Fir
Fir | |
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Korean fir (Abies koreana) cones and foliage
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Pinales |
Family: | Pinaceae |
Subfamily: | Abietoideae |
Genus: | Abies Mill. |
Type species | |
Mill.
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Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
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Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus Abies (/ˈeɪbiˌiz/) in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65[2][3] extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The genus is most closely related to Cedrus (cedar)The genus name is derived from the Latin "to rise" in reference to the height of its species.[4] The common English name originates with the Old Norse, fyri, or the Old Danish, fyr.[5]
They are large trees, reaching heights of 10–80 metres (33–262 feet) tall with trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m (1 ft 8 in – 13 ft 1 in) when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like
Identification of the different species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves, the size and shape of the cones, and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted, or short and hidden inside the cone.
Description
Leaves
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A. grandis foliage – upper side of the leaves
Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the unique attachment of their needle-like
The leaves are significantly flattened, sometimes even looking like they are pressed, as in A. sibirica.
The leaves have two whitish lines on the bottom, each of which is formed by wax-covered stomatal bands. In most species, the upper surface of the leaves is uniformly green and shiny, without stomata or with a few on the tip, visible as whitish spots. Other species have the upper surface of leaves dull, gray-green or bluish-gray to silvery (glaucous), coated by wax with variable number of stomatal bands, and not always continuous. An example species with shiny green leaves is A. alba, and an example species with dull waxy leaves is A. concolor.
The tips of leaves are usually more or less notched (as in A. firma), but sometimes rounded or dull (as in A. concolor, A. magnifica) or sharp and prickly (as in A. bracteata, A. cephalonica, A. holophylla). The leaves of young plants are usually sharper.
The way they spread from the shoot is very diverse, only in some species comb-shaped, with the leaves arranged on two sides, flat (A. alba) [6][clarification needed]
The upper foliage is different on cone-bearing branches, with the leaves short, curved, and sharp.[7]
Cones
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Intact and disintegrated Bulgarian fir cones
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Immature cones of some species or races are green, not purple-bluish: for instance,Manchurian fir.
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Disintegrating cones of Manchurian fir
Firs differ from other conifers in having erect, cylindrical cones 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long that disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.
In contrast to spruces, fir cones do not hang. Even large fir cones grow upwards like "candles", the new growth of the tree.
Mature cones are usually brown, young in summer can be green, for example:
or purple and blue, sometimes very dark:
- A. fraseri, A. homolepis (var. umbellata green), A. koreana ('Flava' green), A. lasiocarpa, A. nephrolepis (f. chlorocarpa green), A. sibirica, A. veitchii (var. olivacea green).[6]
Phytochemistry
Abies produce a variety of terpenoids. The analyses of the Zavarin group – from Smedman et al 1969 to Zavarin et al 1977 – showed variation in terpenoid composition of the bark by genetics, geography, age and size of the tree.[8][9]
Classification
The oldest pollen assignable to the genus dates to the Late Cretaceous in Siberia, with records of leaves and reproductive organs across the Northern Hemisphere from the Eocene onwards.[10]
Phylogeny of Abies[11][12] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Section Abies
Section Abies is found in central, south, and eastern Europe and Asia Minor.
- Abies alba – silver fir
- Abies nebrodensis – Sicilian fir
- Abies borisii-regis – Bulgarian fir
- Abies cephalonica – Greek fir
- Abies nordmanniana – Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir
- Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani – Kazdağı fir, Turkish fir
- Abies pinsapo – Spanish fir
- Abies pinsapo var. marocana – Moroccan fir
- Abies numidica – Algerian fir
- Abies cilicica – Syrian fir
Section Balsamea
Section Balsamea is found in northern Asia and North America, and high mountains further south.
- Abies fraseri– Fraser fir
- Abies balsamea – balsam fir
- Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis – bracted balsam fir
- Abies lasiocarpa – subalpine fir
- Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica – corkbark fir
- Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia – Rocky Mountains subalpine fir
- Abies sibirica – Siberian fir
- Abies sibirica var. semenovii
- Abies sachalinensis – Sakhalin fir
- Abies koreana – Korean fir
- Abies nephrolepis – Khinghan fir
- Abies veitchii – Veitch's fir
- Abies veitchii var. sikokiana – Shikoku fir
Section Grandis
Section Grandis is found in western North America to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, in lowlands in the north, moderate altitudes in south.
- Abies grandis – grand fir or giant fir
- Abies grandis var. grandis – Coast grand fir
- Abies grandis var. idahoensis – interior grand fir
- Abies concolor – white fir
- Abies concolor subsp. concolor – Rocky Mountain white fir or Colorado white fir
- Abies concolor subsp. lowiana – Low's white fir or Sierra Nevada white fir
- Abies durangensis – Durango fir
- Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis – Coahuila fir
- Abies flinckii – Jalisco fir
- Abies guatemalensis – Guatemalan fir
- Abies guatemalensis var. guatemalensis
- Abies guatemalensis var. jaliscana
- Abies vejarii
Section Momi
Section Momi is found in east and central Asia and the Himalaya, generally at low to moderate altitudes.
- Abies kawakamii – Taiwan fir
- Abies homolepis – Nikko fir
- Abies recurvata – Min fir
- Abies recurvata var. ernestii – Min fir
- Abies firma – Momi fir
- Abies beshanzuensis – Baishanzu fir
- Abies holophylla – Manchurian fir
- Abies chensiensis – Shensi fir
- Abies chensiensis subsp. salouenensis – Salween fir
- Abies pindrow – Pindrow fir
- Abies ziyuanensis – Ziyuan fir
Section Amabilis
Section Amabilis is found in the Pacific Coast mountains in North America and Japan, in high rainfall areas.
- Abies amabilis – Pacific silver fir
- Abies mariesii – Maries' fir
Section Pseudopicea
Section Pseudopicea is found in the
- Abies delavayi – Delavay's fir
- Abies delavayi var. nukiangensis
- Abies delavayi var. motuoensis
- Abies delavayi subsp. fansipanensis
- Abies fabri – Faber's fir
- Abies fabri subsp. minensis
- Abies forrestii – Forrest's fir
- Abies densa – Bhutan fir
- Abies spectabilis – East Himalayan fir
- Abies fargesii – Farges' fir
- Abies fanjingshanensis – Fanjingshan fir
- Abies yuanbaoshanensis – Yuanbaoshan fir
- Abies squamata – flaky fir
Section Oiamel
Section Oiamel is found in central Mexico at high altitudes.
- Abies religiosa – sacred fir
- Abies hickelii – Hickel's fir
- Abies hickelii var. oaxacana – Oaxaca fir
Section Nobilis
Section Nobilis (western U.S., high altitudes)
- Abies procera – noble fir
- Abies magnifica – red fir
- Abies magnifica var. shastensis – Shasta red fir
Section Bracteata
Section Bracteata (California coast)
- Abies bracteata – bristlecone fir
- ?†Abies rigida Frank Knowlton[13][14] - (Priabonian-Chattian; Colorado)
Section Incertae sedis
Section Incertae sedis
- †Abies milleri – (Extinct) Early Eocene[1]
Ecology
Firs are used as food plants by the
Uses
Abies spectabilis or Talispatra is used in Ayurveda as an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug.[18][19]
See also
References
- ^ a b Schorn, Howard; Wehr, Wesley (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History. 1: 1–7.
- ISSN 0034-6667.
- ^ Debreczy Zsolt Rácz István and Kathy Musial. 2011. Conifers Around the World : Conifers of the Temperate Zones and Adjacent Regions. Budapest: DendroPress.
- OCLC 741564356.
- ^ "fir | Origin and meaning of fir by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
- ^ ISBN 978-83-01-01663-0.
- OCLC 1141235469. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
- ISBN 978-1-351-07525-1.
- ISBN 978-1-351-07525-1.
- from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
- from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2023-03-30.)
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - doi:10.3133/pp131G.
- doi:10.3133/b1923.
- ^ "Christian, T. (2021) Abies from the website Trees and Shrubs Online". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ Groth, Jacob (10 November 2000). "Monarch Migration Study". Swallowtail Farms. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ "Monarch Migration". Monarch Joint Venture. 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
- ^ Schar, Douglas (2015). "Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii". Archives. Doctor Schar. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
- ISBN 978-1-55105-229-8.
Further reading
- Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe, Random House, Inc., New York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
External links
- Abies at The Gymnosperm Database
- Abies from the website Trees and Shrubs Online
- Michael P. FRANKIS CONE COLLECTION: Abies at the Arboretum de Villardebelle—images of cones of selected species
- Platt, Karen "Gold Fever" provides descriptions of golden or yellow-leaved Abies cultivars