Nablus

Coordinates: 32°13′20″N 35°15′40″E / 32.22222°N 35.26111°E / 32.22222; 35.26111
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Nablus
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicنابلس
 • LatinNābulus (official)
Left-to-right from top:
Nablus and Mount Gerizim skyline; Manara Clock Tower and An-Nasr Mosque; Joseph's Tomb chamber; Old City of Nablus; Tell Balata archaeological site; Eastern Orthodox Church of Bir Ya'qub, where Jacob's Well is located; Mount Ebal
; and a Nablus shopping district.
Municipality type A (City)
156,906
 • Density5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
228,382
Websitenablus.org

Nablus (

Arabic: نابلس, romanizedNābulus [ˈnæːblʊs, -lɪs] ; Hebrew: שכם, romanizedŠəḵem, ISO 259-3: Škem, pronounced [ʃχem] ; Samaritan Hebrew: ࠔࠬࠥࠊࠝࠌ, romanized: Šăkēm; Greek: Νεάπολις, romanizedΝeápolis) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, located approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of Jerusalem,[2] with a population of 156,906.[1] Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a commercial and cultural centre of the State of Palestine, home to An-Najah National University, one of the largest Palestinian institutions of higher learning, and the Palestine Stock Exchange.[3] Nablus is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority
(PNA).

The modern name of the city can be traced back to the Roman period, when it was named Flavia Neapolis by Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 CE. During the Byzantine period, conflict between the city's Samaritan and newer Christian inhabitants peaked in the Samaritan revolts that were eventually suppressed by the Byzantines by 573, which greatly dwindled the Samaritan population of the city. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, the city was given its present-day Arabic name of Nablus. After the First Crusade, the Crusaders drafted the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Council of Nablus, and its Christian, Samaritan, and Muslim inhabitants prospered. The city then came under the control of the Ayyubids and the Mamluk Sultanate. Under the Ottoman Turks, who conquered the city in 1517, Nablus served as the administrative and commercial centre for the surrounding area corresponding to the modern-day northern West Bank.

After the city was captured by British forces during World War I, Nablus was incorporated into Mandatory Palestine in 1922. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Nablus, occupied and annexed by Transjordan. Since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank has been occupied by Israel; since 1995, it has been governed by the PNA as part of Area A of the West Bank. Today, the population is predominantly Muslim, with small Christian and Samaritan minorities.

History

Classical antiquity

Volusian
, 251-253 CE

Flavia Neapolis ("new city of the emperor

Insofar as the hilly topography of the site would allow, the city was built on a Roman

Asklepios.[4] Neapolis was entirely pagan at this time.[4] Justin Martyr who was born in the city c. 100 CE, came into contact with Platonism, but not with Christians there.[4] The city flourished until the civil war between Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger in 198–9 CE. Having sided with Niger, who was defeated, the city was temporarily stripped of its legal privileges by Severus, who designated these to Sebastia instead.[4]

In 244 CE, Philip the Arab transformed Flavius Neapolis into a Roman colony named Julia Neapolis. It retained this status until the rule of Trebonianus Gallus in 251 CE. The Encyclopaedia Judaica speculates that Christianity was dominant in the 2nd or 3rd century, with some sources positing a later date of 480 CE.[9] It is known for certain that a bishop from Nablus participated in the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE.[10] The presence of Samaritans in the city is attested to in literary and epigraphic evidence dating to the 4th century CE.[10] As yet, there is no evidence attesting to a Jewish presence in ancient Neapolis.[10]

Si'on suggested that Neapolis was about 900 acres in size during the Byzantine period, making it three times larger than it was when it was first established as a Roman colony.[11] Magen estimates that around 20,000 people lived there during this period.[12]

Ruins from antiquity (foreground) in a residential area in Nablus, 2008

Conflict among the Christian population of Neapolis emerged in 451. By this time, Neapolis was within the Palaestina Prima province under the rule of the Byzantine Empire. The tension was a result of Monophysite Christian attempts to prevent the return of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Juvenal, to his episcopal see.[6] However, the conflict did not grow into civil strife.

As tensions among the Christians of Neapolis decreased, tensions between the Christian community and the

Mary on Mount Gerizim. He also forbade the Samaritans to travel to the mountain to celebrate their religious ceremonies, and expropriated their synagogue there. These actions by the emperor fueled Samaritan anger towards the Christians further.[6]

Thus, the Samaritans rebelled again under the rule of emperor

Ammonas was murdered and the city's priests were hacked into pieces and then burned together with the relics of saints. The forces of Emperor Justinian I were sent in to quell the revolt, which ended with the slaughter of the majority of the Samaritan population in the city.[6]

Early Islamic era

Depiction of Nablus (Neapolis) in the Umm ar-Rasas mosaics, 8th century CE
Minaret and entrance of 10th-century Great Mosque of Nablus, 1908

Neapolis, along with most of Palestine,

Fatimid
dynasties.

Under Muslim rule, Nablus contained a diverse population of Arabs and

al-Muqaddasi, described it as abundant of olive trees, with a large marketplace, a finely paved Great Mosque, houses built of stone, a stream running through the center of the city, and notable mills.[14] He also noted that it was nicknamed "Little Damascus."[8][14] At the time, the linen produced in Nablus was well known throughout the Old World.[15]

Crusader period

The city was captured by

Passion and Resurrection of Jesus, and in 1170 they erected a hospice for pilgrims.[6]

Ayyubid and Mamluk rule

Interior view of the An-Nasr Mosque, converted from a Crusader church to a mosque in the 13th century

Crusader rule came to an end in 1187, when the

Eastern Orthodox Christian inhabitants remained.[citation needed] Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229), wrote that Ayyubid Nablus was a "celebrated city in Filastin (Palestine)... having wide lands and a fine district." He also mentions the large Samaritan population in the city.[18] After its recapture by the Muslims, the Great Mosque of Nablus, which had become a church under Crusader rule, was restored as a mosque by the Ayyubids, who also built a mausoleum in the old city.[9]

In October 1242, Nablus was raided by the Knights Templar. This was the conclusion of the 1242 campaign season in which the Templars had joined forces with the Ayyubid emir of Kerak, An-Nasir Dawud, against the Mamluks. The Templars raided Nablus in revenge for a previous massacre of Christians by their erstwhile ally An-Nasir Dawud. The attack is reported as a particularly bloody affair lasting for three days, during which the Mosque was burned and many residents of the city, Christians alongside Muslims, were killed or sold in the slave markets of Acre. The successful raid was widely publicized by the Templars in Europe; it is thought to be depicted in a late 13th-century fresco in the Templar church of San Bevignate, Perugia.[19]

In 1244, the Samaritan synagogue, built in 362 by the high priest Akbon and converted into a church by the Crusaders, was converted into al-Khadra Mosque. Two other Crusader churches became the An-Nasr Mosque and al-Masakim Mosque during that century.[6][16]

The

Mediterranean islands, and the Arabian Desert. The city's olive oil was also used in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Ibn Battuta, the Arab explorer, visited Nablus in 1355, and described it as a city "full of trees and streams and full of olives." He noted that the city grew and exported carob jam to Cairo and Damascus.[18]

Ottoman era

Nablus in the 1780s, by Louis-François Cassas.
Nablus from the 1871–1877 PEF Survey of Palestine
Nablus in 1857, photo by Francis Frith

Nablus came under the rule of the

nahiya (subdistricts), in addition to the city itself. The Ottomans did not attempt to restructure the political configuration of the region on the local level such that the borders of the nahiya were drawn to coincide with the historic strongholds of certain families. Nablus was only one among a number of local centers of power within Jabal Nablus, and its relations with the surrounding villages, such as Beita and Aqraba, were partially mediated by the rural-based chiefs of the nahiya.[20] During the 16th century, the population was predominantly Muslim, with Jewish, Samaritan and Christian minorities.[6][21][22]

After decades of upheavals and rebellions mounted by Arab tribes in the Middle East, the Ottomans attempted to reassert centralized control over the Arab vilayets. In 1657, they sent an expeditionary force led mostly by Arab

bathhouses, agricultural lands, grain mills and, olive and sesame oil presses.[20]

The most influential military family were the Nimrs, who were originally local governors of

mutasallim (tax collector, strongman) of Nablus longer, though non-consecutively than any other family. The three families maintained their power until the mid-19th century.[20]

Nablus, by W. C. P. Medlycott, in H. B. Tristram, 1865[23]

In the mid-18th century,

Jezzar Pasha, maintained Acre's dominance over Nablus. After his reign ended in 1804, Nablus regained its autonomy, and the Tuqans, who represented a principal opposing force, rose to power.[24]

Egyptian rule and Ottoman revival

Nablus in 1898
Young woman from Nablus, between 1867 and 1885

In 1831–32

fellahin (peasants) of Jabal Nablus and launched a revolt against Governor Ibrahim Pasha, in protest at conscription orders, among other new policies. The leaders of Nablus and its hinterland sent thousands of rebels to attack Jerusalem, the center of government authority in Palestine, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, and they conquered the city on 31 May. However, they were later defeated by Ibrahim Pasha's forces the next month. Ibrahim then forced the heads of the Jabal Nablus clans to leave for nearby villages. By the end of August, the countrywide revolt had been suppressed and Qasim was executed.[24]

Egyptian rule in Palestine resulted in the destruction of

Egypt in 1840–41. However, the Arraba-based Abd al-Hadi clan which rose to prominence under Egyptian rule for supporting Ibrahim Pasha, continued its political dominance in Jabal Nablus.[24]

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Nablus was the principal trade and manufacturing center in Ottoman Syria. Its economic activity and regional leadership position surpassed that of Jerusalem and the coastal cities of Jaffa and Acre. Olive oil was the primary product of Nablus and aided other related industries such as soap-making and basket weaving.[25] It was also the largest producer of cotton in the Levant, topping the production of northern cities such as Damascus.[26] Jabal Nablus enjoyed a greater degree of autonomy than other sanjaqs under Ottoman control, probably because the city was the capital of a hilly region, in which there were no "foreigners" who held any military or bureaucratic posts. Thus, Nablus remained outside the direct "supervision" of the Ottoman government, according to historian Beshara Doumani.[25]

World War I and British Mandate

Nablus in 1918

Between 19 September and 25 September 1918, in the last months of the

Judean Hills where the British Empire's XX Corps and Royal Flying Corps attacked the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group's Seventh Army which held a defensive position in front of Nablus, and which the Eighth Army had attempted to retreat to, in vain.[27]

The

Haj Amin al-Husayni's Supreme Muslim Council in the mid-1930s, their previous "picturesque" character was lost. During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, the British authorities demolished buildings in the Old City quarter of Qaryun suspected of harboring insurgents or hiding weapons.[29] Jewish immigration did not significantly impact the demographic composition of Nablus, and it was slated for inclusion in the Arab state envisioned by the United Nations General Assembly's 1947 partition plan for Palestine.[30]

Jordanian period

During the

Balata al-Balad, al-Juneid and Askar were annexed to the Nablus municipality.[31] Nablus was annexed by Jordan in 1950.[32]

Israeli period

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

The 1967 Six-Day War ended in the Israeli occupation of Nablus. Many Israeli settlements were built around Nablus during the 1980s and early 1990s. The restrictions placed on Nablus during the First Intifada were met by a back-to-the-land movement to secure self-sufficiency, and had a notable outcome in boosting local agricultural production.[33]

In 1976, Bassam Shakaa was elected mayor. On 2 June 1980, he survived an assassination attempt by the Jewish Underground, considered a terrorist group by Israel, which resulted in Shakaa losing both his legs. In the spring of 1982, the Israeli administration removed him from office and installed an army officer who ran the city for the following three and a half years.[34]

On 29 July 1985, the Israeli army imposed a 5-day curfew on the city. At the time this was the longest curfew ever imposed on a Palestinian community in the

PLO leader were found.[35]

In January 1986, the Israeli administration ended with the appointment of Zafer al-Masri as mayor. A popular leader of the Nablus Chamber of Commerce al-Masri began a program of improvements in the town. Despite maintaining that he would have nothing to do with Israeli autonomy plans he was assassinated on 2 March 1986.[34] The assassination was widely believed to be the work of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.

On 18 June 1989 Salah el Bah'sh, aged 17, was shot dead by an

Israeli soldier whilst walking through the Nablus Casbah. Witnesses told B'Tselem, the Israeli Human Rights group, that he was shot in the chest at close range after not responding to a soldier shouting "Ta'amod" (Halt!). The army indicated that an investigation was being carried out. B'Tselem understood that the victim was killed by a rubber bullet.[36]

Palestinian control

Huwwara checkpoint
with Palestinians waiting to travel south, 2006

Jurisdiction over the city was handed over to the

Israeli settlements and was site of regular clashes with the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the First Intifada when the local prison was known for torture.[38]
In the 1990s, Nablus was a hub of Palestinian nationalist activity in the West Bank and when the Second Intifada began, arsonists of Jewish shrines in Nablus were applauded.[39] After the controversy over the Muhammad cartoons in Jyllands-Posten, originally published in Denmark in late September 2006, militias kidnapped two foreigners and threatened to kidnap more as a protest. In 2008, Noa Meir, an Israeli military spokeswoman, said Nablus remains "capital of terror" of the West Bank.[40]

From the start of the

Askar constituted the center of "knowhow" for the production and operation of the rockets in the West Bank.[42]

According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 522 residents of Nablus and surrounding refugee camps, including civilians, were killed and 3,104 injured during IDF military operations from 2000 to 2005.[9] In April 2002, following the Passover massacre—an attack by Palestinian militants that killed 30 Israeli civilians attending a seder dinner at the Park Hotel in Netanya—Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military operation targeting in particular Nablus and Jenin. At least 80 Palestinians were killed in Nablus during the operation and several houses were destroyed or severely damaged.[43]

The operation also resulted in severe damage to the historic core of the city, with 64 heritage buildings being heavily damaged or destroyed.

F-16 bombings. The cost of the damage was estimated at $80 million US.[44]

In August 2016, the Old City of Nablus became a site of

fierce clashes between a militant group vs Palestinian police. On August 18, two Palestinian Police servicemen were killed in the city.[45] Shortly after the raid of police on the suspected areas in the Old City deteriorated into a gun battle, in which three armed militia men were killed, including one killed by beating following his arrest.[45] The person beaten to death was the suspected “mastermind” behind the August 18 shooting - Ahmed Izz Halaweh, a senior member of the armed wing of the Fatah movement the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.[45] His death was branded by the UN and Palestinian factions as a part of “extrajudicial executions.”[45] A widespread manhunt for multiple gunmen was initiated by the police as a result, concluding with the arrest of one suspect Salah al-Kurdi on August 25.[45]

Geography

Section of topographical map of Nablus area

Nablus lies in a strategic position at a junction between two ancient commercial roads; one linking the

above sea level,[47] in a narrow valley running roughly east–west between two mountains: Mount Ebal, the northern mountain, is the taller peak at 940 meters (3,080 ft), while Mount Gerizim
, the southern mountain, is 881 meters (2,890 ft) high.

Nablus is located 42 kilometers (26 mi) east of

Tell to the west.[48]

Old City

souk
, 2008

In the center of Nablus lies the old city, composed of six major quarters: Yasmina, Gharb, Qaryun, Aqaba, Qaysariyya, and Habala. Habala is the largest quarter and its population growth led to the development of two smaller neighborhoods: al-Arda and Tal al-Kreim. The old city is densely populated and prominent families include the Nimrs, Tuqans, and Abd al-Hadis. The large fortress-like compound of the

Tuqan Palace are located in the center of the old city. There are several mosques in the Old City: the Great Mosque of Nablus, An-Nasr Mosque, al-Tina Mosque, al-Khadra Mosque, Hanbali Mosque, al-Anbia Mosque, Ajaj Mosque and others.[49]

There are six hamaams (

souks, pottery and textile workshops line the Old City streets.[47][50] Also located in the Old City is the 15th-century Khan al-Tujjar caravanserai and the Manara Clock Tower, built in 1906.[47]

Panorama of Nablus
Picture showing to the right the mountain "Ebal" with the rock of "Sit Islamieh", and to the left the south mountain "Jirziem" with an IDF military post on the far left

Climate

The relatively temperate Mediterranean climate brings hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters to Nablus. Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months in Nablus are July and August with the average high being 29.6 °C (85.3 °F). The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at 6.2 °C (43.2 °F). Rain generally falls between October and March, with annual precipitation rates being approximately 656 mm (25.8 in).[47]

Spring in Nablus, Palestine
Young woman in Nablus among the almond blossoms of early spring
Climate data for Nabulus ( 570 meters above sea level) 1972-1997
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2)
28.1
(82.6)
30.4
(86.7)
35
(95)
38.6
(101.5)
38
(100)
38.1
(100.6)
38.6
(101.5)
38.8
(101.8)
35.3
(95.5)
30.7
(87.3)
28
(82)
38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)
14.4
(57.9)
17.2
(63.0)
22.2
(72.0)
25.7
(78.3)
27.9
(82.2)
29.1
(84.4)
29.4
(84.9)
28.4
(83.1)
25.8
(78.4)
20.2
(68.4)
14.6
(58.3)
22.35
(72.23)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2)
8.8
(47.8)
11.9
(53.4)
16.6
(61.9)
20.7
(69.3)
24.0
(75.2)
24.8
(76.6)
24.4
(75.9)
22.5
(72.5)
20.5
(68.9)
17.5
(63.5)
13.1
(55.6)
17.8
(64.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)
6.7
(44.1)
8.8
(47.8)
12.1
(53.8)
14.9
(58.8)
17.4
(63.3)
19.3
(66.7)
19.5
(67.1)
18.5
(65.3)
16.2
(61.2)
12.1
(53.8)
7.8
(46.0)
13.3
(55.9)
Record low °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9)
−2.8
(27.0)
−1
(30)
0.6
(33.1)
6.9
(44.4)
11.4
(52.5)
12.3
(54.1)
15.9
(60.6)
13
(55)
9.3
(48.7)
1.4
(34.5)
0.3
(32.5)
−2.8
(27.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 155
(6.1)
135
(5.3)
90
(3.5)
34
(1.3)
5
(0.2)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2
(0.1)
17
(0.7)
60
(2.4)
158
(6.2)
656
(25.8)
Average
relative humidity
(%)
74 75 66 55 47 50 65 62 73 62 54 69 63
Source: Arab Meteorology Book[51]

Demographics

Year Population
1596 4,300[22]
1849 20,000[52]
1860 15,000[53]
1922 15,947[54]
1931 17,181[55]
1945 23,250[56][57]
1961 45,768[58]
1987 93,000[59]
1997 100,034[60]
2007 126,132[61]
2017 156,906[1]
Prayer hall of Hanbali Mosque

In 1596, the population consisted of 806 Muslim households, 20

Samaritan households, 18 Christian households, and 15 Jewish households.[22] Local Ottoman authorities recorded a population of around 20,000 residents in Nablus in 1849.[52] In 1867 American visitors found the town to have a population of 4,000 'the chief part of whom are Mohammedans', with some Jews and Christians and 'about 150 Samaritans'.[62] In the 1922 British census of Palestine, there were a total of 15,947 inhabitants (15,238 Muslims, 544 Christians, 147 Samaritans, 16 Jews, and two Druze).[54] Population continued to grow, rising to 17,189 (16,483 Muslims, 533 Christians, 160 Samaritans, seven Druze, and six Jews) at the 1931 census of Palestine with 309 in nearby suburbs (225 Muslims and 84 Christians).[55]

The 1938 village statistics show a further increase to 19,200.[63] The 1945 village statistics list the population as 23,250 (22,360 Muslims, 680 Christians, and 120 "other").[64]

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Nablus had a population of 126,132 in 2007.[61] In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 100,034, including 23,397 refugees, accounting for about 24% of the city's residents.[65] Nablus' Old City had a population of 12,000 in 2006.[8] The population of Nablus city comprises 40% of its governorate's inhabitants.[61]

Approximately half of population is under 20 years old. In 1997, the age distribution of the city's inhabitants was 28.4% under the age of 10, 20.8% from 10 to 19, 17.7% from 20–29, 18% from 30 to 44, 11.1% from 45 to 64 and 3.7% above the age of 65. The gender distribution was 50,945 males (50.92%) and 49,089 females (49.07%).[66]

Religion

In 891 CE, during the early centuries of

Al-Dimashqi, recorded that under the rule of the Mamluk Dynasty (Muslim Dynasty based in Egypt), local Muslims, Samaritans, Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Jews populated the city.[18] At the 1931 census, the population was counted as 16,483 Muslims, 533 Christians, 6 Jews, 7 Druses and 160 Samaritans.[55] However, this census was taken after the 1929 Palestine riots which drove the Jews out of many majority-Arab cities.[67]

Interior of St. Photina Church

The majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim, but there are small

Palestinian Muslim population of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam. Certain Nabulsi family names are associated with Samaritan ancestry – Muslimani, Yaish, and Shakshir among others.[68] According to the historian Fayyad Altif, large numbers of Samaritans converted because of persecution and because the monotheistic nature of Islam made it easy for them to accept it.[69]

In 1967, there were about 3,500 Christians of various denominations in Nablus, but that figure dwindled to about 650 in 2008.

Rafidia in the western part of the city.[8]

St. Philip's Arab Episcopal Church, Nablus. Built in 1848.

There are seventeen Islamic monuments and eleven mosques in the Old City.[9][71] Nine of the mosques were established before the 15th century.[9] In addition to Muslim houses of worship, Nablus contains an Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Justin Martyr,[8] built in 1898, and the ancient Samaritan synagogue, which is still in use.[71]

Economy

Historic

Manara clock tower in the Old City

Beginning in the early 16th century, trade networks connecting Nablus to

Mediterranean islands of Crete and Cyprus. Nablus also developed trade relations with Aleppo, Mosul, and Baghdad.[50]

The Ottoman government ensured adequate safety and funding for the annual pilgrimage caravan (qafilat al-hajj) from Damascus to the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This policy benefited Nablus economically. Pilgrimage caravans became the key factor in the fiscal and political relationship between Nablus and the central government. For a brief period in the early 17th century, the governor of Nablus, Farrukh Pasha, was appointed leader of the pilgrimage caravan (amir al-hajj), and he constructed a large commercial compound in Nablus for that purpose.[50]

Old City of Nablus in 2017

In 1882, there were 32 soap factories and 400 looms exporting their products throughout the Middle East.[8][72] Nablus exported three-fourths of its soap — the city's most important commodity—to Cairo by caravan through Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, and by sea through the ports of Jaffa and Gaza. From Egypt, and particularly from Cairo and Damietta, Nablus merchants imported mainly rice, sugar, and spices, as well as linen, cotton, and wool textiles. Cotton, soap, olive oil, and textiles were exported by Nablus merchants to Damascus, whence silks, high-quality textiles, copper, and a number luxury items, such as jewellery were imported.[50]

With regard to the local economy, agriculture was the major component. Outside of the city limits, there were extensive fields of

mulukhiyya were grown in the fields, vegetable gardens, and grain mills scattered across central Samaria.[50] Nablus was also the largest producer of cotton in the Levant, producing over 225,000 kg (496,040 lb) of the product by 1837.[26]

Modern era

Downtown Nablus, Martyrs Square

Nablus has a bustling modern commercial center with restaurants, and a

leather tanning
.

The Vegetable Oil Industry Co. is a Nablus factory that produces refined vegetable oils, especially olive oil, and vegetable butter from the factory is exported to Jordan.[47] The al-Huda Textiles factory is also located in Nablus. In 2000, the factory produced 500 pieces of clothing daily; however, production plummeted to 150–200 pieces daily in 2002. Al-Huda mainly imports textiles from China and exports finished products to Israel.[9] There are eight restaurants in the city and four hotels — the largest being al-Qasr and al-Yasmeen.[74] Nablus' once-thriving soap industry has been largely isolated because of difficult transportation conditions stemming from West Bank closures and IDF incursions. Today, there are only two soap factories still operating in the city.[75]

One of the old markets in Nablus

The Al-Arz ice-cream company is the largest of six ice-cream manufacturers in the Palestinian territories. The Nablus business developed from an ice-factory set up by Mohammad Anabtawi in the town centre in 1950. It produces 50 tons a day, and exports to Jordan and Iraq. Most of the ingredients are imported from Israel.[76]

Before 2000, 13.4% of Nablus' residents worked in Israel, with the figure dropping to 4.7% in 2004. The city's manufacturing sector made up 15.7% of the economy in 2004, a drop from 21% in 2000. Since 2000, most of the workforce has been employed in agriculture and local trade.

OCHA report in 2008, one of the reasons for the high unemployment was a ring of checkpoints around the city,[77] leading to the relocation of many businesses.[78]

Since the removal of the

Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE) and the al-Quds Financial Index, housed in the al-Qasr building in the Rafidia suburb of the city. The PSE's first trading session took place on February 19, 1997. In 2007, the capitalization of the PSE topped 3.5 million Jordanian dinars.[8]

Education

An-Najah University
, Nablus

According to the

United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and 24 are private schools.[80]

Nablus is also home to

Health care

Nablus Speciality Hospital in 2019

There are six

angiograms and angioplasties. Rafidia Surgical Hospital is located in the city.[citation needed
]

  • Rafidia Surgical Hospital
  • General view of the gate of the National Hospital in the center of Nablus
    General view of the gate of the National Hospital in the center of Nablus
  • Al-Watani Hospital
    Al-Watani Hospital
  • St. Luke's Hospital
    St. Luke's Hospital
  • Amal Center for Rehabilitation
    Amal Center for Rehabilitation
  • Al-Ittihad Hospital
    Al-Ittihad Hospital
  • An-Najah University Hospital
    An-Najah University Hospital

Culture and arts

Traditional Nablus dress featuring brightly colored coat draped over head and shoulders

Nablus and its culture enjoy a certain renown throughout the Palestinian Territories and the

costume. Nabulsi, meaning "from Nablus", is used to describe items such as handicrafts (e.g. Nabulsi soap) and food products (e.g. Nabulsi cheese
) that are made in Nablus or in the traditional Nablus style.

Traditional costume

Nablus costume was of a distinctive style that employed colorful combinations of various fabrics. Because of its position as important trade center with a flourishing

Turkish style jackets were worn over the thob ("robe"). For daily wear, thobs were often made of white cotton or linen, with a preference for winged sleeves. In the summer, costumes often incorporated interwoven striped bands of red, green and yellow on the front and back, with appliqué and braidwork popularly decorating the qabbeh ("square chest piece").[84]

Cuisine

Kanafeh

Nablus is one of the Palestinian cities that sustained elite classes, fostering the development of a culture of "high cuisine", such as that of

provinces of the Ottoman Empire
.

Kanafeh (or Kunafa) is the best known Nabulsi sweet.[47] It is made of several fine shreds of pastry noodles with honey-sweetened cheese in the center. The top layer of the pastry is usually dyed orange with food coloring and sprinkled with crushed pistachios. Now made throughout the Middle East, kanafeh Nabulsi uses a white-brine cheese called jibneh Nabulsi
. Boiled sugar is used as a syrup for kanafeh.

Other sweets made in Nablus include

baklawa, "Tamriya", mabrumeh and ghuraybeh,[85] a plain pastry made of butter, flour and sugar in an "S"-shape, or shaped as fingers or bracelets.[86]

Cultural centers

Dabke dance group on Mount Gerizim

There are three cultural centers in Nablus. The Child Cultural Center (CCC), founded in 1998 and built in a renovated historic building, operates an art and drawing workshop, a stage for play performances, a music room, a children's library and a multimedia lab.

football and chess team.[88] The Nablus municipal government established its own cultural center in 2003, called the Nablus Municipality Cultural Center (NMCC) aimed at establishing and developing educational facilities.[89]

Soap production

Nabulsi soap stacked at Tuqan factory, Nablus

Nabulsi soap or sabon nabulsi is a type of castile soap produced only in Nablus[90] and made of three primary ingredients: virgin olive oil, water, and a sodium[91] compound.[92] Since the 10th century, Nabulsi soap has enjoyed a reputation for being a fine product,[93] and has been exported across the Arab world and to Europe.[92] Though the number of soap factories decreased from a peak of thirty in the 19th century to only two today, efforts to preserve this important part of Palestinian and Nabulsi cultural heritage continue.[92][93]

Made in a cube-like shape about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) tall and 2.25 by 2.25 inches (5.7 by 5.7 cm) wide, the color of Nabulsi soap is like that of "the page of an old book."

alkaline soda powder called qilw.[93]
Today, qilw is still used in combination with lime.

Local government

New clock tower at Martyrs Square in downtown Nablus

The city of Nablus is the muhfaza (seat) of the Nablus Governorate, and is governed by a municipal council made up of fifteen elected members, including the mayor.[95]

The two primary political parties in the municipal council are Hamas and Fatah. In the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections, the Reform and Change list representing the Hamas faction won 73.4% of the vote, gaining the majority of the municipal seats (13). Palestine Tomorrow, representing Fatah, gained the remaining two seats with 13.0% of the vote. Other political parties, such as the Palestinian People's Party and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine failed to gain any seats in the council, though they each received over 1,000 votes.[96]

Yaish's four-year term legally expired in December 2009. While elections in the West Bank were scheduled for 17 July 2010, they were canceled because of Fatah's lack of agreement on list of candidates. Nablus was one of the most important municipalities where Fatah failed to resolve internal conflicts that resulted in two competing Fatah lists: one headed by former mayor Ghassan Shakaa and one headed by Amin Makboul.[97]

In the October 2012 municipal elections, Hamas boycotted the polls, protesting the holding of elections while reconciliation efforts with Fatah were at a standstill. Former mayor Ghassan Shakaa, a former local Fatah leader, won the vote as an independent against Fatah member Amin Makboul and another independent candidate.[98][99]

Mayors

Nablus Municipality complex

Modern mayorship in Nablus began in 1869 with the appointment of Sheikh Mohammad Tuffaha by the Ottoman governor of Syria/Palestine. On July 2, 1980,

Gush Emunim Underground movement.[100]

The current mayor,

Operation Summer Rains, launched in retaliation for the kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Hamas.[101] Municipal council members Abdel Jabbar Adel Musa "Dweikat", Majida Fadda, Khulood El-Masri, and Mahdi Hanbali were also arrested.[95] He spent 15 months in prison without being charged.[102]

Municipal services

A street in Nablus leading to the Old City. Minaret of An-Nasr Mosque in the background

In 1997, 99.7% of Nablus' 18,003 households were connected to electricity through a public network. Prior to its establishment in 1957, electricity came from private generators. Today, the majority of the inhabitants of 18 nearby towns, in addition to the city's inhabitants, are connected to the Nablus network.[103]

The majority of households are connected to a public sewage system (93%), with the remaining 7% connected through

Audala.[105]

Fire department

Nablus is one of the few cities in the West Bank to have a fire department, which was founded in 1958. At that time, the "fire brigade" (as it was called) was composed of five members and one extinguishing vehicle. In 2007, the department had seventy members and over twenty vehicles. Until 1986, it was responsible for all of the northern West Bank, but today it only covers the Nablus and Tubas Governorates. From 1997 to 2006, Nablus' fire department extinguished 15,346 fires.[106]

Transportation

In the early 20th century, Nablus was the southernmost station of a spur from the Jezreel Valley railway's Afula station, itself a spur from the Hejaz railway. The extension of the railway to Nablus was built in 1911–12.[107] During the beginning of the British Mandate, one weekly train was operated from Haifa to Nablus via Afula and Jenin. The railway was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the route of the line was bisected by the Green Line.

The main

Huwwara checkpoint which effectively cut off the city, severely curtailing social and economic travel.[108] From January 2002, buses, taxis, trucks and private citizens required a permit from the Israeli military authorities to leave and enter Nablus.[9] Since 2011, there has been a relaxation of travel restrictions and the dismantlement of some checkpoints.[109]

The nearest airport is the

Ben Gurion International Airport in Lod, Israel, but because of restrictions governing the entry of Palestinians to Israel, and their lack of access to foreign Embassies to get travel visas, many residents must travel to Amman, Jordan to use the Queen Alia International Airport, which requires passage through a number of checkpoints and the Jordanian border. Taxis are the main form of public transportation within Nablus and the city contains 28 taxi offices and garages.[110]

Sports

Nablus municipal stadium and surroundings

The Nablus

al-Ittihad, which is in the main league of the Palestinian Territories.[112] The club participated in the Middle East Mediterranean Scholar Athlete Games in 2000.[113]

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Nablus is

twinned, or has sister city relationships with:[114]

See also

Notes

References

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Bibliography

External links