Stimulus (economics)
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In economics, stimulus refers to attempts to use
A stimulus is sometimes colloquially referred to as "priming the pump" or "pump priming".[2]
Concept
During a
Fiscal stimulus refers to increasing government consumption or transfers or lowering taxes, increasing the rate of growth of
Monetary stimulus refers to lowering interest rates, quantitative easing, or other ways of increasing the amount of money or credit.
Economist views
It is often argued that fiscal stimulus typically increases inflation, and hence must be counteracted by a typical central bank. Hence only monetary stimulus could work. Counter-arguments say that if the output gap is high enough, the risk of inflation is low, or that in depressions inflation is too low but central banks are not able to achieve the required inflation rate without fiscal stimulus by the government.
Monetary stimulus is often considered more neutral: decreasing interest rates make additional
Supporters of
Notable examples
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- The Economic Stimulus Appropriations Act of 1977 was a stimulus package enacted by the 95th United States Congress and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on 13 May 1977.
- The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, signed on February 13, 2008 by President George W. Bush, was intended to boost the United States economy in 2008.
- The government of Gordon Brown in the United Kingdom was the first government to enact fiscal stimulus in the aftermath of the Great Recession, including £3 billion worth of investment spending brought forward from 2010, a £145 tax cut for basic rate payers, a 2.5% VAT cut, nationalization of banks, a £20 billion loan scheme for small and medium-sized businesses and a subsidized car scrappage scheme.[6][7]
- The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009 developed in response to the Great Recession.
- The Thai Khem Khaeng was a Thai economic stimulus investment program imposed by the government of Abhisit Vejjajiva in 2009.
- The Kenya Economic Stimulus Program was a spending plan initiated by the Government of Kenya to boost economic growth and lead the economy of Kenya out of the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis and the Great Recession
- The financial crisis of 2007–2008.
- The $2 trillion CARES Act in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was signed by President Donald Trump in March 2020.[8]
- The $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was signed into law by Joe Biden on March 11, 2021.[9]
- The July Jobs Stimulus was €7.4 billion stimulus package announced by the Government of Ireland on 23 July 2020 in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland.
- The Government of the Republic of China issued ROC consumer voucher during the Great Recession and Triple Stimulus Vouchers during the COVID-19 recession in Taiwan.
See also
- Gross fixed capital formation § Economic analysis
- NAIRU
- National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession
- Policy mix
References
- ^ "Economic Stimulus". Investopedia.
- ^ "Pump Priming". Investopedia.
- ^ Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers (October 15, 2010). "BEN BERNANKE VERSUS MILTON FRIEDMAN: The Federal Reserve's Emergence as the U.S. Economy's Central Planner" (PDF).
- ^ Haltom, Renee; Lacker, Jeffrey M. (July 2014). "Should the Fed Do Emergency Lending?" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
- ISBN 978-1-948647-12-0.
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7827273.stm
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7745340.stm
- ^ Raju, Manu; Foran, Clare; Barrett, Ted; Wilson, Kristin (March 25, 2020). "Why stimulus matters". CNN.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (March 11, 2021). "Biden signs $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill, clearing way for stimulus checks, vaccine aid". CNBC.