First ascent

In

As all the key tops were summited, the manner in which each top was reached became important, particularly the ability to complete the ascent without artificial aid, which is called

As the sport of climbing developed, additional types of ascent became notable and chronicled in guidebooks and journals. In mountaineering, and alpine climbing in particular, the first winter ascent is recorded, given the significantly greater difficulty. The first solo ascent is also commonly noted, although the first free solo ascent is a more controversial aspect, given the concerns about advocating such a dangerous form of climbing. With the rise in female participation in climbing, the first female free ascent (or FFFA) has also become notable.

Related terms

Mountaineering and alpinism

As mountaineering developed in the 20th century, the attainment of a summit by almost any means was replaced by ascents that reflected the style used and the conditions faced. In 2008, the most prestigious annual prize in mountaineering, the

• First ascent. The most notable first ascents started with the
  Everest in particular. By the 1980s, the rock spires of Trango Towers in the Karakorum, and Torres del Paine in Patagonia
  also had first ascents.

• First winter ascent. The winter climbing season is between December 21 and March 20.[2] The first winter ascents of the great north faces of the Alps were a coveted prize, particularly the "Trilogy" of the three hardest, the Eiger, the Matterhorn, and the Grandes Jorasses. The most notable first winter ascents were the Himalayan and Karakoram eight-thousanders,^[2] where the hardest, K2, was only summited in winter in 2021 (66 years after its first ascent) and considered a "holy grail" of mountaineering prizes.^[3]

• First alpine-style (or unsupported) ascent. In 2008, the charter of the prestigious Piolet d'Or prize was amended to focus on small teams with no support making fast, but riskier, ascents on routes that had previously been done by expeditions (called
  alpine style).^[4][5] Multiple Piolet d'Or winners, whose ascents embodied this style, included Marko Prezelj, Mick Fowler, and Ueli Steck.^[4] The charter was amended to de-incentivize excessive risk-taking after several winners died (e.g. David Lama, and Hansjörg Auer).^[1][6]

• First solo ascent. The most dangerous form of alpine-style ascent is the solo climbing ascent, performed by a single climber. The first solo ascents of the alpine north faces, including the first solo winter ascents, were coveted (the winter solo "Trilogy" was completed by Ivano Ghirardini in 1977–78); one of the most famous practitioners was the Italian Walter Bonatti.^[7] Himalayan solo ascents are also coveted, although problems around verification are more frequent due to the more remote nature of the routes, with notable disputes such as Tomo Česen's first solo ascent of the south face of Lhotse.^[7][4][6]

Rock climbing

In rock climbing, the manner in which the first free ascent was achieved became important to chronicle by climbing journals and magazines. The key differentiators were the style on which the route was free climbed (e.g.

• First free ascent (traditional climbing only). Pre-1980s, the FFAs were by traditional climbing techniques. A distinction was recorded if a climber practiced the moves on a
  headpointing", although with the post-1980s dominance of "redpointing" as the definition of an FFA, such a distinction was dropped.^[a][9][10] FFAs that set new grade milestones are notable, for both male and female climbers.^[12]

• First greenpoint ascent (traditional climbing only). In the 2010s, traditional climbers used
  greenpointing (as a counterpoint to a "redpoint"), to describe climbing a pre-bolted sport climbing route, but only using "traditional protection" (i.e. protection that is not permanently fixed via pre-placed bolts or pitons).^[13][14] Sonnie Trotter's greenpoint of The Path (5.14a R, 2007), is a notable example.^[15][16]

• First redpoint ascent (sport climbing only). In the 1980s, climbers wanted to ascend routes that had no opportunities for traditional climbing protection, and they had to be pre-bolted with protection (but not aid), which was called sport climbing. The greatest progression in grade milestones was now in sport climbing. The "redpoint" became the accepted definition for what determined a "first free ascent" in sport climbing.^[9][10]

• First repeat ascent (traditional or sport climbing). The grading of a route can be complicated as the person making the FFA had no prior information or beta. The first repeat is therefore chronicled for confirmation of a grade, particularly when a new grade milestone is proposed. For the highest grades, the first repeat can take years (e.g. Action Directe or Jumbo Love), or even decades (e.g. Open Air [de]).

• First onsight ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was
  onsighted, means it was done at the very first attempt, and without prior information (or beta).^[9][10] Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones of onsights both male and female climbers.^[12]

• First flash ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was
  flashed, means it was done at the first attempt, but with prior information (or beta).^[9][10] Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones for flashed routes by male and female climbers.^[12] With the availability of route beta online (e.g. videos of prior ascents), the distinction between onsight and flash ascents has diminished.^[17]

• First free solo ascent (independent of traditional or sport climbing).
  Yosemite.^[18]

• First female free ascent (abbreviated FFFA).^[19] Important female climbers emerged in the 1980s including Lynn Hill and Catherine Destivelle, and climbing journals began to chronicle milestones in female first free ascents.^[12] In some cases, an FFFA is also an FFA, and arguably the most famous example being Lynn Hill's 1993 FFA/FFFA of the 3,000-foot Nose on El Capitan (5.14a/b), considered the biggest prize in big wall climbing, announced by Hill to the world's climbing media by: "It goes, boys".^[20] By the 2000s, Josune Bereziartu, Angela Eiter, and Ashima Shiraishi closed the gap to the highest sport climbing grades achieved by men to within one/two notches,^[21][22] while Beth Rodden had fully closed the gap for traditional climbing.^[22]

Notable disputes

There have been notable disputes over claims of a first ascent (or first free ascent), for various reasons (disputes over the style employed, issues with verifiability, accusations of bad faith and fraud), and the most notable are where a new grade milestone and/or major advancement in difficulty is being proposed:^[8]

Mountaineering

• First ascent of Everest: Arguably the most famous case of an unverified first ascent is whether George Mallory and/or Andrew Irvine reached the summit of Everest on the 1924 Everest expedition. Subsequent Everest expeditions have not been able to answer the question including the 1999 Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition, and the 2007 Altitude Everest expedition.

• First ascent of
  Piolet d'Or.^[23]

• In 1995, French climber
  Akira [fr] as the world's first-ever 9b (5.15b) route, when the highest grade at the time, Action Directe, was only at 9a (5.14d).^[24] Rouhling faced an unprecedented level of personal vilification from parts of the climbing community on whether he had actually climbed the route, as all other attempts had failed.^[24] In 2020, Sébastien Bouin made the first repeat of Akira and estimated its grade at 9a (5.14d), a grade Rouhling has climbed on other routes, and thus his FFA became accepted.^[25][26]

• In 2003, Spanish climber Bernabé Fernández proposed Chilam Balam [fr] as the world's first-ever 9b+ (5.15c) route, when the highest grade at the time, Realization, was at 9a+ (5.15a). As with Fred Rouhling on Akira, his claim provoked a significant backlash from parts of the climbing community, and accusations that he did not actually complete an FFA (the person who belayed him could not be identified to help verification).^[27] The route was repeated in 2011 by Adam Ondra who downgraded it,^[27] and further repeats reduced its grade to circa 9a+ (5.15a).^[28][29]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to First ascent (climbing).

• List of first ascents in the Alps
  • First ascent of the Matterhorn
• List of first ascents of mountain summits
• List of first ascents of eight-thousander mountains
• List of grade milestones in rock climbing

Notes

References

External links

• Peter Mortimer's film First Ascent on Didier Berthod's failed first free ascent of Cobra Crack Archived 2008-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, Alpinist (Issue 17, 2006)