Nablus
Nablus | ||
---|---|---|
Municipality type A (City) | ||
Arabic transcription(s) | ||
• Arabic | نابلس | |
• Latin | Nābulus (official) | |
Municipality type A (City) 156,906 | | |
• Density | 5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi) | |
• Metro | 228,382 | |
Website | nablus.org |
Nablus (
The modern name of the city can be traced back to the Roman period, when it was named Flavia Neapolis by Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 CE. During the Byzantine period, conflict between the city's Samaritan and newer Christian inhabitants peaked in the Samaritan revolts that were eventually suppressed by the Byzantines by 573, which greatly dwindled the Samaritan population of the city. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, the city was given its present-day Arabic name of Nablus. After the First Crusade, the Crusaders drafted the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Council of Nablus, and its Christian, Samaritan, and Muslim inhabitants prospered. The city then came under the control of the Ayyubids and the Mamluk Sultanate. Under the Ottoman Turks, who conquered the city in 1517, Nablus served as the administrative and commercial centre for the surrounding area corresponding to the modern-day northern West Bank.
After the city was captured by British forces during World War I, Nablus was incorporated into Mandatory Palestine in 1922. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Nablus, occupied and annexed by Transjordan. Since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank has been occupied by Israel; since 1995, it has been governed by the PNA as part of Area A of the West Bank. Today, the population is predominantly Muslim, with small Christian and Samaritan minorities.
History
Classical antiquity
Flavia Neapolis ("new city of the emperor
Insofar as the hilly topography of the site would allow, the city was built on a Roman
In 244 CE, Philip the Arab transformed Flavius Neapolis into a Roman colony named Julia Neapolis. It retained this status until the rule of Trebonianus Gallus in 251 CE. The Encyclopaedia Judaica speculates that Christianity was dominant in the 2nd or 3rd century, with some sources positing a later date of 480 CE.[9] It is known for certain that a bishop from Nablus participated in the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE.[10] The presence of Samaritans in the city is attested to in literary and epigraphic evidence dating to the 4th century CE.[10] As yet, there is no evidence attesting to a Jewish presence in ancient Neapolis.[10]
Si'on suggested that Neapolis was about 900 acres in size during the Byzantine period, making it three times larger than it was when it was first established as a Roman colony.[11] Magen estimates that around 20,000 people lived there during this period.[12]
Conflict among the Christian population of Neapolis emerged in 451. By this time, Neapolis was within the Palaestina Prima province under the rule of the Byzantine Empire. The tension was a result of Monophysite Christian attempts to prevent the return of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Juvenal, to his episcopal see.[6] However, the conflict did not grow into civil strife.
As tensions among the Christians of Neapolis decreased, tensions between the Christian community and the
Thus, the Samaritans rebelled again under the rule of emperor
Early Islamic era
Neapolis, along with most of Palestine,
Under Muslim rule, Nablus contained a diverse population of Arabs and
Crusader period
The city was captured by
Ayyubid and Mamluk rule
Crusader rule came to an end in 1187, when the
In October 1242, Nablus was raided by the Knights Templar. This was the conclusion of the 1242 campaign season in which the Templars had joined forces with the Ayyubid emir of Kerak, An-Nasir Dawud, against the Mamluks. The Templars raided Nablus in revenge for a previous massacre of Christians by their erstwhile ally An-Nasir Dawud. The attack is reported as a particularly bloody affair lasting for three days, during which the Mosque was burned and many residents of the city, Christians alongside Muslims, were killed or sold in the slave markets of Acre. The successful raid was widely publicized by the Templars in Europe; it is thought to be depicted in a late 13th-century fresco in the Templar church of San Bevignate, Perugia.[19]
In 1244, the Samaritan synagogue, built in 362 by the high priest Akbon and converted into a church by the Crusaders, was converted into al-Khadra Mosque. Two other Crusader churches became the An-Nasr Mosque and al-Masakim Mosque during that century.[6][16]
The
Ottoman era
Nablus came under the rule of the
After decades of upheavals and rebellions mounted by Arab tribes in the Middle East, the Ottomans attempted to reassert centralized control over the Arab vilayets. In 1657, they sent an expeditionary force led mostly by Arab
The most influential military family were the Nimrs, who were originally local governors of
In the mid-18th century,
Egyptian rule and Ottoman revival
In 1831–32
Egyptian rule in Palestine resulted in the destruction of
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Nablus was the principal trade and manufacturing center in Ottoman Syria. Its economic activity and regional leadership position surpassed that of Jerusalem and the coastal cities of Jaffa and Acre. Olive oil was the primary product of Nablus and aided other related industries such as soap-making and basket weaving.[25] It was also the largest producer of cotton in the Levant, topping the production of northern cities such as Damascus.[26] Jabal Nablus enjoyed a greater degree of autonomy than other sanjaqs under Ottoman control, probably because the city was the capital of a hilly region, in which there were no "foreigners" who held any military or bureaucratic posts. Thus, Nablus remained outside the direct "supervision" of the Ottoman government, according to historian Beshara Doumani.[25]
World War I and British Mandate
Between 19 September and 25 September 1918, in the last months of the
The
Jordanian period
During the
Israeli period
The 1967 Six-Day War ended in the Israeli occupation of Nablus. Many Israeli settlements were built around Nablus during the 1980s and early 1990s. The restrictions placed on Nablus during the First Intifada were met by a back-to-the-land movement to secure self-sufficiency, and had a notable outcome in boosting local agricultural production.[33]
In 1976, Bassam Shakaa was elected mayor. On 2 June 1980, he survived an assassination attempt by the Jewish Underground, considered a terrorist group by Israel, which resulted in Shakaa losing both his legs. In the spring of 1982, the Israeli administration removed him from office and installed an army officer who ran the city for the following three and a half years.[34]
On 29 July 1985, the Israeli army imposed a 5-day curfew on the city. At the time this was the longest curfew ever imposed on a Palestinian community in the
In January 1986, the Israeli administration ended with the appointment of Zafer al-Masri as mayor. A popular leader of the Nablus Chamber of Commerce al-Masri began a program of improvements in the town. Despite maintaining that he would have nothing to do with Israeli autonomy plans he was assassinated on 2 March 1986.[34] The assassination was widely believed to be the work of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
On 18 June 1989 Salah el Bah'sh, aged 17, was shot dead by an
Palestinian control
Jurisdiction over the city was handed over to the
From the start of the
According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 522 residents of Nablus and surrounding refugee camps, including civilians, were killed and 3,104 injured during IDF military operations from 2000 to 2005.[9] In April 2002, following the Passover massacre—an attack by Palestinian militants that killed 30 Israeli civilians attending a seder dinner at the Park Hotel in Netanya—Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military operation targeting in particular Nablus and Jenin. At least 80 Palestinians were killed in Nablus during the operation and several houses were destroyed or severely damaged.[43]
The operation also resulted in severe damage to the historic core of the city, with 64 heritage buildings being heavily damaged or destroyed.
In August 2016, the Old City of Nablus became a site of
Geography
Nablus lies in a strategic position at a junction between two ancient commercial roads; one linking the
Nablus is located 42 kilometers (26 mi) east of
Old City
In the center of Nablus lies the old city, composed of six major quarters: Yasmina, Gharb, Qaryun, Aqaba, Qaysariyya, and Habala. Habala is the largest quarter and its population growth led to the development of two smaller neighborhoods: al-Arda and Tal al-Kreim. The old city is densely populated and prominent families include the Nimrs, Tuqans, and Abd al-Hadis. The large fortress-like compound of the
There are six hamaams (
Climate
The relatively temperate Mediterranean climate brings hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters to Nablus. Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months in Nablus are July and August with the average high being 29.6 °C (85.3 °F). The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at 6.2 °C (43.2 °F). Rain generally falls between October and March, with annual precipitation rates being approximately 656 mm (25.8 in).[47]
Climate data for Nabulus ( 570 meters above sea level) 1972-1997 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
35 (95) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38 (100) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.8 (101.8) |
35.3 (95.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
28 (82) |
38.8 (101.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
22.35 (72.23) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−1 (30) |
0.6 (33.1) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13 (55) |
9.3 (48.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 155 (6.1) |
135 (5.3) |
90 (3.5) |
34 (1.3) |
5 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
17 (0.7) |
60 (2.4) |
158 (6.2) |
656 (25.8) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
74 | 75 | 66 | 55 | 47 | 50 | 65 | 62 | 73 | 62 | 54 | 69 | 63 |
Source: Arab Meteorology Book[51] |
Demographics
Year | Population |
---|---|
1596 | 4,300[22] |
1849 | 20,000[52] |
1860 | 15,000[53] |
1922 | 15,947[54] |
1931 | 17,181[55] |
1945 | 23,250[56][57] |
1961 | 45,768[58] |
1987 | 93,000[59] |
1997 | 100,034[60] |
2007 | 126,132[61] |
2017 | 156,906[1] |
In 1596, the population consisted of 806 Muslim households, 20
The 1938 village statistics show a further increase to 19,200.[63] The 1945 village statistics list the population as 23,250 (22,360 Muslims, 680 Christians, and 120 "other").[64]
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Nablus had a population of 126,132 in 2007.[61] In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 100,034, including 23,397 refugees, accounting for about 24% of the city's residents.[65] Nablus' Old City had a population of 12,000 in 2006.[8] The population of Nablus city comprises 40% of its governorate's inhabitants.[61]
Approximately half of population is under 20 years old. In 1997, the age distribution of the city's inhabitants was 28.4% under the age of 10, 20.8% from 10 to 19, 17.7% from 20–29, 18% from 30 to 44, 11.1% from 45 to 64 and 3.7% above the age of 65. The gender distribution was 50,945 males (50.92%) and 49,089 females (49.07%).[66]
Religion
In 891 CE, during the early centuries of
The majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim, but there are small
In 1967, there were about 3,500 Christians of various denominations in Nablus, but that figure dwindled to about 650 in 2008.
There are seventeen Islamic monuments and eleven mosques in the Old City.[9][71] Nine of the mosques were established before the 15th century.[9] In addition to Muslim houses of worship, Nablus contains an Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Justin Martyr,[8] built in 1898, and the ancient Samaritan synagogue, which is still in use.[71]
Economy
Historic
Beginning in the early 16th century, trade networks connecting Nablus to
The Ottoman government ensured adequate safety and funding for the annual pilgrimage caravan (qafilat al-hajj) from Damascus to the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This policy benefited Nablus economically. Pilgrimage caravans became the key factor in the fiscal and political relationship between Nablus and the central government. For a brief period in the early 17th century, the governor of Nablus, Farrukh Pasha, was appointed leader of the pilgrimage caravan (amir al-hajj), and he constructed a large commercial compound in Nablus for that purpose.[50]
In 1882, there were 32 soap factories and 400 looms exporting their products throughout the Middle East.[8][72] Nablus exported three-fourths of its soap — the city's most important commodity—to Cairo by caravan through Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, and by sea through the ports of Jaffa and Gaza. From Egypt, and particularly from Cairo and Damietta, Nablus merchants imported mainly rice, sugar, and spices, as well as linen, cotton, and wool textiles. Cotton, soap, olive oil, and textiles were exported by Nablus merchants to Damascus, whence silks, high-quality textiles, copper, and a number luxury items, such as jewellery were imported.[50]
With regard to the local economy, agriculture was the major component. Outside of the city limits, there were extensive fields of
Modern era
Nablus has a bustling modern commercial center with restaurants, and a
The Vegetable Oil Industry Co. is a Nablus factory that produces refined vegetable oils, especially olive oil, and vegetable butter from the factory is exported to Jordan.[47] The al-Huda Textiles factory is also located in Nablus. In 2000, the factory produced 500 pieces of clothing daily; however, production plummeted to 150–200 pieces daily in 2002. Al-Huda mainly imports textiles from China and exports finished products to Israel.[9] There are eight restaurants in the city and four hotels — the largest being al-Qasr and al-Yasmeen.[74] Nablus' once-thriving soap industry has been largely isolated because of difficult transportation conditions stemming from West Bank closures and IDF incursions. Today, there are only two soap factories still operating in the city.[75]
The Al-Arz ice-cream company is the largest of six ice-cream manufacturers in the Palestinian territories. The Nablus business developed from an ice-factory set up by Mohammad Anabtawi in the town centre in 1950. It produces 50 tons a day, and exports to Jordan and Iraq. Most of the ingredients are imported from Israel.[76]
Before 2000, 13.4% of Nablus' residents worked in Israel, with the figure dropping to 4.7% in 2004. The city's manufacturing sector made up 15.7% of the economy in 2004, a drop from 21% in 2000. Since 2000, most of the workforce has been employed in agriculture and local trade.
Since the removal of the
Education
According to the
Nablus is also home to
Health care
There are six
]-
-
General view of the gate of the National Hospital in the center of Nablus
-
Al-Watani Hospital
-
St. Luke's Hospital
-
Amal Center for Rehabilitation
-
Al-Ittihad Hospital
-
An-Najah University Hospital
Culture and arts
Nablus and its culture enjoy a certain renown throughout the Palestinian Territories and the
Traditional costume
Nablus costume was of a distinctive style that employed colorful combinations of various fabrics. Because of its position as important trade center with a flourishing
Cuisine
Nablus is one of the Palestinian cities that sustained elite classes, fostering the development of a culture of "high cuisine", such as that of
Other sweets made in Nablus include
Cultural centers
There are three cultural centers in Nablus. The Child Cultural Center (CCC), founded in 1998 and built in a renovated historic building, operates an art and drawing workshop, a stage for play performances, a music room, a children's library and a multimedia lab.
Soap production
Nabulsi soap or sabon nabulsi is a type of castile soap produced only in Nablus[90] and made of three primary ingredients: virgin olive oil, water, and a sodium[91] compound.[92] Since the 10th century, Nabulsi soap has enjoyed a reputation for being a fine product,[93] and has been exported across the Arab world and to Europe.[92] Though the number of soap factories decreased from a peak of thirty in the 19th century to only two today, efforts to preserve this important part of Palestinian and Nabulsi cultural heritage continue.[92][93]
Made in a cube-like shape about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) tall and 2.25 by 2.25 inches (5.7 by 5.7 cm) wide, the color of Nabulsi soap is like that of "the page of an old book."
Local government
The city of Nablus is the muhfaza (seat) of the Nablus Governorate, and is governed by a municipal council made up of fifteen elected members, including the mayor.[95]
The two primary political parties in the municipal council are Hamas and Fatah. In the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections, the Reform and Change list representing the Hamas faction won 73.4% of the vote, gaining the majority of the municipal seats (13). Palestine Tomorrow, representing Fatah, gained the remaining two seats with 13.0% of the vote. Other political parties, such as the Palestinian People's Party and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine failed to gain any seats in the council, though they each received over 1,000 votes.[96]
Yaish's four-year term legally expired in December 2009. While elections in the West Bank were scheduled for 17 July 2010, they were canceled because of Fatah's lack of agreement on list of candidates. Nablus was one of the most important municipalities where Fatah failed to resolve internal conflicts that resulted in two competing Fatah lists: one headed by former mayor Ghassan Shakaa and one headed by Amin Makboul.[97]
In the October 2012 municipal elections, Hamas boycotted the polls, protesting the holding of elections while reconciliation efforts with Fatah were at a standstill. Former mayor Ghassan Shakaa, a former local Fatah leader, won the vote as an independent against Fatah member Amin Makboul and another independent candidate.[98][99]
Mayors
Modern mayorship in Nablus began in 1869 with the appointment of Sheikh Mohammad Tuffaha by the Ottoman governor of Syria/Palestine. On July 2, 1980,
The current mayor,
Municipal services
In 1997, 99.7% of Nablus' 18,003 households were connected to electricity through a public network. Prior to its establishment in 1957, electricity came from private generators. Today, the majority of the inhabitants of 18 nearby towns, in addition to the city's inhabitants, are connected to the Nablus network.[103]
The majority of households are connected to a public sewage system (93%), with the remaining 7% connected through
Fire department
Nablus is one of the few cities in the West Bank to have a fire department, which was founded in 1958. At that time, the "fire brigade" (as it was called) was composed of five members and one extinguishing vehicle. In 2007, the department had seventy members and over twenty vehicles. Until 1986, it was responsible for all of the northern West Bank, but today it only covers the Nablus and Tubas Governorates. From 1997 to 2006, Nablus' fire department extinguished 15,346 fires.[106]
Transportation
In the early 20th century, Nablus was the southernmost station of a spur from the Jezreel Valley railway's Afula station, itself a spur from the Hejaz railway. The extension of the railway to Nablus was built in 1911–12.[107] During the beginning of the British Mandate, one weekly train was operated from Haifa to Nablus via Afula and Jenin. The railway was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the route of the line was bisected by the Green Line.
The main
The nearest airport is the
Sports
The Nablus
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Nablus is
See also
- List of cities administered by the Palestinian National Authority
- List of people from Nablus
Notes
References
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External links
- Official website
- Welcome To The City of Nablus
- Nablus City, Welcome to Palestine
- A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy
- Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus
- Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA(PDF).
- Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
- Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama)
- Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar
- Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities, Volume 6 (1992)