Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War

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Final offensive
Part of the Spanish Civil War

Map of Spain in February 1939.
  Republican territory
  Nationalist territory
DateCasado's coup: 5–13 March 1939
Final offensive: 26 March – 1 April 1939
Location
Southeastern Spain (provinces of Madrid, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Albacete, Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, Jaen, Almeria, and parts of Toledo, Guadalajara, Granada and Castellon)
Result

Nationalist victory, end of the war

  • Dissolution of the Second Spanish Republic and beginning of the Francoist regime
Belligerents
Spanish Republic  Nationalist Spain
Condor Legion[1]
Fascist Italy CTV
Commanders and leaders
Negrín's Government:
Antonio Ortega Executed
Council of National Defense:
Segismundo Casado
Manuel Matallana Surrendered
José Miaja
Cipriano Mera
 Francisco Franco
Juan Yagüe
José Solchaga
Rafael García Valiño
Gastone Gambara
Strength
250,000[2]−500,000 men[3]
40 aircraft		 1,000,000 men[4]
600 aircraft
Casualties and losses
Casado's coup: 230[5]–2,000 killed[6]
Final offensive: 150,000 captured[7]		 1,476 killed (sinking of the Castillo de Olite)[8]
Events leading to World War II
 1910s
 1920s
 1930s

The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army, led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the socialist prime minister Juan Negrín, and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was willing to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March, the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March, they controlled all of Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.

Background

Fall of Catalonia

After the

France then recognised the Nationalist government.[10]

Military situation

The Republican army still had between 250,000

Moscas fighters),[13] little artillery and few automatic weapons.[14] Many soldiers were unarmed (in December 1938, the Republican army had only 225,000 rifles),[15] and lacked shoes and overcoats.[16] In Madrid, there was food for only two months and no water, heating, medicine or surgical dressings.[17] On the other hand, the Nationalist army had more than a million men at the end of 1938, with 35,000 Moroccans, 32,000 Italians and 5,000 Germans,[18] as well as 600 aircraft.[19]

Opposition to continued resistance

On 16 February, the high command of the Republican Army told Prime Minister

PCE, wanted to continue fighting because Franco rejected giving any guarantee against reprisals and a continental war against fascism was believed to be imminent.[22] Furthermore, Negrín wanted to organise the evacuation of those who were most at risk.[23]

Casado's coup

See also: National Defence Council (Spain)

Plot

From the end of February 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado had been preparing a coup against the Negrín government to start peace negotiations with the Nationalists, believing that the government was too subordinate to the communists. Colonel José Cendaño, a fifth column agent in the Republican army, promised him that Franco would guarantee the lives of the Republican officers who had committed no crimes.[24] Most noncommunist elements of the Popular Front in Madrid supported the plot, including one of the leaders of the PSOE, Julián Besteiro, because they believed that continuing the war was useless.[25] Furthermore, after the surrender of Menorca, many Republican officers in the central zone believed that they could negotiate a deal with the Nationalists.[26]

On 2 March, Negrín announced a number of new appointments in the Central Zone.

general staff[28] and communist officers were appointed to command the ports of Murcia (Manuel Tagüeña), Alicante (Etelvino Vega) and Cartagena (Francisco Galán).[29](according to Beevor, Francisco Galán was appointed military governor of Cartagena, Etelvino Vega governor of Alicante, Leocadio Mendiola commander of Murcia and Inocencio Curto commander of Albacete).[30] The noncommunist elements believed that the communists wanted to control the evacuation harbours[31] and joined the plot against Negrín.[32]

Coup

On 5 March 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado, supported by General Matallana, the CNT

SIM),[34] a section of the PSOE (Julián Besteiro) and a section of the UGT (Wenceslao Carrillo), deposed Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Council of Defence (Consejo Nacional de Defensa) in order to negotiate a peace deal with Franco.[35] On 6 March, Miaja joined the rebellion and was appointed president of the junta.[36] The other members of the junta were Casado, Julian Besteiro, Wenceslao Carrillo, Gonzalez Marín and Eduardo Val (CNT), Antonio Perez (UGT), and the Republicans Miguel San Andrés and Jose del Río.[37]

Julian Besteiro, one of the leaders of the PSOE, supported Casado's coup.

Colonel

Hidalgo de Cisneros: "I give you my word ... that I can obtain better terms from Franco than Negrín ever can. I can even assure you that they will respect our ranks".[40]

After a failed attempt to negotiate with Casado, Negrín fled to France from the

La Pasionaria and Vicente Uribe), and the foreign minister Julio Álvarez del Vayo on 6 March to avoid capture by the supporters of Casado[41] (Casado wanted to arrest the government and the PCE's leaders and to hand them over to the Nationalists).[42]

Fight in Madrid

Casado's coup was supported by the commanders of the other three

Colonel Antonio Ortega's III Corps), rose against the junta on 7 March, starting a brief civil war inside the Republic. Barceló appointed himself as commander of the Army of the Centre, and his troops closed all the entrances to Madrid, occupied most of the city centre and detained and shot three of Casado's colonels. Casado's supporters held only some government buildings and the south-east of the city.[44] Nevertheless, Mera's IV corps counterattacked and occupied Torrejón and Alcalá de Henares as the Nationalists started an offensive towards the Manzanares.[45] By 10 March, Barceló's troops had been surrounded, and a ceasefire was arranged. On 11 March, after days of bloody combat, Casado, backed by the IV corps of Cipriano Mera, defeated Barceló's troops. Barceló and his commissar, José Conesa, were arrested and executed.[46] There were hundreds of dead (Thomas: 230,[47] Jackson: 1,000,[48] and Beevor: 2,000 dead[49]
).

Cartagena

Main article:
Cartagena Uprising

There was also combat in Ciudad Real and Cartagena. In Ciudad Real, Escobar's Extremadura Army crushed the communist resistance led by the deputy Martínez Cárton.[50] Nevertheless, in

Cartagena (the main base of the Spanish Republican Navy), where the supporters of Casado, backed by elements of a fifth column, had started the uprising against Negrín's government on 4 March, they were defeated by the PCE's 206th Brigade, of the IV Division, led by colonel Joaquín Rodríguez, after a brief battle on 7 March. Nevertheless, on 5 March, the Republican Navy (three cruisers and eight destroyers), led by Admiral Buiza, had fled to Bizerte after a Nationalist aerial bombardment.[51] One Nationalist transport ship, the Castillo de Olite, sent by the Nationalists in order to support the uprising, was sunk by the coastal batteries of Cartagena, killing 1,476 Nationalist soldiers.[52]

Peace negotiations with Franco

After the defeat of Barceló's troops, the council tried to start peace negotiations with Franco, hoping to achieve a guarantee against political reprisals. On 12 March, the council proposed a peace deal with a guarantee against reprisals and a period of 25 days to allow anyone who wanted to leave Spain to do so. On 16 March, Franco answered that he would only accept an unconditional surrender.[53] On 23 March, the council sent two negotiators to Burgos (Colonel Antonio Garijo and Major Leopoldo Ortega), and the Nationalists told them that on 25 March, the Republican Air Force had to be surrendered and by 27 March, the Republican troops had to raise the white flag.[54] Nevertheless, on 25 March, the Republicans did not surrender their Air Force because of bad weather and Franco then broke off negotiations with the junta.[55][56]

Final offensive

On 26 March, Yagüe's troops advanced in

Almeria, Murcia and Cartagena, controlling all Spanish territory except for an area of the port of Alicante, where thousands of Republicans expecting evacuation had assembled. They began giving themselves up on 31 March, but the operation was suspended for the night. The last 2000 surrendered the next morning, and approximately 25 committed suicide. By 1 April 1939, the war was effectively over.[74]

Aftermath

On 1 April 1939, the day the war ended, the Soviet Union was the only major power that had not yet recognized Franco's government.[75] The new regime had signed a non-aggression pact with Portugal and a treaty of friendship with Nazi Germany on 31 March,[76] and on 6 April, Franco made public Spain's adherence to the Anti-Comintern Pact.[77] On 20 April, the Non-Intervention Committee was dissolved, and by June, both Italian and German troops had left Spain.[78] The Francoist dictatorship remained in power until Franco's death on 20 November 1975.[79]

Casado remained in exile in Venezuela until he returned to Spain in 1961.[80] Cipriano Mera fled to Oran and Casablanca, but he was extradited to Spain in February 1942.[81] In 1943, he was condemned to death, a sentence that was changed for 30 years in prison; he was set free in 1946 and fled to France,[82] where he died in 1975. Matallana was detained and imprisoned by the Nationalists and died in Madrid in 1956.[83] Besteiro, still at his post in the basement of the Revenue Building at 7 Alcalá Street in Madrid, was arrested by the Nationalists when they entered the city and faced a court martial. Sentenced to 30 years in prison,[84] he died there of an infection that resulted from an injury to his hand in 1940.[85]

The Nationalists arrested hundreds of thousands of Republican soldiers and civilians, with 150,000 soldiers captured in the final offensive, and herded them into makeshift concentration camps. There were between 367,000 and 500,000 prisoners in 1939.[86] In the first years after the war, 50,000 Republican prisoners were executed.[87]

In literature

Casado's coup and the last days of the war are the background of Max Aub's novels, Campo del Moro[88] and Campo de los Almendros.[89]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 395
  2. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 475
  3. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 861
  4. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 838
  5. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 884
  6. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 394
  7. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 404
  8. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p.391
  9. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 854
  10. ^ Graham, Helen 2005. p. 165
  11. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 475
  12. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 861
  13. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 868
  14. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 861
  15. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 488
  16. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 866
  17. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 869
  18. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 838
  19. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 866
  20. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 867–868
  21. ^ Preston, Paul 2006. p. 296
  22. ^ Preston, Paul 2006. p. 296
  23. ^ Graham, Helen 2005. p. 111
  24. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 870–871
  25. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 861
  26. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2006. p. 861.
  27. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 468
  28. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 874
  29. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 875–876
  30. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 390
  31. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 468
  32. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. pp. 468–469
  33. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 873
  34. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 875
  35. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 876–878
  36. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 878
  37. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 392
  38. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. pp. 393–394
  39. ^ Preston, Paul 2006. p. 296
  40. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 875
  41. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. pp. 392–393
  42. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 881
  43. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 883
  44. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 882
  45. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 884
  46. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 884
  47. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 884
  48. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 433
  49. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 394
  50. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 884
  51. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 876–877
  52. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 391
  53. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. pp. 394–395
  54. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 395
  55. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 885–888
  56. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 395
  57. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 867
  58. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 887
  59. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 509
  60. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 888–889
  61. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 888
  62. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 890
  63. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 889
  64. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 396
  65. ^ Graham, Helen 2005. p. 113
  66. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 890
  67. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 396
  68. ^ "Aftermath", Time, 10 April 1939, archived from the original on 7 November 2012
  69. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 396
  70. ^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 477
  71. ^ Graham, Helen 2005. p. 113
  72. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 396
  73. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 890
  74. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp. 886–890
  75. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 894
  76. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 893
  77. ^ Graham Helen 2005. p. 166
  78. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 894
  79. ^ Preston, Paul. 1995. pp. 786–787
  80. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 923
  81. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 410
  82. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 410
  83. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 923
  84. ^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p. 888
  85. ^ Preston, Paul 2006. p. 319
  86. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 404
  87. ^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 405
  88. ^ Aub, Max. 1979.
  89. ^ Aub, Max. 1981.

References

Further reading

External links
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