First Republic of Venezuela

Coordinates: 10°05′N 67°32′W / 10.083°N 67.533°W / 10.083; -67.533
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
American Confederation of Venezuela/States of Venezuela/United States of Venezuela
Confederación americana de Venezuela/Estados de Venezuela/Estados Unidos de Venezuela
1811–1812
Valencia
Common languagesSpanish
GovernmentRepublic
Triumvirate 
• 1811–12
Cristóbal Mendoza, Juan Escalona, Baltazar Padrón
• 1812
Francisco Espejo, Fernando Rodriguez, Francisco J. Ustariz
• 1812
Francisco de Miranda
Historical eraSpanish American wars of independence
5 July 1811
25 July 1812
ISO 3166 codeVE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Supreme Junta
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Second Republic of Venezuela

The First Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Primera República de Venezuela) was the first independent government of Venezuela, lasting from 5 July 1811, to 25 July 1812. The period of the First Republic began with the overthrow of the Spanish colonial authorities and the establishment of the Junta Suprema de Caracas on 19 April 1810, initiating the Venezuelan War of Independence, and ended with the surrender of the republican forces to the Spanish Captain Domingo de Monteverde. The congress of Venezuela declared the nation's independence on 5 July 1811, and later wrote a constitution for it. In doing so, Venezuela is notable for being the first Spanish American colony to declare its independence.

History

Antecedents

Several European events set the stage for Venezuela's declaration of independence. The

Supreme Central Junta, which formed itself to govern in the name of Ferdinand, and which managed to get the loyalty of the many provincial and municipal juntas that had formed throughout Spain in the wake of the French invasion. Likewise, in Venezuela during 1808 and 1810 there were various attempts at establishing a junta, which took the form of both legal, public requests to the Captain General and secret plots to depose the authorities.[1] The first major defeat that Napoleonic France suffered was at the Battle of Bailén, in Andalusia. (At this battle Pablo Morillo, future commander of the army that invaded New Granada and Venezuela; Emeterio Ureña, an anti-independence officer in Venezuela; and José de San Martín, the future Liberator of Argentina and Chile, fought side-by-side against the French General Pierre Dupont.) Despite this victory, the situation soon reversed itself and the French advanced into southern Spain and the Spanish government had to retreat to the island redout of Cádiz. In Cádiz, the Supreme Central Junta dissolved itself and set up a five-person Regency to handle the affairs of state until the Cortes of Cádiz
could be convened.

Establishment

See also: Revolution of April 19, 1810
19 de Abril. Juan Lovera (1835). Lovera painted this scene from memory. Emparán (black uniform with red lapels) on the steps of the Cathedral surrounded by prominent members of the crowd which led him to the Cabildo. (Palacio Federal Legislativo, Caracas).

On 18 April 1810, agents of the Spanish Regency arrived in the city of Caracas. After considerable political tumult, the local nobility announced an extraordinary open hearing of the

Ferdinand VII, calling itself The Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII (La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII) and consequently deposed Captain General Vicente Emparán
and other colonial officials.

This initiated a process that would lead to a declaration of independence from Spain. Soon after 19 April, many other Venezuelan provinces also established juntas, most of which recognized the Caracas one (though a few recognized both the Regency in Spain and the Junta in Caracas). Still other regions never established juntas, but rather kept their established authorities and continued to recognize the government in Spain. This situation consequently led to a civil war between Venezuelans who were in favor of the new autonomous juntas and those still loyal to the Spanish Crown. The Caracas Junta called for the convention of a congress of the Venezuelan provinces which began meeting the following March, at which time the Junta dissolved itself. The Congress set up a triumvirate to handle the executive functions of Congress and of the provinces that supported it.

Shortly after the juntas were set up, Venezuelan émigré

Jacobin Club, to pressure the Congress. Independence was formally declared on 5 July 1811.[2] The Congress established a Confederation called the American Confederation of Venezuela in its Declaration of Independence, referred variously as States of Venezuela (in its opening sentence) and afterwards United States of Venezuela, and American Confederation of Venezuela in the Constitution, crafted mostly by lawyer Juan Germán Roscio, that it ratified on 21 December 1811. The Constitution created a strong bicameral legislature and, as also happened in neighboring New Granada, the Congress kept the weak executive consisting of a triumvirate.[3] This government was not in force for long, since the provinces (referred to as states in the Constitution) did not fully implement it.[4]
The provinces also wrote their own constitutions, a right which the Congress recognized.

Civil War and disestablishment

Though the Congress declared independence, the provinces of

paper money
to pay its debts with Venezuelans, but the paper money rapidly lost value, turning many against the government.

In 1812 the Confederation began suffering serious military reverses, and the government granted Miranda command of the army and leadership of the Confederation. A Spanish

Providence, and many, including those in the Republican army, began to secretly plot against the Republic or outright defect.[6][7][8]
Other provinces refused to send reinforcements to Caracas Province. Worse still, whole provinces began to switch sides. On 4 July an uprising brought Barcelona over to the royalist side. Neighboring Cumaná, now cut off from the Republican center, refused to recognize Miranda's dictatorial powers and his appointment of a commandant general. By the middle of the month many of the outlying areas of Cumaná Province had also defected to the royalists.

In these dire circumstances the republican government had appointed Miranda generalissimo, with broad political powers. By mid-July Monteverde had taken Valencia, and Miranda thought the situation was hopeless and started negotiations with Monteverde in San Mateo. On 25 July 1812 Miranda and Monteverde finalized a capitulation in which the former republican areas would recognize the Cortes of Cádiz. The First Republic had come to an end. Monteverde's forces entered Caracas on 1 August.

Provinces

  1. Mérida Province
  2. Trujillo Province
  3. Caracas Province
  4. Barinas Province
  5. Barcelona Province
  6. Cumaná Province
  7. Margarita Province

See also

References

  1. ^ McKingley, 150–154.
  2. ^ In Spanish: Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
  3. ^ In Spanish: Federal Constitution of 1811 Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. A bicameral General Congress consisting of Senate and House of Representatives was the nation's legislature provided in the document. The Constitution uses Confederación de Venezuela and los Estados Unidos de Venezuela interchangeably, while referring to the establishment of "Estados de Venezuela" in its preamble.
  4. ^ Parra-Pérez, Primera República, Vol. 2, 108–109.
  5. ^ Parra-Pérez, Caracciolo. Primera República, Vol. 2, 357–365.
  6. ^ Masur, Gerhard (1948). Simon Bolivar. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 133–137.
  7. ^ Morón, Guillermo (1963). A History of Venezuela. New York: Roy Publishers. p. 109.
  8. ISBN 0-300-11062-6
    .

Bibliography

In English:

In Spanish:

10°05′N 67°32′W / 10.083°N 67.533°W / 10.083; -67.533

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