Finnish Democratic Republic

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Finnish Democratic Republic
Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta
Demokratiska Republiken Finland
1939–1940
Seal[1] of Finnish Democratic Republic
Seal[1]
Anticipated territorial changes of the Finnish Democratic Republic, with areas to be ceded to the Soviet Union (red) and to the Finnish Democratic Republic (green).
Anticipated territorial changes of the Finnish Democratic Republic, with areas to be ceded to the Soviet Union (red) and to the Finnish Democratic Republic (green).
StatusPuppet state of the Soviet Union
CapitalHelsinki (de jure)
Terijoki (de facto)
GovernmentOne-party socialist republic under a Stalinist totalitarian dictatorship
Chairman of the People's Government 
• 1939–1940
Otto Wille Kuusinen
Historical eraWorld War II
• Established
1 December 1939
12 March 1940
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Finland
Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
Today part ofRussia

The Finnish Democratic Republic (Finnish: Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta or Suomen kansantasavalta, Swedish: Demokratiska Republiken Finland, Russian: Финляндская Демократическая Республика), also known as the Terijoki Government (Finnish: Terijoen hallitus), was a short-lived communist puppet state of the Soviet Union in occupied Finnish territory from December 1939 to March 1940.

The Finnish Democratic Republic was established by

Karelo-Finnish SSR upon the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty
.

Creation

Vyacheslav Molotov signing an agreement between the USSR and the Finnish Democratic Republic in front of Joseph Stalin. Otto Wille Kuusinen, the prime minister and head of government, on the right side of the picture.

The Finnish Democratic Republic was established on 1 December 1939 in the Finnish border town of

Terijoki (present-day Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg, Russia), a day after the beginning of the Winter War. Terijoki was the first town in Finland captured by the Red Army after the Soviet invasion, and the new government was seated there as its de facto capital. The Finnish Democratic Republic regime was commonly known by the colloquial name the Terijoki Government (Finnish: Terijoen hallitus, Swedish: Terijokiregeringen), but officially the government was called the Finnish People's Government (Finnish: Suomen kansanhallitus Swedish: Finlands folkregering). In Finnish historiography, the government is also occasionally called the Kuusinen Government (Finnish: Kuusisen hallitus Swedish
: Kuusinenregeringen).

Otto Wille Kuusinen was chosen as the prime minister and head of government. Kuusinen's cabinet was made up of Soviet citizens and left-wing Finns who had fled to Soviet Russia after the Finnish Civil War.[6] A declaration delivered via TASS on behalf of the Finnish Democratic Republic stated:

The People's Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the people's front of toilers. The final composition of the People's Government, its powers and actions, are to be sanctioned by a Diet elected on the basis of universal equal direct suffrage by secret ballot.[7]

Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov spoke to the German ambassador to the Soviet Union on 30 November—a day before the proclamation of the Finnish Democratic Republic—saying, "This government will not be Soviet but a democratic republic. Nobody will set up soviets there, but we hope that it will be a government that we can reach agreement with on safeguarding the security of Leningrad."[8] Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the Winter War stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".[9][10]

Relations with the Soviet Union

The Soviet government entered into

Kalastajasaarento near the Arctic Ocean to the Soviet Union.[6]

On 2 December 1939, Kuusinen and Molotov signed a mutual assistance agreement and a secret protocol in

Murmansk railroad, in exchange for the same territories that the Soviets had demanded in earlier negotiations from the Republic of Finland.[11]

An earlier draft of the Moscow agreement was signed ten days earlier at Petrozavodsk by Andrei Zhdanov for the USSR and Kuusinen for the Republic. The Molotov–Kuusinen agreement mentioned leasing the Hanko Peninsula, and determining the number of troops to be appointed in a separate agreement. Before the 1990s, historians could only speculate about its existence and content. In 1997, during a joint Finnish-Russian project, Russian professor Oleg Rzesevski discovered the protocol in the Kremlin. The content is quite similar to protocols the Soviet Union signed with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in September–October 1939.[12]

Reaction in Finland and abroad

The Finnish Democratic Republic failed to gain support among Finnish workers as the Soviet Union had hoped. Instead, in the face of the invasion, Finnish society became strongly united in what is called the "Spirit of the Winter War". The Democratic Republic also failed to gain any international recognition aside from the Soviet Union itself,[6] although a number of prominent left-wing activists and writers such as Jawaharlal Nehru, George Bernard Shaw, Martin Andersen Nexø and John Steinbeck voiced their support for the government.[13] In Nazi Germany, state newspapers gave their support for the Democratic Republic because of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[13]

Joseph Stalin was well aware of the domestic political situation in Finland based on Soviet intelligence information, and thus did not anticipate that the establishment of the Democratic Republic would cause any revolutionary action or popular uprisings against the existing Finnish Government.[14]

The Kuusinen Government was officially recognised by the Soviet Union and the Soviet satellite states of the Mongolian People's Republic and the Tuvan People's Republic.[15]

Dissolution

The Soviets had increasingly began to seek

RSFSR to form the new Karelo-Finnish SSR, a Soviet republic
in its own right, after Finland had ceded the areas specified in the treaty to the Soviet Union.

Terijoki Government

Minister In office
Chairman of the People's Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Finland[16]
Otto Wille Kuusinen
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Assistant Chairman of the People's Government and Minister of Finance[16]
Mauritz Rosenberg
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Minister of Defense
Akseli Anttila
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Minister of Internal Affairs
Tuure Lehén
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Minister of Agriculture
Armas Äikiä
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Minister of Education
Inkeri Lehtinen
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
Minister of Karelian Affairs
Paavo Prokkonen
1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3

See also

References

Citations

  1. ISSN 0356-8199. (Document, issued by the Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta), published on the back cover
    of this book.)
  2. ^ Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.
  3. Algonquin Books
    . p. 58, 61.
  4. ^ Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91. MIT Press. p. 93.
  5. ^ Killham, Edward L. (1993). The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium. Howells House. p. 78.
  6. ^ a b c Eagle & Paananen 1985, p. 26
  7. ^ Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940). Russia, Finland and the Baltic. London: Lawrence & Wishart. p. 114.
  8. ^ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. London: Yale University Press. p. 48.
  9. ^ Elliston, H.B. (1940). Finland Fights. London: G. Harrap. p. 237.
  10. ^ Sander, Gordon F. (2013). The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army. University Press of Kansas. pp. 38–39.
  11. ^ Manninen 2002, pp. 25–26.
  12. ^ Manninen 2002, pp. 27–28.
  13. ^ a b University of Jyväskylä – Kansan vallan vaihtoehto Terijoen hallituksen lehdistössä 1939–1940 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ISBN 951-0-12686-1
    .
  15. ^ "Lev Nikolayevich Lopukhovskiy, Boris Konstantinovich Kavalerchik. Iyun' 1941: zaprogrammirovannoye porazheniye. / Glava 4. KRASNAYA ARMIYA V VOYENNYKH KONFLIKTAKH V 1939–1940 gg" Лев Николаевич Лопуховский, Борис Константинович Кавалерчик. Июнь 1941: запрограммированное поражение. / Глава 4. КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ В ВОЕННЫХ КОНФЛИКТАХ В 1939–1940 гг. [Lev Nikolaevich Lopukhovsky, Boris Konstantinovich Kavalerchik. June 1941: programmed defeat. / Chapter 4. RED ARMY IN MILITARY CONFLICTS IN 1939-1940.] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  16. ^ a b Brody, A. et al. The USSR and Finland— Historical, Economic, Political Facts and Documents. New York: Soviet Russia Today. 1939.

Bibliography

  • Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985). The Winter War: The Russo-Finno Conflict, 1939–40. Boulder, Colorado, United States:
    ISBN 0-8133-0149-1
    .
  • ISBN 951-37-3694-6
    .

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