog made use of a new Tagalog orthography rather than what had then been in use. In 1889, the new bilingual La España Oriental, of which Isabelo de los Reyes was an editor, newspaper began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of La España, Pascual H. Poblete's Revista Católica de Filipina began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. The attacks included that the letters "k" and "w" were of German origin and foreign in nature, thus those promoting it were deemed "unpatriotic". These two publications would eventually merge as La Lectura Popular in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.[7][8]
Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890. In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog in the Madrid-based periodical La Solidaridad. In it, he addressed the logicality, in his opinion, of the new orthography and its criticisms, including those by Pobrete and Tecson. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.[7][8] José Rizal had also suggested a reform of the orthography of the Philippine languages by replacing the letters C and Q with K.[9] Rizal got the idea after reading an 1884 essay by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera about the ancient Baybayin script.[10][11][12] The new orthography was however not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila.[7]
The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or Katipunan made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias.
Filipino as the national language, the Abakada, and expanded alphabet (1940–1987)
Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines provided for the "...development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages". For this purpose, the Institute of National Language (INL) was subsequently set-up. After numerous debates among the different language representatives of the Philippines, the NLI passed a resolution dated November 9, 1937 recommending that Tagalog serve as basis for the national language. President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order 134 in December 1937 officially proclaiming this decision.
In 1940, the Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ (English: Grammar of the National Language) of grammarian
The Spanish-based orthographies of other Philippine languages that were still using its old orthography[14][15][16][17] began to be gradually replaced with the propagation of the new K-orthographies as more people became familiar with it. The Spanish-based orthographies were gradually wiped out since 1940, due to the imposition of Abakada. The Abakada orthography gradually influenced the languages of the Philippines.
The Abakada orthography was guided by the Balarilà of Santos.
Collation of the Abakada (20 letters):
Majuscule Forms
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A | B | K | D | E | G | H | I | L | M | N | Ng |
O | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y |
Minuscule Forms
| |||||||||||||||||||
a | b | k | d | e | g | h | i | l | m | n | ng | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
The Wikang pambansa (national language) was designated as Pilipino in 1959. In 1971, the alphabet was expanded to 31 letters: a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, ng, o, p, q, r, rr, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
Modern Filipino alphabet (1987–present)
In 1987, the official language called Pilipino was renamed to
The Pilipino alphabet was reduced to 28 letters, with the Spanish Ch, Ll and Rr digraphs being dropped from being considered as distinct letters (The
The
Collation of the Modern Filipino Alphabet (28 letters):
Majuscule Forms
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ñ | Ng |
O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Minuscule Forms
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | ng | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
The Orthography of the National Language
This section needs to be updated.(August 2018) |
In August 2007, the Commission on the Filipino Language made available a draft version of Filipino orthography open for comment.[19] This document is a result of a series of consultations with various teachers, instructors, linguists and others in the field that took place between 2006 and 2007.
The document begins by detailing the letters of the alphabet, their order and their names. One set of names is based on English letter names; the other, similar to the former Abakada. Some exceptional names are those letters which were not part of the Abakada: C, se, Q, kwa and X, eksa.
It goes on to name
Lastly, it provides spelling guidelines for words of foreign origin. It focuses mainly on the two languages that have provided a large number of lexical items to the Filipino language, namely Spanish and English. In short, regarding borrowings from these two languages, Spanish words of common usage are written in a manner consistent with Filipino phonology. These words are already in common usage, thus they will not revert to their Spanish spelling. On the other hand, if the words come from English or another foreign source or if the term is derived from Spanish that does not already have a phonetic spelling, it should be spelled phonetically and the use of the 8 new letters is allowed.
Examples:
- Spanish teléfono = telépono NOT *teléfono
- English psychology = saykoloji
- Spanish psicología or sicología = sikolohíya
- Spanish silla = silya
- Spanish cuchara = kutsara
- Spanish caballo = kabayo
Evolution example
Below is an example of orthography between the Tagalog (Early Spanish-style system) and Filipino (derived from multiple tribe coalitions.) The text used for comparison is the Filipino version of the Lord's Prayer. The phrase in square brackets is the doxology "for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory forever".
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See also
References
- ^ "ORTOGRAPIYANG PAMBANSA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
- ^ Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin: The Ancient Script of the Philippines". Sarisari etc...Filipino History, Language, Pop Culture & other completely unrelated stuff. Manitoba, Canada: Manitoba Telecom Services (mts.net). Baybayin Lost. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
- ^ Santos, Hector. "Katálogo ng mga Apelyidong Pilipino (Catalog of Filipino Names)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Signey, Richard. "The evolution and disappearance of the "Ğ" in tagalog orthography since the 1593 doctrina Cristiana". Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA. "DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA – Vigésima segunda edición". Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "The evolution of the native Tagalog alphabet". Archived from the original on 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ^ .
- ^ a b "Accusations of Foreign-ness of the Revista Católica de Filipinas - Is 'K' a Foreign Agent? Orthography and Patriotism..." espanito.com.
- ^ Pangilinan, Michael Raymon. "Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: Settling the Dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized Orthography" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ISBN 971-550-496-5. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
- ^ Morrow, Paul (June 16–30, 2007). "José Rizal and the Filipino language" (PDF). In Other Words. 3 (12). Manitoba, Canada: Pilipino Express. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ Morrow, Paul. "Palaeographic Chart of the Philippine Islands". Sarisari etc...Filipino History, Language, Pop Culture & other completely unrelated stuff. Manitoba, Canada: Manitoba Telecom Services (mts.net). Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino". Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ Pinpin, Tomás. "Librong pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla". Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ "Doctrina Christiana". Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ de Abella, V.M. "Vade-mecum filipino, o, Manual de la conversación familiar español-tagalog : sequido de un curioso vocabulario de modismos". Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ Guillén, Felix. "Gramática bisaya para facilitar el estudio del dialecto bisaya cebuano: escrita por ... Felix Guillén". Retrieved 2010-07-04.
- ^ Belvez, Paz. "Development of Filipino, The National Language of the Philippines". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ "Ang Ortograpiya ng Wikang Pambansa" (PDF). Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
Notes
- Wika.PBWorks.com, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, August 1, 2007
- The Orthography of the National Language (Final), Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, No. 104 s.2009.
- Proyectos-Saluda, KWF Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Proyectos-Saluda.org
- Proyectos-Saluda, Part I: Definitions, KWF Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Proyectos-Saluda.org
- Nang or ng? – The long and the short of it, In Other Words by Paul Morrow, Pilipino Express, Pilipino-Express.com, July 1, 2006.
- The evolution and disappearance of the "Ğ" in Philippine orthographies since the 1593 Doctrina Cristiana Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine by Richard C. Signey, Instituto Cervantes, Manila. Accessed May 25, 2009.
External links
- Commission on the Filipino Language website Archived 2020-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Commission on the Filipino Language wiki
- Ortograpiyang Pambansa (2013 edition) KWF