British undergraduate degree classification
The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure used for undergraduate degrees or bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees in the United Kingdom. The system has been applied, sometimes with significant variation, in other countries and regions.
The UK's university degree classification system, established in 1918, serves to recognize academic achievement beyond examination performance. Bachelor's degrees in the UK can either be honours or ordinary degrees, with honours degrees classified into First Class, Upper Second Class (2:1), Lower Second Class (2:2), and Third Class based on weighted averages of marks. The specific thresholds for these classifications can vary by institution. Integrated master's degrees follow a similar classification, and there is some room for discretion in awarding final classifications based on a student's overall performance and work quality.
The honours degree system has been subject to scrutiny due to significant shifts in the distribution of classifications, leading to calls for reform. Concerns over grade inflation have been observed. The Higher Education Statistics Agency has documented changes, noting an increase in the proportion of First Class and Upper Second Class honours degrees awarded; the percentage of First Class Honours increased dramatically from 7% in 1997 to 26% in 2017. Critics argue this trend, driven partly by institutional pressures to maintain high league table rankings, dilutes the value of higher education and undermines public confidence. Despite improvements in teaching and student motivation contributing to higher grades, there is a sentiment that achieving a First or Upper Second Class Honours is no longer sufficient for securing desirable employment, pushing students towards extracurricular activities to enhance their resumes. The system impacts progression to postgraduate education, with most programs requiring at least a 2:1, although work experience and additional qualifications can sometimes compensate for lower classifications.
In comparison to international grading systems, the UK's classifications have equivalents in various countries, adapting to different academic cultures and grading scales. The ongoing debate over grade inflation and its implications for the UK's higher education landscape reflects broader concerns about maintaining academic standards and the value of university degrees in an increasingly competitive job market.
History
The classification system as used in the United Kingdom was developed in 1918.[1] Honours were then a means to recognise individuals who demonstrated depth of knowledge or originality, as opposed to relative achievement in examination conditions.
Concern exists about possible grade inflation. It is claimed that academics are under increasing pressure from administrators to award students good marks and grades with little regard for those students' actual abilities, in order to maintain their league table rankings.[2] The percentage of graduates who receive a first (First Class Honours) grew from 7% in 1997 to 26% in 2017, with the rate of growth sharply accelerating toward the end of this period.[3] A 2018 study by the UK Standing Committee for Quality Assessment concluded that improvements in faculty skill and student motivation are only two of many factors driving average grades upward, that grade inflation is real, that the British undergraduate degree classifications will become less useful to students and employers, and that inflation will undermine public confidence in the overall value of higher education.[4] Students already believe that a first or upper second, by itself, is no longer sufficient to secure a good job, and that they need to engage in extra-curricular activities to build their CV.[5]
Degree classification
A bachelor's degree can be an
- First Class Honours (1st, 1 or I) – typically 70% or higher
- Second Class Honours;
- Upper division (2:1, 2i or II-1) – typically 60–69%
- Lower division (2:2, 2ii or II-2) – typically 50–59%
- Third Class Honours (3rd, 3 or III) – typically 40–49%
Students who do not achieve honours may be awarded an ordinary degree, sometimes known as a "pass". Ordinary degrees, and other exit awards such as the Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE; for completing the first two years of a degree course) and Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE; for completing the first year of a degree course), may be unclassified (pass/fail) or, particularly in Scotland where the ordinary degree is offered as a qualification in its own right, classified into pass, merit and distinction.[6][7]
Integrated master's degrees are usually classified with honours in the same way as a bachelor's honours degree, although some integrated master's degrees are classified like postgraduate taught master's degrees or foundation degrees into:
At most institutions, the system allows a small amount of discretion.[10] A candidate may be elevated to the next degree class if his or her average marks are close to (or the median of their weighted marks achieves) the higher class, and if they have submitted several pieces of work worthy of the higher class. However, even students with a high average mark may be unable to take honours if they have failed part of the course and so have insufficient credits.
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a bachelor's degree with honours normally takes three years of full-time study and usually requires 360 credits, of which at least 90 are at level 6 (final year of a bachelor's degree) level, while an ordinary bachelor's degree normally requires 300 credits, of which 60 are at level 6.[11] In Scotland, the honours bachelor's degree takes four years and requires 480 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 10 of the Scottish framework (last year of the honours degree) and 90 at level 9 (penultimate year), while the ordinary degree takes three years and requires 360 credits with a minimum of 60 at level 9 (last year of the ordinary degree).[12]
In Scotland, it is possible to start university a year younger than in the rest of the United Kingdom, as the Scottish Higher exams are often taken at age 16 or 17 (as opposed to 18), so Scottish students often end a four-year course at the same age as a student from elsewhere in the UK taking a three-year course [citation needed], assuming no gap years or students skipping the first year (direct entry to 2nd year).[13]
When a candidate is awarded a degree with honours, "(Hons)" may be suffixed to their designatory letters – e.g. BA (Hons), BSc (Hons), BMus (Hons), MA (Hons).
Distribution of classes
The
Class | 1994/95[15] | 1999/2000[16] | 2004/05[17] | 2009/10[18] | 2014/15[19] | 2015/16[20] | 2016/17[20] | 2017/18[20] | 2018/19[20] | 2019/20[20] | 2020/21[21] | 2021/22[22] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 7% | 8% | 12% | 14% | 22% | 23% | 26% | 28% | 28% | 35% | 36% | 32% |
2:1 | 40% | 43% | 47% | 48% | 49% | 49% | 49% | 48% | 48% | 47% | 46% | 46% |
2:2 | 35% | 34% | 33% | 30% | 23% | 22% | 20% | 19% | 19% | 15% | 14% | 17% |
3rd | 6% | 5% | 8% | 8% | 6% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 4% |
Pass | 12% | 10% |
First Class Honours
Year | Awarded |
---|---|
1995 | 7%[2] |
2005 | 12% |
2015 | 22% |
2022 | 32%[23] |
First Class Honours, referred to as a "first", is the highest honours classification and indicates high academic achievement. Historically, First Class Honours were uncommon, but since 2019 a first has been awarded to nearly thirty percent of graduates of British universities.[2] The increase is said by some commentators to be due to student-demanded grade inflation rather than students' academic ability.[2][24]
In the early 1990s, First Class Honours went to about 7% of graduates, or about one student in 15.[2] The percentages of graduates achieving a First vary greatly by university and course studied.[25] Students of law are least likely to gain a first, while students of mathematical sciences are most likely to gain a first.[26]
A first class honours degree is sometimes colloquially known (in rhyming slang) as a Geoff Hurst (First)[27] after the English 1966 World Cup footballer.
Upper Second Class Honours
The upper division is commonly abbreviated to "2:1" or "II.i" (pronounced two-one). The 2:1 is a minimum requirement for entry to many postgraduate courses in the UK. It is also required for the award of a
The percentage of candidates who achieve Upper Second Class Honours can vary widely by degree subject, as well as by university.[33]
A 2:1 degree ("two-one") is sometimes nicknamed an "Attila the Hun",[27] "Trevor Nunn"[34] or "Bren gun"[citation needed] in rhyming slang in the UK.
Lower Second Class honours
This is the lower division of Second Class degrees and is abbreviated as "2:2" or '"II.ii" (pronounced two-two). It is also informally known as a "Desmond", named after Desmond Tutu.[27]
Third Class honours
Third Class Honours, referred to as a "third", is the lowest honours classification in most modern universities. Historically, the University of Oxford awarded Fourth Class Honours degrees and, until the late-1970s, did not distinguish between upper and lower Second Class Honours degrees.[1][35]
Informally, the Third Class Honours degree is referred to as a "gentleman's degree" (cf. the "gentleman's C" in U.S. parlance)[36] and in the UK as a Douglas Hurd (Third)[27] after the 1980s Conservative politician of that name, who had actually graduated with a First Class Honours degree in history in 1952. [citation needed]
Approximately 7.2% of students graduating in 2006 with an honours degree received a Third Class Honours degree.[33]
Ordinary degree
While most university bachelor's degree courses lead to honours degrees, some universities offer courses leading to ordinary degrees.[37] Some honours courses permit students who do not gain sufficient credits in a year by a small margin to transfer to a parallel ordinary degree course. Ordinary degrees may also sometimes be awarded to honours degree students who do not pass sufficient credits in their final year to gain an honours degree, but pass enough to earn an ordinary degree.[38]
Some Scottish universities offer three-year ordinary degrees as a qualification in their own right, as well as an honours degree over four years. This is in contrast to English universities that have honours degrees with three years of study. An ordinary degree in Scotland is not a failed honours degree, as in certain English universities. Students can decide, usually at the end of their second or third year, whether or not they wish to complete a fourth honours year. Scottish universities may also award their ordinary degrees with distinction if a student achieves a particularly good grade average, usually 70% or above. A common example of a Scottish ordinary degree is the Bachelor of Laws course taken by graduates of other subjects, as this is sufficient (without honours) for entry into the legal profession.
Aegrotat
An aegrotat (
Inter doctrinae prioris
Degrees may be granted which incorporate prior learning, such as by means of CATS points transfer. Where the substance of incorporated credit exceeds a given threshold, the granting institution may be unable to grade sufficient work to award a degree classification. Any degree granted may then be unclassified.
Variations in classification
At the University of Cambridge, undergraduate Tripos examinations are split into one or more Parts, which span either one or two years. Each student receives a formal classification for each Part (i.e. Class I, II.i, II.ii, or III).[46] Until October 2020, officially a grade simply existed for every Part of the degree, not for the overall degree. For students beginning their course of study from October 2020, a final class is awarded across the course of study, according to an algorithm determined by the Tripos.[46] Attaining First Class Honours in two Parts culminates in graduating with a "double first".[46] It is possible in some Triposes to be awarded a "starred first", for examination scripts that "consistently exhibit the qualities of first class answers to an exceptional degree."[47] Some Cambridge alumni who achieved Firsts in three Parts of the Tripos are described by their colleges and others as having achieved a "triple first".[48][49][50][51][52]
At the
Oxford sometimes grants a congratulatory first, which The New York Times described as "a highly unusual honor in which the examining professors ask no questions about the candidate's written work but simply stand and applaud" and Martin Amis described as "the sort where you are called in for a viva and the examiners tell you how much they enjoyed reading your papers".[53][54] A "double first" at Oxford usually informally refers to First Class Honours in both components of an undergraduate degree, i.e., Moderations/Prelims and the Final Honours School, or in both the bachelor's and master's components of an integrated master's degree.
At
Degrees in the UK are mapped to levels of the
International comparisons
Greece
The table below depicts the Greek Grading system while illustrates approximately how the Grades are compared with ECTS and UK grades:
British class | Greek equivalent |
---|---|
First (1st) | 8.5+ |
Upper Second (2:1) | 6.5+ |
Lower Second (2:2) | 5+ |
Third-Class (3rd) | No assessment/award at the end of 4th or 5th year, until all modules,
from all years, are passed successfully. Years are extended. |
France
The University of St Andrews gives equivalencies between French and British grades for its study-abroad programme.
British class | French grade range | |
---|---|---|
St Andrews | UK NARIC | |
First | 16.5–20 | 16+ |
Upper Second | 13.5–16.4 | 13+ |
Lower Second | 10–13.4 | 12+ |
Third | 7–9.9 | – |
Pass | 6 | – |
South Africa
The South African Qualifications Authority[60] (SAQA) compares international degrees with local degrees before any international student continues their studies in that country. While the British degree accreditation and classification system allows students to go straight from a three-year bachelor's degree onto a master's degree (normally requiring a 1st or a 2:1 – those with a 2:2 or a 3rd usually require appropriate professional experience),[61] South Africa does not do so unless the student has proven research capabilities. South African Honours degrees prepare the students to undertake a research-specific degree (in terms of master's), by spending an in-depth year (up to five modules) creating research proposals and undertaking a research project of limited scope. This prepares students for the research degrees later in their academic career.
Spain
The UK NARIC has derived equivalencies for the grades of the Spanish grado and licenciatura degrees for purposes of initial teacher training bursaries.[59]
British class | Spanish equivalent |
---|---|
First | 8.5+ |
Upper Second | 7+ |
Lower Second | 6 + |
The Netherlands
The Netherlands organisation for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC) has compared UK degree classification to Dutch degree grades.[62] Dutch equivalencies have also been calculated by the UK NARIC.[59]
British class | Dutch equivalent | |
---|---|---|
NUFFIC | UK NARIC | |
First | 8-10 | 8.5+ |
Upper Second | 7 to 8 | 6.5+ |
Lower Second | 6 to 7 | 6+ |
Third | 5.5 to 6 | – |
NUFFIC also noted that the grading culture is different in the Netherlands, so that it is very rare for even the best students in the Netherlands to be awarded a 9 or a 10, which represent near perfection and absolute perfection.[62]
United States
US comparison services treat English three-year bachelor's degrees and American four-year bachelor's degrees as equivalent.[63] Some British sources, such as the Dearing Report, consider British honours degrees equivalent to a US master's degree and US bachelor's degrees as equivalent to British pass degrees in terms of the standard reached in the major subject, due to the higher degree of specialisation in the UK.[64][65] However, British institutions generally accept US bachelor's degrees for admission to postgraduate study (see below).
In comparing US bachelor's degrees to British honours degrees, equivalencies can be expressed in terms of either
British degree classification |
US GPA Equivalent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
UCL[66] | Durham[69] | NARIC[59] | Other | |
First | – | 3.8–4.0 | 3.7+ | 3.8+ (Oxford)[68] |
Upper Second | 3.3+ | 3.3–3.7 | 3.2+ | 3.5+ (LSE)[67] |
Lower Second | 3.0+ | 2.8–3.2 | 2.6+ | – |
Third | – | 2.3–2.7 | – | – |
Letter grade equivalents are more commonly used by American institutions.
British degree classification |
US equivalents (Fulbright)[71] | US Grade Equivalent (WES)[70] |
Equivalent GPA to WES Grades (using Duke conversion)[72] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grade | GPA | |||
First | A | 4.00 | A | 4.0 |
Upper Second | A−/B+ | 3.33–3.67 | A−/B+ | 3.7/3.3 |
Lower Second | B | 3.00 | B | 3.0 |
Third | C+ | 2.30 | B− | 2.7 |
Pass | C | 2.00 | C | 2.0 |
Canada
Canadian academic grades may be given as letters, percentages, 12-point GPAs or 4-point GPAs. The 4-point GPAs are sometimes seen to differ from the US but other sources treat them as equivalent. The Durham conversion specifies GPAs for the US and letter grades/percentages for Canada[69] while the UK NARIC has separate GPA conversions for the four-year bachelor's honours, baccalauréat and professional bachelor's degrees (which differ from their US GPA equivalents by at most 0.1) and the three-year bachelor's degree (which is seen as a lower standard).[59] The British Graduate Admissions Fact Sheet from McGill University uses the conversion 1st = 4.0; 2:1 = 3.0; 2:2 = 2.7; 3rd = 2.0; Pass = 1.0; Fail = 0.0.[73]
British degree classification |
Canadian equivalent (Durham)[69] |
Canadian GPA equivalent (NARIC)[59] | Canadian GPA equivalent (McGill)[73] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-year (Bachelor Honours degree) | 3-year (Bachelor's degree) | ||||||||||
% | Letter | GPA | % | Letter | 12-point | GPA | % | Letter | 12-point | ||
First | 85%+ | A to A+ | 3.7+ | 73% | A− | 10 | 3.9+ | 90% | A | 12 | 4.0 |
Upper Second | 77% – 84% | B+ to A− | 3.1+ | 73% | B | 8 | 3.5+ | 80% | B+ | 10 | 3.0 |
Lower Second | 67% – 76% | C+ to B− | 2.5 | 62% | C+ | 6 | 3.1 | 73% | B | 8 | 2.7 |
Third | 60% - 66% | – | – | – | 2.0 | ||||||
Pass | – | – | – | 1.0 |
Australia
Some universities, such as those in Australia, offer ordinary or pass degrees (for instance, as a three-year B.A. or a three-year BSc) by default. High-achieving students may be recognised with an honours classification without further coursework or research, as is often the case in engineering (which often contains a research and thesis component)[74][75] or law.[76] However, other courses (such as humanities, arts, social sciences, and sciences) and other universities may recognise high-achieving students with an honours classification with further coursework or research, undertaken either concurrently with, and as part of or in addition to, a bachelor's course,[77] or after completion of a bachelor's course requirements and attaining adequately competitive grades.[78][79]
Some graduate degrees have been or are classified;[80] however, under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), no graduate-level degrees (i.e., master's by coursework, master's by research, or higher research degrees) may be classified. To comply with this standard, some institutions have commenced, or will commence, offering high-achieving graduates with "distinction".[81] Notably, this is consistent with British graduate degree classification.[82]
Progression to postgraduate study
Regulations governing the progression of undergraduate degree graduates to postgraduate programmes vary among universities, and are often flexible. A candidate for a postgraduate master's degree is usually required to have at least a 2:1 (or 2:2 in some cases) bachelor honours degree, although candidates with firsts are in a considerably stronger position to gain a place in a postgraduate course and to obtain funding, especially in medical and natural sciences. Some institutions specify a 2:1 minimum for certain types of master's program, such as for a Master of Research course.[83][84]
Candidates with a Third or an Ordinary degree are sometimes accepted, provided they have acquired satisfactory professional experience subsequent to graduation. A candidate for a doctoral programme is nearly always required to have a first or 2:1 at bachelor's level.
Medical degrees
In the United Kingdom, medicine is usually taught as an undergraduate course, with graduates being awarded a master's level qualification: normally the conjoined degrees of
Medical schools split their year groups into 10 deciles. These deciles are the major factor in the calculation of Educational Performance Measure (EPM) points used as part of medical students' Foundation Programme applications, with the top decile receiving 43 points, decreasing by a point for each decile (so the lowest gets 34 points); 7 points can be awarded for other educational achievements (other degrees and publications), and the EPM points are combined with up to 50 points from the Situational Judgement Test to give a total out of 100.[87][88]
Grade point average
Following the recommendation of the Burgess report into the honours degree classification system in 2007, the
A GPA scale, tied to percentage marks and letter grades, was recommended for use nationally following the study, to run in parallel with the honours degree classification system.[89]
Percentage | Grade | Grade points |
---|---|---|
75–100 | A+ | 4.25 |
71–74 | A | 4.00 |
67–70 | A− | 3.75 |
64–66 | B+ | 3.50 |
61–63 | B | 3.25 |
57–60 | B− | 3.00 |
54–56 | C+ | 2.75 |
50–53 | C | 2.50 |
48–49 | C− | 2.25 |
43–47 | D+ | 2.00 |
40–42 | D | 1.50 |
38–39 | D− | 1.00 |
35–37 | F+ | 0.75 |
30–34 | F | 0.50 |
0–29 | F− | 0.00 |
See also
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7.21 The team gained the impression, based on an inspection of syllabuses and examination papers, that the American high school diploma compares in standard with GCSE and the associate degree with GCE A-level and Advanced GNVQ, the bachelor's degree with a UK pass degree or higher national diploma and the Master's degree with a bachelor's honours degree from a British university. Further evidence for this conclusion: Howard University in Washington, a university in which over 99 per cent of undergraduates are black, admits overseas applicants from the West Indies with five GCE O-level grades at A–C to the first year of their bachelor's degree programme; Johns Hopkins, one of the most prestigious of the private universities, states in its prospectus that advanced placement is available for students entering with either International Baccalauréat or GCE A-level. The rider must be added, however, that an American education is very much more general than a UK education right up to bachelor's level; it would hardly be reasonable, therefore, to expect the same standard to be reached in the major subject. It was also noted that, in the highest quality institutions, some individual modules taken by senior students compared well in level with UK final honours standard. A given student would take rather fewer of these more demanding modules than a UK student, however.
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ignored (help) - ^ "Comparing your US qualifications with those in the UK". British Council. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002.
Master's degree - in terms of specialisation, the American Master's degree from prestigious colleges and universities is considered comparable to the British Bachelor (Honours) degree. Candidates who have followed academically rigorous programmes have reached a standard comparable to that of a British taught Master's degree.
- ^ a b "United States of America". 11 December 2018. Graduate programmes. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
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- ^ a b "Transcript – Postgraduate Study". US – UK Fulbright Commission. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013.
- ^ a b "GPA". Duke University. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Future graduate students: European Fact Sheets – UK" (PDF). McGill University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015.
- ^ "BEng (Bachelor of Engineering)". University of Melbourne Handbook. University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
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- ^ ""New" Honours Program". Sydney Law School. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ "The Honours Year". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ "Honours – Programs & courses – Economics". Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ "Award of Honours in the Juris Doctor (JD) Degree" (PDF). UNSW Faculty of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2013.
- ^ "Law JD Honours as of 2015" (PDF). UNSW Faculty of Law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2015.
- ^ "Taught Masters Degree". London School of Economics. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Entrance requirements: Graduate Prospectus 2010–11 Archived 13 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge, September 2009
- ^ What are the entry requirements for graduate programmes at LSE? Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics
- Quality Assurance Agency. 2002. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "MBBS Programme Regulations 2016/17" (PDF). Newcastle University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "EPM FAQs". National Health Service. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017.
- ^ "FP/AFP 2017 Applicant's Handbook" (PDF). National Health Service. June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Grade point average: Report of the GPA pilot project 2013-14". Higher Education Academy. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.