Fissure vent

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A volcanic fissure and lava channel
Lava channel on Hawaii
Eruption fissure with spatter cones, Holuhraun, Iceland, 2014
Mauna Loa with different lava flows and fissure vent
A volcanic fissure eruption on Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, 2021
Crater row of Laki
Eldhraun, a lava field produced by the Laki craters
Cinder cones on Etna

A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear

spatter cones. Small fissure vents may not be easily discernible from the air, but the crater rows (see Laki) or the canyons (see Eldgjá
) built up by some of them are.

The dikes that feed fissures reach the surface from depths of a few kilometers and connect them to deeper magma reservoirs, often under volcanic centers. Fissures are usually found in or along rifts and rift zones, such as Iceland and the East African Rift. Fissure vents are often part of the structure of shield volcanoes.[1][2]

Iceland

In Iceland, volcanic vents, which can be long fissures, often open parallel to the rift zones where the

composite volcanoes, often with calderas, which have been formed during thousands of years, and eruptions with one or more magma reservoirs underneath controlling their respective fissure system.[4]

The

Katla in South Iceland, ~18 km3 (4.3 cu mi) of lava were released.[6] In September 2014, a fissure eruption was ongoing on the site of the 18th century lava field Holuhraun. The eruption is part of an eruption series in the Bárðarbunga volcanic system.[7]

Hawaii

The radial fissure vents of

spatter cone
are hot and plastic enough to weld together, while the fragments that form a cinder cone remain separate because of their lower temperature.

List of fissure vents

Name Elevation Location Last eruption
metres feet
Coordinates
Bolivia Quetena 5730 18799 22°15′S 67°25′W / 22.25°S 67.42°W / -22.25; -67.42 (Quetena) Unknown
Ray Mountain
 2050 6730 52°14′N 120°07′W / 52.23°N 120.12°W / 52.23; -120.12 (Ray Mountain) Pleistocene
Cordón Caulle
 1798 5899 40°28′S 72°15′W / 40.46°S 72.25°W / -40.46; -72.25 (Cordón Caulle)
2011
Eritrea Manda-Inakir 600+ 1968 12°23′N 42°12′E / 12.38°N 42.20°E / 12.38; 42.20 (Manda-Inakir) 1928
Ethiopia Alu 429 1407 13°49′N 40°33′E / 13.82°N 40.55°E / 13.82; 40.55 (Alu) Unknown
Ethiopia Hertali 900 2953 9°47′N 40°20′E / 9.78°N 40.33°E / 9.78; 40.33 (Hertali) Unknown
Iceland Eldgjá 800 2625 63°53′N 18°46′W / 63.88°N 18.77°W / 63.88; -18.77 (Eldgjá) 934
Iceland Fagradalsfjall 385 1263 63°53′N 22°16′W / 63.88°N 22.27°W / 63.88; -22.27 (Fagradalsfjall) 2023
Iceland Holuhraun 730 2395 64°52′N 16°50′W / 64.87°N 16.83°W / 64.87; -16.83 (Nornahraun) 2014
Iceland Krafla 650 2130 65°44′N 16°47′W / 65.73°N 16.78°W / 65.73; -16.78 (Krafla) 1984
Iceland Laki 620 2034 64°04′N 18°14′W / 64.07°N 18.23°W / 64.07; -18.23 (Laki) 1784
Litli-Hrútur
 312 1024 63°55′N 22°13′W / 63.92°N 22.21°W / 63.92; -22.21 (Litli-Hrútur) 2023
Iceland Sundhnúkur 98 322 63°53′N 22°23′W / 63.88°N 22.39°W / 63.88; -22.39 (Sundhnúkur) 2024 (ongoing)
Indonesia Banda Api 640 2100 4°31′30″S 129°52′16″E / 4.525°S 129.871°E / -4.525; 129.871 (Banda Api) 1988
Japan Koma-ga-take 1996
Japan Kuchinoerabu 1980
Singu Plateau
 507 1663 22°42′N 95°59′E / 22.70°N 95.98°E / 22.70; 95.98 (Singu Plateau) Unknown
Nicaragua Estelí 899 2949 13°10′N 86°24′W / 13.17°N 86.40°W / 13.17; -86.40 (Estelí) Unknown
Northern Mariana Islands Pagan 1981
Nicaragua Nejapa Miraflores 360 1181 12°07′N 86°19′W / 12.12°N 86.32°W / 12.12; -86.32 (Nejapa Miraflores) Unknown
Pakistan Tor Zawar[8] 2237 7339 30°28′45″N 67°28′30″E / 30.47917°N 67.47500°E / 30.47917; 67.47500 (Tor Zawar) 2010
Portugal São Jorge Island 1053 3455 38°39′N 28°05′W / 38.65°N 28.08°W / 38.65; -28.08 (São Jorge Island) 1907
Russia Tolbachik 1975
Spain Cumbre Vieja 1949 6394 28°34′N 17°50′W / 28.567°N 17.833°W / 28.567; -17.833 (Cumbre Vieja) 2021
Spain Lanzarote 670 2198 29°02′N 13°38′W / 29.03°N 13.63°W / 29.03; -13.63 (Lanzarote) 1824
Sri Lanka Butajiri Silti Field 2281 7484 8°03′N 83°51′E / 8.05°N 83.85°E / 8.05; 83.85 (Butajiri Silti Field) Unknown

References

  1. ^ "V. Camp, Dept. of Geologic Sciences, Univ. of San Diego: How volcanoes work. Eruption types. Fissure eruptions". Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  2. ^ "Geology glossary". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved September 25, 2001.
  3. S2CID 55021384. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  4. S2CID 53446884
    .
  5. ^ "Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Grímsvötn. Received 9/24, 2014". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  6. ^ Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Katla. Received 9/24, 2014.
  7. ^ "Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland: Bardarbunga 2014". Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  8. S2CID 129864863
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fissure_vent&oldid=1218885248"