Filipinos
Mga Pilipino | |
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Iglesia Filipina Independiente | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Austronesian peoples, Native Indonesian |
Filipinos (
Names
The name Filipino, as a
In 1955, Agnes Newton Keith wrote that a 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found.[53] The idea that the term Filipino was not used to refer to indios until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair[58] and Renato Constantino.[59] However, in a 1994 publication the historian William Henry Scott identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives.[60] Instances of such usage include the Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) of Pedro Chirino, in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX),[61] while also using the term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence:
The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their anitos or diwatas, which were their gods.[62]
— Pedro Chirino, Relación de las Islas Filipinas
In the Crónicas (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of the Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present".[53] These examples prompted the historian William Henry Scott to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period:
[...]the people of the Philippines were called Filipinos when they were practicing their own culture—or, to put it another way, before they became indios.[53]
— William Henry Scott, Barangay- Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
While the Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called españoles filipinos, logically contracted to just Filipino, to distinguish them from the Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as "hijo/s del país" ("sons of the country").[53]
In the latter half of the 19th century,
todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza.
All those born in the Philippines without distinction of origin or race.— Wenceslao E. Retaña, Diccionario De Filipinismos: Con La Revisión De Lo Que Al Respecto Lleva Publicado La Real Academia Española
The lack of the letter "F" in the 1940–1987 standardized Tagalog alphabet (Abakada) caused the letter "P" to be substituted for "F", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included the letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the term Filipino was preferred over Pilipino.[citation needed] Locally, some still use "Pilipino" to refer to the people and "Filipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both.
A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Filipino" and adding the diminutive suffix "-y".
In 2020, the neologism Filipinx appeared; a demonym applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora and specifically referring to and coined by Filipino Americans[citation needed] imitating Latinx, itself a recently coined gender-inclusive alternative to Latino or Latina. An online dictionary made an entry of the term, applying it to all Filipinos within the Philippines or in the diaspora.[70] In actual practice, however, the term is unknown among and not applied to Filipinos living in the Philippines, and Filipino itself is already treated as gender-neutral. The dictionary entry resulted in confusion, backlash and ridicule from Filipinos residing in the Philippines who never identified themselves with the foreign term.[71][72]
Native Filipinos were also called Manilamen (or Manila men) by English-speaking regions or Tagalas by Spanish-speakers during the colonial era. They were mostly sailors and pearl-divers and established communities in various ports around the world.[73][74] One of the notable settlements of Manilamen is the community of Saint Malo, Louisiana, founded at around 1763 to 1765 by escaped slaves and deserters from the Spanish Navy.[75][76][77][78] There were also significant numbers of Manilamen in Northern Australia and the Torres Strait Islands in the late 1800s who were employed in the pearl hunting industries.[79][80]
In Mexico (especially in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Colima), Filipino immigrants arriving to New Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries via the Manila galleons were called chino, which led to the confusion of early Filipino immigrants with that of the much later Chinese immigrants to Mexico from the 1880s to the 1940s. A genetic study in 2018 has also revealed that around one-third of the population of Guerrero have 10% Filipino ancestry.[81][82]
History
Prehistory
The oldest
The oldest indisputable modern human (
The Tabon Cave remains (along with the
After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal
The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the
The connections between the various
Archaic epoch (to 1565)
Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms.[89] South Asian and East Asian people together with the people of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into local societies.
Many of the had thus emerged based on international trade.
Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.
In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of
From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay, Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and Luzon and Visayas indigenous populations.[106]
In the years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political
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Tagalog maharlika, c.1590 Boxer Codex
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Tagalog maginoo, c.1590 Boxer Codex
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Visayan kadatuan, c.1590 Boxer Codex
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Visayan timawa, c.1590 Boxer Codex
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Visayan pintados (tattooed), c. 1590 Boxer Codex
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Visayan uripon (slaves), c. 1590 Boxer Codex
Historic caste systems
Timawa – The timawa class were free commoners of Luzon and the Visayas who could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo, though they would, from time to time, be obliged to work on a datu's land and help in community projects and events. They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to move.
Maharlika – Members of the Tagalog warrior class known as maharlika had the same rights and responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of war they were bound to serve their datu in battle. They had to arm themselves at their own expense, but they did get to keep the loot they took. Although they were partly related to the nobility, the maharlikas were technically less free than the timawas because they could not leave a datu's service without first hosting a large public feast and paying the datu between 6 and 18 pesos in gold – a large sum in those days.
By the 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of
Spanish colonisation and rule (1521–1898)
The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish-Philippines as 667,612 people.
The Philippines was Colonised by the
The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines, especially through the commencement of the
In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of
A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of the archipelago to Spain. European criollos, mestizos and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese, Indian and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to the Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos[140][141] and they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with the natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans).[140] In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across the many cities and presidios of the Philippines.[142]
Location | 1603 | 1636 | 1642 | 1644 | 1654 | 1655 | 1670 | 1672 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manila[142] | 900 | 446 | — | 407 | 821 | 799 | 708 | 667 |
Fort Santiago[142] | — | 22 | — | — | 50 | — | 86 | 81 |
Cavite[142] | — | 70 | — | — | 89 | — | 225 | 211 |
Cagayan[142] | 46 | 80 | — | — | — | — | 155 | 155 |
Calamianes[142]
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | 73 | 73 |
Caraga[142] | — | 45 | — | — | — | — | 81 | 81 |
Cebu[142] | 86 | 50 | — | — | — | — | 135 | 135 |
Formosa[142] | — | 180 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Moluccas[142]
|
80 | 480 | 507 | — | 389 | — | — | — |
Otón[142] | 66 | 50 | — | — | — | — | 169 | 169 |
Zamboanga[142] | — | 210 | — | — | 184 | — | — | — |
Other[142] | 255 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
[142] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Total Reinforcements[142] | 1,533 | 1,633 | 2,067 | 2,085 | n/a | n/a | 1,632 | 1,572 |
With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors such as British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian and French were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards and Chinese arrived during the next century. Many of these migrants intermarried with local mestizos and assimilated with the indigenous population.
In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas"[143][144] compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children[145] and two parents, per tribute)[146] and came upon the following statistics:[143]: 539 [144]: 31, 54, 113
Province | Native Tributes | Spanish Mestizo Tributes | All Tributes[a] |
---|---|---|---|
Tondo[143]: 539 | 14,437-1/2 | 3,528 | 27,897-7 |
Cavite[143]: 539 | 5,724-1/2 | 859 | 9,132-4 |
Laguna[143]: 539 | 14,392-1/2 | 336 | 19,448-6 |
Batangas[143]: 539 | 15,014 | 451 | 21,579-7 |
Mindoro[143]: 539 | 3,165 | 3-1/2 | 4,000-8 |
Bulacan[143]: 539 | 16,586-1/2 | 2,007 | 25,760-5 |
Pampanga[143]: 539 | 16,604-1/2 | 2,641 | 27,358-1 |
Bataan[143]: 539 | 3,082 | 619 | 5,433 |
Zambales[143]: 539 | 1,136 | 73 | 4,389 |
Ilocos[144] : 31
|
44,852-1/2 | 631 | 68,856 |
Pangasinan[144]: 31 | 19,836 | 719-1/2 | 25,366 |
Cagayan[144]: 31 | 9,888 | 0 | 11,244-6 |
Camarines[144] : 54
|
19,686-1/2 | 154-1/2 | 24,994 |
Albay[144]: 54 | 12,339 | 146 | 16,093 |
Tayabas[144]: 54 | 7,396 | 12 | 9,228 |
Cebu[144]: 113 | 28,112-1/2 | 625 | 28,863 |
Samar[144]: 113 | 3,042 | 103 | 4,060 |
Leyte[144]: 113 | 7,678 | 37-1/2 | 10,011 |
Caraga[144]: 113 | 3,497 | 0 | 4,977 |
Misamis[144]: 113 | 1,278 | 0 | 1,674 |
Negros Island[144] : 113
|
5,741 | 0 | 7,176 |
Iloilo[144]: 113 | 29,723 | 166 | 37,760 |
Capiz[144]: 113 | 11,459 | 89 | 14,867 |
Antique[144]: 113 | 9,228 | 0 | 11,620 |
Calamianes[144] : 113
|
2,289 | 0 | 3,161 |
TOTAL | 299,049 | 13,201 | 424,992-16 |
The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province [143]: 539 (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%,[143]: 539 Cavite at 13%,[143]: 539 Laguna 2.28%,[143]: 539 Batangas 3%,[143]: 539 Bulacan 10.79%,[143]: 539 Bataan 16.72%,[143]: 539 Ilocos 1.38%,[144]: 31 Pangasinan 3.49%,[144]: 31 Albay 1.16%,[144]: 54 Cebu 2.17%,[144]: 113 Samar 3.27%,[144]: 113 Iloilo 1%,
In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated. Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots
Late modern
After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12 while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million.[152]
In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second- or third-generation families returned to the country.
Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving American, European, Chinese and Japanese peoples. After World War II, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands, most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This was also true for the Arab and Chinese immigrants, many of whom are also post WWII arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans, Persians, Brazilians and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration, diaspora, assimilation and cultural diversity made most Filipinos accepting of interracial marriage and multiculturalism.
Philippine nationality law is currently based upon the principle of jus sanguinis and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in the Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the First Philippines Republic or Third Republic of the Philippines. For example, many Cold-War-era Chinese migrants who had relatives in the Philippines attain Filipino citizenship for their children through marriage with Chinese Filipino families that trace back to either the late Spanish Colonial Era or American Colonial Era. Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the US, often come to the Philippines to marry with a Filipino citizen, ensuring their future children attain Filipino citizenship and their Filipino spouses ensure property ownership.
Social classifications
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2020) |
During the
Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred today as
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Peninsulares | Person of pure Spanish descent born in Spain ("from the Iberian Peninsula"). |
Americano | Person of Criollo (pure or almost pure Spanish), Castizo (3/4 Spanish, 1/4 Native American) or Mestizo (1/2 Spanish, 1/2 Native American) descent born in Spanish America ("from the Americas"). |
Filipinos / Insulares
|
Person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines ("from the Philippine Islands ").
|
Mestizo de Español
|
Person of mixed Spanish and native Austronesian descent.
|
Tornatrás | Person of mixed descent. |
Mestizo de Sangley | Person of mixed Chinese or Japanese descent with native Austronesian descent. |
Mestizo de Bombay | Person of mixed Indian and native Austronesian descent. |
Indio (Christianized) | Person of pure native Austronesian descent who was Christianized, usually under the Spanish missionaries of the Catholic Church. |
Sangley / Chino (Christianized) | Person of pure Chinese descent who was Christianized, usually by the Spanish missionaries of the Catholic Church. |
Indio (Unchristianized) | Person of pure native Austronesian descent who was not Christianized. |
Sangley / Chino (Unchristianized) | Person of pure Chinese descent who was not Christianized. |
Moro | Person of pure Islamized .
|
Negrito | Person of pure Mamanwa , etc.
|
People classified as 'blancos' (whites) were the insulares or "Filipinos" (a person born in the Philippines of pure Spanish descent), peninsulares (a person born in Spain of pure Spanish descent), Español mestizos (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian and Spanish ancestry) and tornatrás (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian, Chinese and Spanish ancestry). Manila was racially segregated, with blancos living in the walled city of Intramuros, un-Christianized sangleys in Parían, Christianized sangleys and mestizos de sangley in Binondo and the rest of the 7,000 islands for the indios, with the exception of Cebu and several other Spanish posts. Only mestizos de sangley were allowed to enter Intramuros to work for whites (including mestizos de español) as servants and various occupations needed for the colony. Indio were native Austronesians, but as a legal classification, Indio were those who embraced Roman Catholicism and Austronesians who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies.[citation needed]
People who lived outside
The term negrito was coined by the Spaniards based on their appearance. The word 'negrito' would be misinterpreted and used by future European scholars as an ethnoracial term in and of itself. Both Christianized negritos who lived in the colony and un-Christianized negritos who lived in tribes outside the colony were classified as 'negritos'. Christianized negritos who lived in Manila were not allowed to enter Intramuros and lived in areas designated for indios.
A person of mixed Negrito and Austronesian ancestry were classified based on patrilineal descent; the father's ancestry determined a child's legal classification. If the father was 'negrito' and the mother was 'India' (Austronesian), the child was classified as 'negrito'. If the father was 'indio' and the mother was 'negrita', the child was classified as 'indio'. Persons of Negrito descent were viewed as being outside the social order as they usually lived in tribes outside the colony and resisted conversion to Christianity.
This legal system of racial classification based on patrilineal descent had no parallel anywhere in the Spanish-ruled colonies in the Americas. In general, a son born of a sangley male and an indio or mestizo de sangley female was classified as mestizo de sangley; all subsequent male descendants were mestizos de sangley regardless of whether they married an India or a mestiza de sangley. A daughter born in such a manner, however, acquired the legal classification of her husband, i.e., she became an India if she married an indio but remained a mestiza de sangley if she married a mestizo de sangley or a sangley. In this way, a chino mestizo male descendant of a paternal sangley ancestor never lost his legal status as a mestizo de sangley no matter how little percentage of Chinese blood he had in his veins or how many generations had passed since his first Chinese ancestor; he was thus a mestizo de sangley in perpetuity.
However, a 'mestiza de sangley' who married a blanco ('Filipino', 'mestizo de español', 'peninsular' or 'americano') kept her status as 'mestiza de sangley'. But her children were classified as tornatrás. An 'India' who married a blanco also kept her status as India, but her children were classified as mestizo de español. A mestiza de español who married another blanco would keep her status as mestiza, but her status will never change from mestiza de español if she married a mestizo de español, Filipino or peninsular. In contrast, a mestizo (de sangley or español) man's status stayed the same regardless of whom he married. If a mestizo (de sangley or español) married a filipina (woman of pure Spanish descent), she would lose her status as a 'filipina' and would acquire the legal status of her husband and become a mestiza de español or sangley. If a 'filipina' married an 'indio', her legal status would change to 'India', despite being of pure Spanish descent.
The social stratification system based on class that continues to this day in the country had its beginnings in the
The Spanish colonizers reserved the term Filipino to refer to Spaniards born in the Philippines. The use of the term was later extended to include Spanish and Chinese mestizos or those born of mixed Chinese-indio or Spanish-indio descent. Late in the 19th century, José Rizal popularized the use of the term Filipino to refer to all those born in the Philippines, including the Indios.[167] When ordered to sign the notification of his death sentence, which described him as a Chinese mestizo, Rizal refused. He went to his death saying that he was indio puro.[168][167]
After the Philippines' independence from Spain in 1898 and the word Filipino 'officially' expanded to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of racial ancestry, as per the Philippine nationality law and as described by Wenceslao Retaña's Diccionario de filipinismos, where he defined Filipinos as follows,[68]
todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza.
All those born in the Philippines without distinction of origin or race.— Wenceslao E. Retaña, Diccionario De Filipinismos: Con La Revisión De Lo Que Al Respecto Lleva Publicado La Real Academia Española
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Native Filipinos as illustrated in theCarta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas(1734)
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A Spaniard and Criollo talking, while Indios are cockfight with Aetas in the background. detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas.
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"Mestizo de luto" (A Native Filipino Mestizo) by José Honorato Lozano
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Native riding a horse by José Honorato Lozano
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Cuadrillero by José Honorato Lozano
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A Gobernadorcillo, mostly of Indio descent. Painting by José Honorato Lozano
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Sangley Pancit vendor by José Honorato Lozano
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Damián Domingo, A mestizo de Sangley soldier and artist.
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Typical costume of a Principalía family of the late 19th century. Exhibit in the Villa Escudero Museum, San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines.
Origins and genetic studies
The aboriginal settlers of the Philippines were primarily Negrito groups. Negritos today comprise a small minority of the nation's overall population, and received significant geneflow from Austronesian groups, as well as an even earlier "Basal-East Asian" group, while the modern Austronesian-speaking majority population does not, or only marginally show evidence for admixture, and cluster closely with other East/Southeast Asian people.[170][171]
The majority population of Filipinos are
Other hypotheses have also been put forward based on linguistic, archeological, and genetic studies. These include an origin from mainland
Genetics
The results of a massive DNA study conducted by the
According to a genetic study done by the Kaiser Permanente (KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), most self-identified Filipinos sampled, have "modest" amounts of European ancestry consistent with older admixture.[181]
Dental morphology
Dental morphology provides clues to prehistoric migration patterns of the Philippines, with Sinodont dental patterns occurring in East Asia, Central Asia, North Asia, and the Americas. Sundadont patterns occur in Southeast Asia as well as the bulk of Oceania.[182] Filipinos exhibit Sundadonty,[182][183] and are regarded as having a more generalised dental morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty.
Historic reports
Published in 1849, The Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos contains 141 pages of surnames with both Spanish and Hispanicized indigenous roots.
Authored by Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua and Domingo Abella, the catalog was created in response to the Decree of November 21, 1849, which gave every Filipino a surname from the book. The decree in the Philippines was created to fulfill a Spanish colonial decree that sought to address colonial subjects who did not have a last name. This explains why most Filipinos share the same surnames as many Hispanics today, without having Spanish ancestry.
Augustinian Friar, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, in the 1800s, measured varying ratios of Spanish-Mestizos as percentages of the populations of the various provinces, with ranges such as: 19.5% of the population of Tondo (The most populous province), to Pampanga (13.7%), Cavite (13%) and Bulacan (10.8%) to as low as 5% in Cebu, and non-existent in the isolated provinces.[143][144]
In relation to this, a population survey conducted by German ethnographer Fedor Jagor concluded that 1/3rd of Luzon which holds half of the Philippines' population had varying degrees of Spanish and Mexican ancestry.[184]
Current immigration
Recent studies during 2015, record around 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country.[185] There are also 250,000 Amerasians across Angeles City, Manila, Clark and Olongapo.[186]
Languages
Chavacano is the only Spanish-based creole language in Asia. Its vocabulary is 90 percent Spanish, and the remaining 10 percent is a mixture of predominantly Portuguese, Hiligaynon, and some English. Chavacano is considered by the Instituto Cervantes to be a Spanish-based language.[188][failed verification]
In sharp contrast, another view is that the ratio of the population which spoke Spanish as their mother tongue in the last decade of Spanish rule was 10% or 14%.[189] An additional 60% is said to have spoken Spanish as a second language until World War II, but this is also disputed as to whether this percentage spoke "kitchen Spanish", which was used as marketplace lingua compared to those who were actual fluent Spanish speakers.[189]
In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced
According to
Other Philippine languages in the country with at least 1,000,000 native and indigenous speakers include
Religion
According to National Statistics Office (NSO) as of 2010, over 92% of the population were
The second largest religion in the country is Islam, estimated in 2014[update] to account for 5% to 8% of the population.[198] Islam in the Philippines is mostly concentrated in southwestern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago which, though part of the Philippines, are very close to the neighboring Islamic countries of Malaysia and Indonesia. The Muslims call themselves Moros, a Spanish word that refers to the Moors (albeit the two groups have little cultural connection other than Islam).
Historically, ancient Filipinos held animist religions that were influenced by
As of 2013[update], religious groups together constituting less than five percent of the population included
Diaspora
There are currently more than 10 million Filipinos who live overseas. Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania,[202][203] the Middle East, and other regions of the world.
There are an estimated four million
Filipinos make up over a third of the entire population of the
See also
- Spanish Filipino
- Chinese Filipino
- Filipino Americans
References
- ^ "Urban Population in the Philippines (Results of the 2015 Census of Population), Release Date: 21 March 2019". Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018. (Total population 100,573,715 in 2015, per detail in TABLE 1 Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Region: 1960 – 2015 Archived September 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Times, Asia (September 2, 2019). "Asia Times | Duterte's 'golden age' comes into clearer view | Article". Asia Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ a b "Remittances from Filipinos abroad reach 2.9 bln USD in August 2019 – Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019.
- ^ Reported as Filipino alone or in any combination in "The Asian Population: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
- ^ "Distribution on Filipinos Overseas". Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
- ^ "Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates". Positively Filipino | Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
- ^ "No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". February 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Remains of ancient barangays in many parts of Iloilo testify to the antiquity and richness of these pre-colonial settlements. Pre-Hispanic burial grounds are found in many towns of Iloilo. These burial grounds contained antique porcelain burial jars and coffins made of hard wood, where the dead were put to rest with abundance of gold, crystal beads, Chinese potteries, and golden masks. These Philippine national treasures are sheltered in Museo de Iloilo and in the collections of many Ilongo old families. Early Spanish colonizers took note of the ancient civilizations in Iloilo and their organized social structure ruled by nobilities. In the late 16th century, Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in his chronicles about the ancient settlements in Panay says: "También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín ... Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay) ... Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla." Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615), Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374–375.
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{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
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- ^ Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571–1720 By Furlong, Matthew J. Archived April 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi–xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35–36."
- ^ a b "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
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The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.
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Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF). 9TH International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016. - ^ Nolasco, Clarita T. (September 1970). "The Creoles in Spanish Philippines". Far Eastern University Journal. 15 (1 & 2). Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
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c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.
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Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF). 9th International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016. - ^ Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 29–30
- ^ "El Torno Chabacano". Instituto Cervantes. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
- ^ a b Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (2005). "Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas". Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2010. "Los censos norteamericanos de 1903 y 1905, dicen de soslayo que los Hispano-hablantes de este archipiélago nunca han rebasado, en su número, a más del diez por ciento (10%) de la población durante la última década de los mil ochocientos (1800s). Esto quiere decir que 900,000 Filipinos, el diez porciento de los dados nueve millones citados por el Fray Manuel Arellano Remondo, tenían al idioma español como su primera y única lengua." (Emphasis added.) The same author writes: "Por otro lado, unos recientes estudios por el Dr. Rafael Rodríguez Ponga señalan, sin embargo, que los Filipinos de habla española, al liquidarse la presencia peninsular en este archipiélago, llegaban al catorce (14%) por ciento de la población de la década 1891–1900. Es decir, el 14% de una población de nueve millones (9,000,000), que serían un millón (1,260,000) y dos cientos sesenta mil de Filipinos que eran primordialmente de habla hispana. (Vea Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, enero de 2003)". (La persecución del uso oficial del idioma español en Filipinas Archived January 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 8, 2010.)
- ^ "Philippines – EDUCATION". Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- ^ "Languages of the Philippines". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
- ISBN 978-90-272-4891-6.
- doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 16, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
- ^ Article XIV, Section 6 Archived November 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ISBN 978-1-56639-938-8.
- (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
- ^ Victory, Outreach. "Victory Outreach". Victory Outreach. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
- ^ Philippines. 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom (Report). United States Department of State. July 28, 2014. SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total population.
- ^ Stephen K. Hislop (1971). "Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines" (PDF). Asian Studies. 9 (2): 144–156. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ McCoy, A. W. (1982). Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology. University of San Carlos Publications.
- ^ "Philippines". 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom. U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
- ^ "National Summary Tables". Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 6, 2001. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2001.
- ^ a b "Population Composition: Asian-born Australians". Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 6, 2001. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2001.
- ^ "Background Note: Philippines". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. United States Department of State. June 3, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
- ^ Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller. (July 2009). "Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
Publications
- Peter Bellwood (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American. 265 (1): 88–93. .
- Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; ISBN 978-0-7315-2132-6.
- Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology. 18: 39–48.
- Peter Bellwood; Alicia Sánchez-Mazas (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". Current Anthropology. 46 (3): 480–485. S2CID 145495386.
- David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology. 35: 1–26.
- Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives. 20: 46–67.
- Peter Fuller (2002). "Asia Pacific Research". Reading the Full Picture. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
- Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6.
- "Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid". Retrieved July 28, 2005.
- Malcolm Ross; .
- Frederic H. Sawyer (1900). The Inhabitants of the Philippines. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-1185-0.
- ISBN 978-971-10-0226-8.
- John Edward Terrell (December 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". World Archaeology. 36 (4): 586–591. S2CID 162244203.
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1999) [1994]. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. ISBN 978-971-642-071-5.
- ISBN 978-971-622-006-3.
External links
- Media related to People of the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
- ^ Including others such as Latin-Americans and Chinese-Mestizos, pure Chinese paid tribute but were not Philippine citizens as they were transients who returned to China, and Spaniards were exempt