First Treaty of San Ildefonso
Treaty of Peace and territorial limits between Spain and Portugal. | |
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Context | Spain and Portugal settle territorial disputes in the Río de la Plata region |
Signed | 1 October 1777 |
Location | Real Sitio de San Ildefonso |
Negotiators |
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Parties |
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The First Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 1 October 1777 between Spain and Portugal. It settled long-running territorial disputes between the two kingdoms' possessions in South America, primarily in the Río de la Plata region.
Background
For nearly 300 years, differing interpretations of the
The two countries attempted to resolve their issues in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid but in 1761, it was annulled by the new Spanish monarch Charles III. In 1762, Spain entered the Seven Years' War on the side of France, resulting in the so-called Fantastic War of 1762-1763.
With British support, the Portuguese repulsed a Franco-Spanish invasion in Europe. In South America, Spain captured the Portuguese port of Colonia del Sacramento, now in Uruguay and much of the modern-day Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. However, the 1763 Treaty of Paris required Spain to return Colonia del Sacramento and by 1777, Portugal had reoccupied Rio Grande do Sul.[a]
Much of Spanish South America was controlled by the
Between 1775 and 1776, the undeclared war in the region between the two countries grew increasingly bitter, although the
In August, Cevallos learned Joseph I of Portugal had died in February; his daughter, Maria I now sued for peace and offensive operations ceased.
Provisions
Under the Treaty, Portugal ceded Colonia del Sacramento, the associated island of San Gabriel and the Misiones Orientales while Spain acknowledged Portuguese control of Southern Brazil and returned Santa Catarina island. A Boundary Commission was established to delineate colonial borders between the Portuguese and Spanish Empires, which were later confirmed by the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo Portugal agreed to prevent the smuggling of goods and deny the use of its ports to military or commercial vessels from nations hostile to Spain.[4] This was aimed at Britain, with whom Spain was at war from 1779 to 1783.
Aftermath
Charles hoped settling the border would help the economic growth of the new Viceroyalty and reduce unrest among its population. While partially successful, development was hampered by Spain's involvement in the American Revolutionary War (1779-1783) that restricted trade with mainland Spain and led to high tariffs and taxes to pay for it.[5] The smuggling of duty-free goods remained a lucrative occupation, while heavy taxes and 'voluntary' donations caused unrest, such as the 1781 Revolt of the Comuneros in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
Portugal regained the Misiones Orientales in the Treaty of Badajoz (1801). Spanish participation in the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of much of its navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 severed links between the central government and its restive colonies in the Americas. British assaults on Buenos Aires and Montevideo in 1806 and 1807 were repulsed by locally led forces, which gave them the confidence to demand self-rule. The Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was dissolved during the 1810-1818 Argentine War of Independence.[c]
The Misiones Orientales were the location of the Jesuit mission to the
See also
- List of treaties
- Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77)
- Treaty of El Pardo (1778)
- Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
- Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
Notes
References
- JSTOR 25765781.
- ISBN 1112594191.
- ISBN 1598841009.
- ISBN 1112594191.
- ISBN 0801873398.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
Sources
- Moses, Bernard; Spain's Declining Power in South America, 1730-1806; (Cornell University Library, 2010 (ed);
- Marley, David; Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere; (ABC-Clio, 2008 ed.);
- Owens, David; Spanish—Portuguese Territorial Rivalry in Colonial Río de la Plata; (Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers Yearbook);
- Paullin, Charles Oscar, Davenport, Frances Gardiner; European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies; (Andesite Press, 2017 ed);
- Stein, Stanley & Stein, Barbara; Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789; (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003);
External links
- Brazil-Colombia Boundary
- Catholic Encyclopedia – Uruguay
- Brazil – Chronology of Important Events
- World History at KMLA: Era of Discovery
- Geographic Map of the Captaincy of Mato Grosso from 1800 has information about the First Treaty