Fine art
In European academic traditions, fine art is made primarily for
Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and poetry. Other "minor or subsidiary arts" were also included, especially performing arts such as theatre and dance, which were counted as "among the most ancient and universal."[3] In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts. The old master print and drawing were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) commonly includes additional modern forms, such as film, photography, and video production/editing, as well as traditional forms made in a fine art setting, such as studio pottery and studio glass, with equivalents in other materials.
One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for
The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons.[7] Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which it is expressed.[8]
The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of East Asia. The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art.
Origins, history and development
History of art |
---|
According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the
But it can be argued that the
The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by
In the
Cultural perspectives
The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional
Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Movement, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. As with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often composed of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.
Visual arts
Two-dimensional works
Painting and drawing
Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in the
Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills as well. Common instruments include:
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Mi'raj of the Prophet by Sultan Mohammed, 1539–1543; British Library
Mosaics
Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called
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Epiphany ofArcheological Museum of Dion
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Antioch-on-the-Orontes
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Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic
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Interior of the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy), decorated with elaborate mosaics
Printmaking
Except in the case of
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Monotype by the technique's inventor, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, The Creation of Adam, c. 1642
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The Great Wave off Kanagawa; 1829–1833; color woodblock print;
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En plein soleil,James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1858
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Divan Japonais; by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec; 1893–1894; Crayon, brush, spatter and transferred screen lithograph.
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner".[14] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.[14] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.[15][16][17]
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Folio 27r from theCotton Library (British Library, London)
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On Calligraphy by Mi Fu, Song dynasty China
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Abbasid KuficCalligraphy
Photography
Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.
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Alfred Stieglitz nude, circa 1916
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Interior from Paris; taken by Eugène Atget circa 1910
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The Tetons and the Snake River; 1942; by Ansel Adams
Three-dimensional works
Architecture
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Thegoddess Athena
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Saint Basil's Cathedral from the Red Square (Moscow)
Pottery
With some modern exceptions, pottery is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in archaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.
Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills.
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The David Vases; 1351 (the Yuan dynasty); porcelain, cobalt blue decor under glaze; height: 63.8 cm; British Museum (London)
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Renaissance oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul; circa 1559–1564; maiolica; overall: 6 × 67.3 × 52.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
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Rococo personifications of Classical elements; 1760s; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Indianapolis, USA)
Sculpture
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by carving; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.[19]
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Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre
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The Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles
Conceptual art
Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.[20]
Performing arts
Music
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.
Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.
The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "art of the Muses").
Dance
Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music,
Theatre
Modern Western
Film
Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fine
the dialogue.Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of still photography, though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion.
Poetry
Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.[22]
Other
- Avant-garde music is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine art.
- Electronic media – perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
- Textiles, including quilt artand "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
- Western art (or Classical) musicis a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.
- Origami – The last century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the addition of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline ending in technology and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic art of the 21st century.[23][24][25]
Academic study
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (June 2017) |
Africa
Asia
- The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and bachelor's degrees.
- Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Fine Art college in the Indian city of Kolkata, West Bengal.
Europe
South America
- Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.[26]
United States
In the United States an academic course of study in fine art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US:
- Yale University, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.[27]
- Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.[28]
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.[29]
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA[30]
- California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA[31]
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA[32]
- Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI[33]
- Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, MD[34]
- Fordham University, (B.F.A)[35]
- Columbia University, MFA, joint JD/MFA degree, PHD.[36]
- Juilliard School, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the world's leading music schools, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.[37][38][39]
- ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of art and design fields, as well as public programs for children and high school students. U.S. News & World Report also ranks Art Center's Art, Industrial Design and Media Design Practices programs among the top 20 graduate schools in the U.S.[40]
See also
References
- ^ "Fine Art: Definition, Meaning, History". www.visual-arts-cork.com. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ Blunt, 48–55
- ^ Colvin, Sidney (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 355–375.
- ^ "Fine art". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Aesthetic Judgment". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 July 2010.
- ISBN 9780892072651. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- JSTOR 23883666.
- ^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom" (PDF). University of South Carolina Beaufort. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Clowney, David. "A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner's The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ Blunt, 55
- ISBN 978-1-60917-361-6. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first fell out of fashion nearly a century ago. From about 1880 the conception of 'fine art' was ..."
- ^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Kubler, pp. 14–15, google books Archived 27 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
- ^ a b Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
- ^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
- ^ Pott, G. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
- ^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
- ^ The Tower Bridge, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.
- ^ "Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Conceptual art Tate online glossary Archived 20 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine tate.org.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
- ^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
- ^ Gould, Vanessa. "Between the Folds, a documentary film".
- ISBN 978-0804843386.
- ISBN 978-0804853453.
- ^ "Institute for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
- ^ "Yale University School of Art". Art.yale.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Division of Fine Arts RISD". Risd.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "School of the Art Institute of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "UCLA Department of Art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "California Institute of the Arts Programs". Calarts.edu. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Welcome to Cranbrook Academy of Art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Maryland Institute College of Art". Mica.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "B.F.A. Program". The Ailey School. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
- ^ "Columbia University School of the Arts". Arts.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ "Still 'best reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ISBN 0-8109-3536-8.
Juilliard grew up with both the country and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the pinnacle of artistic achievement.
- ^ "The Top 25 Drama Schools in the World". The Hollywood Reporter. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ^ "ArtCenter College of Design Overall Rankings – US News Best Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ISBN 0198810504
Further reading
- Ballard, A. (1898). Arrows; or, Teaching a fine art. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company.
- Caffin, Charles Henry. (1901). Photography as a fine art; the achievements and possibilities of photographic art in America. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
- Crane, L., and Whiting, C. G. (1885). Art and the formation of taste: six lectures. Boston: Chautauqua Press. Chapter 4 : Fine Arts
- Hegel, G. W. F., and Bosanquet, B. (1905). The introduction to Hegel's Philosophy of fine art. London: K. Paul, Trench &.
- Hegel, G. W. F. (1998). Aesthetics: lectures on fine art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Neville, H. (1875). The stage: its past and present in relation to fine art. London: R. Bentley and Son.
- Rossetti, W. M. (1867). Fine art, chiefly contemporary: notices re-printed, with revisions. London: Macmillan.
- Shiner, Larry. (2003). "ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3
- Torrey, J. (1874). A theory of fine art. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co.
- ALBA (2018). [1] Archived 20 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- Antonio Luis Ramos Molina, La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística, In: Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Granada 2018.