Fish
Fish Temporal range:
Recent | |
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Bala shark, a bony fish | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Olfactores |
Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
Groups included | |
| |
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa | |
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A fish (pl.: fish or fishes) is an
The earliest fish appeared during the
Bony fish, distinguished by the presence of
Fish have been an important
Etymology
The word fish is inherited from
Evolution
Fossil history
About 530 million years ago during the
During the Devonian, fish diversity greatly increased, including among the placoderms, lobe-finned fishes, and early sharks, earning the Devonian the epithet "the age of fishes".[13][14]
Phylogeny
Fishes are a
are labelled with a question mark (?) and dashed lines (- - - - -).Vertebrates
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Taxonomy
Fishes (without tetrapods) are a
Fish account for more than half of vertebrate species. As of 2016, there are over 32,000 described species of bony fish, over 1,100 species of cartilaginous fish, and over 100 hagfish and lampreys. A third of these fall within the nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these are
Diversity
Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft)
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Largest: whale shark
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Smallest: e.g. P. progenetica
Swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, salmon, and jacks that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second.[25]
A typical fish is
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Noclingfish
Ecology
Habitats
Fish species are roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and
Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high
In terms of temperature, Jonah's icefish live in cold[a] waters of the Southern Ocean, including under the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf at a latitude of 79°S,[34] while desert pupfish live in desert springs, streams, and marshes, sometimes highly saline, with water temperatures as high as 36 C.[35][36]
A few fish live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water.
Parasites and predators
Like other animals, fish suffer from
Fish occupy many trophic levels in freshwater and marine food webs. Fish at the higher levels are predatory, and a substantial part of their prey consists of other fish.[44] In addition, mammals such as dolphins and seals feed on fish, alongside birds such as gannets and cormorants.[45]
Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and locomotion
The body of a typical fish is adapted for efficient swimming by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the tail fin, force is applied to the water, moving the fish forward. The other fins act as control surfaces like an aircraft's flaps, enabling the fish to steer in any direction.[46]
-
Anatomy of a typical fish (gill cover 2) lateral line 3) dorsal fin 4) fat fin9) pelvic fins 10) pectoral fins
5) caudal peduncle 6) caudal fin 7) anal fin 8) photophores
Since body tissue is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that allows them to adjust their buoyancy by increasing or decreasing the amount of gas it contains.[47]
The scales of fish provide protection from predators at the cost of adding stiffness and weight.[48] Fish scales are often highly reflective; this silvering provides camouflage in the open ocean. Because the water all around is the same colour, reflecting an image of the water offers near-invisibility.[49]
-
Gas-filledrudd helps maintain neutral buoyancy.
Circulation
Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body; for comparison, the mammal heart has two loops, one for the lungs to pick up oxygen, one for the body to deliver the oxygen. In fish, the heart pumps blood through the gills. Oxygen-rich blood then flows without further pumping, unlike in mammals, to the body tissues. Finally, oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart.[50]
Respiration
Gills
Fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx. Gills consist of comblike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. Capillary blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction to the water, resulting in efficient countercurrent exchange. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Cartilaginous fish have multiple gill openings: sharks usually have five, sometimes six or seven pairs; they often have to swim to oxygenate their gills. Bony fish have a single gill opening on each side, hidden beneath a protective bony cover or operculum. They are able to oxygenate their gills using muscles in the head.[51]
Air breathing
Some 400 species of fish in 50 families can breathe air, enabling them to live in oxygen-poor water or to emerge on to land.
Digestion
The digestive system consists of a tube, the gut, leading from the mouth to the anus. The mouth of most fishes contains teeth to grip prey, bite off or scrape plant material, or crush the food. An
Excretion
Most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as
Brain
Fish have small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal.
Sensory systems
The
Some fish, including salmon, are capable of
Cognition
The cognitive capacities of fish include
Electrogenesis
Electric fish such as elephantfishes, the African knifefish, and electric eels have some of their muscles adapted to generate electric fields. They use the field to locate and identify objects such as prey in the waters around them, which may be turbid or dark.[61] Strongly electric fish like the electric eel can in addition use their electric organs to generate shocks powerful enough to stun their prey.[77]
Endothermy
Most fish are exclusively cold-blooded or
Reproduction and life-cycle
The primary reproductive organs are paired
Defenses against disease
Fish have both non-specific and immune defenses against disease. Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the
Deuterostomes |
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innate immunity
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Immune organs vary by type of fish. The jawless fish have
Behavior
Shoaling and schooling
A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour, such as swimming speed, so that it remains close to the other members of the group. A school is a much more tightly organised group, synchronising its swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction.
Communication
Fish communicate by transmitting acoustic signals (sounds) to each other. This is most often in the context of feeding, aggression or courtship.[94] The sounds emitted vary with the species and stimulus involved. Fish can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system, or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder.[95]
Some fish produce sounds by rubbing or grinding their bones together. These sounds are stridulatory. In
Some fish species create noise by engaging specialized muscles that contract and cause swimbladder vibrations. Oyster toadfish produce loud grunts by contracting sonic muscles along the sides of the swim bladder.[98] Female and male toadfishes emit short-duration grunts, often as a fright response.[99] In addition to short-duration grunts, male toadfishes produce "boat whistle calls".[100] These calls are longer in duration, lower in frequency, and are primarily used to attract mates.[100] The various sounds have frequency range of 140 Hz to 260 Hz.[100] The frequencies of the calls depend on the rate at which the sonic muscles contract.[101][98]
The red drum,
Conservation
The 2024
Overfishing
The
Other threats
A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is
Importance to humans
Economic
Throughout history, humans have used
Recreation
Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food, appearing in
Culture
Fish themes have symbolic significance in many religions. In ancient
Fish feature prominently in art,[141] in films such as Finding Nemo[142] and books such as The Old Man and the Sea.[143] Large fish, particularly sharks, have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers, notably the novel Jaws, made into a film which in turn has been parodied and imitated many times.[144] Piranhas are shown in a similar light to sharks in films such as Piranha.[145]
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The Fishmonger's Shop,Bartolomeo Passerotti, 1580s
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Goldfish by Henri Matisse, 1912
See also
- Deep sea fish
- Fish acute toxicity syndrome
- Fish development
- Forage fish
- Ichthyology
- List of fish common names
- List of fish families
- Mercury in fish
- Otolith (Bone used for determining the age of a fish)
- Pregnancy (fish)
- Walking fish
Notes
- supercooled somewhat below these temperatures.[33]
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Further reading
- Eschmeyer, William N.; Fong, Jon David (2013). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- Helfman, G.; Collette, B.; Facey, D.; Bowen, B. (2009). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2494-2. Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- Moyle, Peter B. (1993) Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide Archived 17 March 2023 at the ISBN 978-0-520-91665-4– good lay text.
- Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2003). Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology (5th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2.
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External links
- ANGFA – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea
- FishBase online – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species
- Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center – Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US at archive.today (archived 15 December 2012)
- The Native Fish Conservancy – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 March 2008)
- United Nation – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization