Flexible-fuel vehicle
This article needs to be updated.(August 2021) |
A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (
The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle,
Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, from pure gasoline up to 100% ethanol (
Terminology
As ethanol FFVs became commercially available during the late 1990s, the common use of the term "flexible-fuel vehicle" became synonymous with ethanol FFVs.
Flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are based on dual-fuel systems that supply both fuels into the combustion chamber at the same time in various calibrated proportions. The most common fuels used by FFVs today are unleaded gasoline and ethanol fuel. Ethanol FFVs can run on pure gasoline, pure ethanol (E100) or any combination of both.[26][27][30] Methanol has also been blended with gasoline in flex-fuel vehicles known as M85 FFVs, but their use has been limited mainly to demonstration projects and small government fleets, particularly in California.[8]
- taxicabsin the main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics.
- retrofit an ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. This option is popular among taxicab owners in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, allowing users to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as "tri-fuel" cars.[44]
- Flex-fuel Lotus CityCar at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The CityCar is a plug-in hybrid concept car designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol, or methanol as well as regular gasoline.[53]
- In December 2018, Toyota do Brasil announced the development of the world's first commercial hybrid electric car with flex-fuel engine capable of running with electricity and any blend of ethanol fuel and gasoline. The flexible fuel hybrid technology was developed in partnership with several Brazilian federal universities, and a prototype was tested for six months using a Toyota Prius as development mule.[54] Toyota announced plans to start production of a flex hybrid electric car for the Brazilian market in the second half of 2019.[54][55]
History
The Ford Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927, was fitted with a carburetor with adjustable jetting, allowing use of ethanol, gasoline or kerosene (each by itself), or a combination of the first two mentioned fuels.[56][57][58][59] Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use.[13] Henry Ford continued to advocate for ethanol as fuel even during Prohibition. However, cheaper oil caused gasoline to prevail, until the 1973 oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness on the dangers of oil dependence. This crisis opened a new opportunity for ethanol and other alternative fuels, such as methanol, gaseous fuels such as CNG and LPG, and also hydrogen.[8][13] Ethanol, methanol and natural gas were the three alternative fuels that received more attention for research and development, and government support.
Since 1975, and as a response to the shock caused by the first oil crisis, the Brazilian government implemented the National Alcohol Program -
After extensive research that began in the 90s, a second push took place in March 2003, when the Brazilian subsidiary of Volkswagen launched to the market the first full flexible-fuel car, the
In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the first oil crisis, and some time later, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure.
As an answer to the lack of refueling infrastructure, Ford began development of a flexible-fuel vehicle in 1982, and between 1985 and 1992, 705 experimental FFVs were built and delivered to California and Canada, including the 1.6L Ford Escort, the 3.0L Taurus, and the 5.0L LTD Crown Victoria. These vehicles could operate on either gasoline or methanol with only one fuel system. Legislation was passed to encourage the US auto industry to begin production, which started in 1993 for the M85 FFVs at Ford. In 1996, a new FFV Ford Taurus was developed, with models fully capable of running on either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline.[8][73] This ethanol version of the Taurus became the first commercial production of an E85 FFV.[74] The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued, although by the end of the 1990s, the emphasis shifted to the FFV E85 version, as it is today.[8] Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support from the farming community, and thanks to the government's incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies available at the time.[75] Sweden also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles.[76] Support for ethanol also comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses climate change concerns and greenhouse gas emissions, though nowadays these benefits are questioned and depend on the feedstock used for ethanol production and their indirect land use change impacts.[13][77][78][79]
The demand for ethanol fuel produced from
Flexible-fuel vehicles by country
Brazil
Year | Total flex-fuel light-duty vehicles produced |
Flex vehicles as % total light vehicles(1)(2) |
Flex motor- cycles produced |
Flex motor- cycles as % total |
---|---|---|---|---|
2003 | 49,264 | 2.9 | ||
2004 | 332,507 | 15.2 | ||
2005 | 880,941 | 36.7 | ||
2006 | 1,392,055 | 56.4 | ||
2007 | 1,936,931 | 69.1 | ||
2008 | 2,243,648 | 74.7 | ||
2009 | 2,541,153 | 84.0 | 188,494 | 12.2 |
2010 | 2,627,111 | 77.1 | 332,351 | 18.2 |
2011 | 2,550,782 | 80.7 | 956,117 | 44.7 |
2012 | 2,732,060 | 83.9 | 814,110 | 48.2 |
2013 | 2,950,611 | 84.2 | NA | NA |
2014 | 2,637,722 | 88.2 | NA | NA |
2015 | 1,997,757 | 85.4 | NA | NA |
2016 | 1,770,668 | 84.0 | NA | NA |
2017 | 2,130,178 | 81.9 | NA | NA |
Total 2003–17 | 28,773,388 | 70.3 | 2,291,072 | 31.8 |
Sources: Cars and light trucks: ANFAVEA (2003–2017). neat ethanol , flex, and diesel-powered vehicles.
|
Flexible-fuel technology started being developed by Brazilian engineers near the end of the 1990s. The Brazilian flexible fuel car is built with an ethanol-ready engine and one fuel tank for both fuels. The small gasoline reservoir for starting the engine in cold weather, used in earlier
A key innovation in the Brazilian flex technology was avoiding the need for an additional dedicated sensor to monitor the ethanol-gasoline mix, which made the first American M85 flex fuel vehicles too expensive.[89]
Brazilian flex cars are capable of running on just
The flexibility of Brazilian FFVs empowers the consumers to choose the fuel depending on current market prices. As ethanol fuel economy is lower than gasoline because of ethanol's energy content is close to 34% less per unit volume than gasoline,[90][91][92] flex cars running on ethanol get a lower mileage than when running on pure gasoline. However, this effect is partially offset by the usually lower price per liter of ethanol fuel. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the result of seasonal sugar cane harvests.[93][94]
In March 2003
The production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles since 2003 reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010.[97][98] At the end of 2012 registrations of flex-fuel cars and light trucks represented 87% of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012,[99] and climbed to a 94% market share of all new passenger vehicles sales in 2013.[96] Production passed the 20 million-unit mark in June 2013.[100]
By the end of 2014, flex-fuel cars represented 54% of the Brazilian registered stock of light-duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3%.[101] As of June 2015[update], flex-fuel light-duty vehicle sales totaled 25.5 million units.[102] The market share of flex vehicles reached 88.6% of all light-duty registrations in 2017. As of March 2018[update], fifteen years after the launch of the first flex fuel car, there were 30.5 million flex cars and light trucks registered in the country, and 6 million flex motorcycles.[2]
The rapid success of flex vehicles was made possible by the existence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by 2006, a heritage of the early Pró-Álcool ethanol program.[103][104] These facts, together with the mandatory use of E25 blend of gasoline throughout the country,[41] allowed Brazil in 2008 to achieve more than 50% of fuel consumption in the gasoline market from sugar cane-based ethanol.[105][106][107]
According to two separate research studies conducted in 2009, at the national level 65% of the flex-fuel registered vehicles regularly used ethanol fuel, and the usage climbed to 93% in São Paulo, the main ethanol producer state where local taxes are lower, and prices at the pump are more competitive than gasoline.[108] However, as a result of higher ethanol prices caused by the Brazilian ethanol industry crisis that began in 2009, combined with government subsidies to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol, down from 66% in 2009.[109]
One of the latest innovation within the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology is the development of flex-fuel
Europe
Sweden
Flexi-fuel sales in Sweden Sales by year (2001–2014) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year | Sales | Year | Sales |
2001 | 717 |
2008 | 57,628
|
2002 | 1,926 |
2009 | 39,848
|
2003 | 1,669 |
2010 | 35,256
|
2004 | 1,074 |
2011 | 15,379[6]
|
2005 | 17,232 |
2012 | 5,699[6]
|
2006 | 25,868 |
2013 | 2,914[7]
|
2007 | 35,499 |
2014 | 2,427[7]
|
Total 2001–2014 | 243,136
| ||
Sources: 2001–2010 BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation,[5] and 2011–2014 Bil Sweden.[6][7] |
Flexible-fuel vehicles were introduced in Sweden as a demonstration test in 1994, when three
In 2005 both Volvo and Saab introduced to the Sweden market their flexifuel models. Saab began selling its 9-5 2.0 Biopower, joined in 2006 by its 9-5 2.3 Biopower. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[117] In 2007, Saab also started selling a BioPower version of its popular Saab 9-3 line. In 2008 the Saab-derived Cadillac BLS was introduced with E85 compatible engines, and Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged Flexifuel engine.[118]
All flexible-fuel vehicles in Sweden use an E75 winter blend instead of E85 to avoid engine starting problems during cold weather.[18] This blend was introduced since the winter 2006–07 and E75 is used from November until March.[19] For temperature below −15 °C (5 °F) E85 flex vehicles require an engine block heater.[19] The use of this device is also recommended for gasoline vehicles when temperatures drop below −23 °C (−9 °F).[13] Another option when extreme cold weather is expected is to add more pure gasoline in the tank, thus reducing the ethanol content below the E75 winter blend, or simply not to use E85 during extreme low temperature spells.[13][19]
Sweden has achieved the largest E85 flexible-fuel vehicle fleet in Europe, with a sharp growth from 717 vehicles in 2001 to 243,136 through December 2014.
In order to achieve these goals several government incentives were implemented. Ethanol, as the other biofuels, was exempted of both, the CO2 and energy taxes until 2009, resulting in a 30% price reduction at the pump of E85 fuel over gasoline. Furthermore, other demand side incentives for flexifuel vehicle owners include a US$1,800 bonus to buyers of FFVs, exemption from the Stockholm congestion tax, up to 20% discount on auto insurance, free parking spaces in most of the largest cities, owner annual registration taxes, and a 20% tax reduction for flexifuel company cars. Also, a part of the program, the Swedish Government ruled that 25% of their vehicle purchases (excluding police, fire and ambulance vehicles) must be alternative fuel vehicles.[116][120][121] By the first months of 2008, this package of incentives resulted in sales of flexible-fuel cars representing 25% of new car sales.[116]
On the supply side, since 2005 the gasoline fuelling stations selling more than 3 million liters of fuel a year are required to sell at least one type of biofuel, resulting in more than 1,200 gas stations selling E85 by August 2008.[116][120] Despite all the sharp growth of E85 flexifuel cars, by 2007 they represented just two percent of the four million Swedish vehicles.[122] In addition, this law also mandated all new filling stations to offer alternative fuels, and stations with an annual volume of more than one million liters are required to have an alternative fuel pump by December 2009. Therefore, the number of E85 pumps is expected to reach by 2009 nearly 60% of Sweden's 4,000 filling stations.[121]
The Swedish-made
Other European countries
Bioethanol E85 stations European Union, UK and Norway[125] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | Number Stations |
As of (date) |
Stat/106 persons |
Sweden[125] | 1,723 | 2011 | 184.3 |
Hungary[125] | 426 | 2011 | 42.7 |
Germany[125] | 353 | 2011 | 4.3 |
France[125] | 304 | 2011 | 4.6 |
Czech Republic[125] | 169 | 2011 | 16.1 |
Finland[126][127] | 148 | 2020 | ? |
Switzerland[125][128] | 62 | 2011 | 7.9 |
Netherlands[125] | 48 | 2011 | 2.9 |
Ireland[125] | 34 | 2011 | 5.5 |
Austria[125] | 29 | 2011 | 3.5 |
United Kingdom[125][129][130] | 21 | 2011 | 0.34 |
Norway[125] | 19 | 2011 | 2.30 |
Spain[125] | 19 | 2011 | 0.18 |
Note: Only countries with ten or more E85 stations are included. For other countries search here[125][131] |
Flexifuel vehicles are sold in 18 European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.[132][133] Ford, Volvo and Saab are the main automakers offering flexifuel autos in the region.[117][132][134][135]
France
Germany
Biofuel emphasis in Germany is on biodiesel,[120] and no specific incentives have been granted for E85 flex-fuel cars; however, there is complete exemption of taxes on all biofuels while there is a normal tax of €0.65 per liter of petroleum fuels.[120][130] The distribution of E85 began in 2005,[138] and with 219 stations as of September 2008, Germany ranks second after Sweden with the most E85 fueling stations in the EU.[139] As of July 2012 retail prices of E85 was €1.09 per liter, and gasoline was priced at €1.60 per liter (for gasoline RON 95), then providing enough margin to compensate for ethanol's lower fuel economy.[137] Ford has offered the Ford Focus since August 2005 in Germany. Ford is about to offer also the Mondeo and other models as FFV versions between 2008 and 2010. The Saab 9-5 and Saab 9-3 Biopower, the Peugeot 308 Bioflex, the Citroën C4 Bioflex, the Audi A5, two models of the Cadillac BLS, and five Volvo models are also available in the German market by 2008.[140] Since 2011, Dacia offers the Logan MCV with a 1.6l 16v flexfuel engine.
Ireland
Ireland is the third best seller European market of E85 flex-fuel vehicles, after Sweden and France.[141] Bioethanol (E85) in Ireland is made from whey, a waste product of cheese manufacturing.[141] The Irish government established several incentives, including a 50% discount in vehicle registration taxes (VRT), which can account for more than one third of the retail price of a new car in Ireland (around €6,500). The bioethanol element of the E85 fuel is excise-free for fuel companies, allowing retail prices to be low enough to offset the 25 per cent cut in fuel economy that E-85 cars offer, due to ethanol's lower energy content than gasoline. Also, the value added tax (VAT) on the fuel can also be claimed back.[130][141] E-85 fuel is available across the country in more than 20 of Maxol service stations.[142] In October 2005, the 1.8 Ford Focus FFV[143] became the first flexible-fuel vehicle to be commercially sold in Ireland. Later Ford launched the C-max and the Mondeo flexifuel models. Saab and Volvo also have E85 models available.[142]
From 1 January 2011 E85 fuel is no longer excise-free in Ireland. Maxol has announced they will not provide E85 when their current supplies have run out.[144]
Spain
The first flexifuel vehicles were introduced in Spain by late 2007, with the acquisition of 80 cars for use in the Spaniard official government fleet. At that time the country had only three gas stations selling
United Kingdom
The UK government established several incentives for E85 flex-fuel vehicles. These include a fuel duty rebate on E85 fuel of 20
United States
Year | Light-Duty E85 FFVs sold/leased[152] |
Light-Duty E85 FFVs net annual increase* |
Total fleet E85 FFVs in use |
---|---|---|---|
1998 | 216,165 | 144,000 | 144,000 |
1999 | 426,724 | 306,149 | 450,148 |
2000 | 600,832 | 456,947 | 907,096 |
2001 | 581,774 | 466,203 | 1,373,299 |
2002 | 834,976 | 700,719 | 2,074,018 |
2003 | 859,261 | 750,437 | 2,824,455 |
2004 | 674,678 | 609,437 | 3,433,892 |
2005 | 743,948 | 683,217 | 4,117,109 |
2006 | 1,011,399 | 960,287 | 5,077,396 |
2007 | 1,115,069 | 1,076,902 | 6,154,298 |
2008 | 1,175,345 | 1,149,389 | 7,303,687 |
2009 | 805,777 | n.a. | |
2010 | 1,484,945 | n.a. | |
2011 | 2,116,273 | n.a. | |
2012 | 2,466,966 | n.a. | |
2013 | 2,665,470 | n.a. | |
2014 | 2,433,113 | n.a. | |
2015 | 1,881,500 | n.a. | |
2016 | 1,272,091 | n.a. | |
2017 | 1,150,097 | n.a. | |
2018 | 813,774 | n.a. | |
Total | 21,790,445 | n.a.
| |
Note: * Net increase is new FFVs manufactured discounted by the survival rate. Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory[83] |
As of 2017[update], there were more than 21 million E85 flex-fuel vehicles in the United States,[3] up from about 11 million flex-fuel cars and light trucks in operation as of early 2013.[153][154] The number of flex-fuel vehicles on U.S. roads increased from 1.4 million in 2001, to 4.1 million in 2005, and rose to 7.3 million in 2008.[13][83]
For the 2011
The E85 blend is used in gasoline engines modified to accept such higher concentrations of ethanol, and the fuel injection is regulated through a dedicated sensor, which automatically detects the amount of ethanol in the fuel, allowing to adjust both fuel injection and spark timing accordingly to the actual blend available in the vehicle's tank. Because ethanol contains close to 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, E85 FFVs have a lower mileage per gallon than gasoline.[91][92] Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline.[13]
The American E85 flex-fuel vehicle was developed to run on any mixture of unleaded gasoline and ethanol, anywhere from 0% to 85% ethanol by volume. Both fuels are mixed in the same tank, and E85 is sold already blended. In order to reduce ethanol evaporative emissions and to avoid problems starting the engine during cold weather, the maximum blend of ethanol was set to 85%.[14] There is also a seasonal reduction of the ethanol content to E70 (called winter E85 blend) in very cold regions,[16] where temperatures fall below 0 °C (32 °F) during the winter.[14][15] In Wyoming for example, E70 is sold as E85 from October to May.[16]
E85 flex-fuel vehicles are becoming increasingly common in the
Barriers to widespread adoption
A 2005 survey found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex.[13][25] This was because the exteriors of flex and non-flex vehicles look exactly the same; there is no sale price difference between them; the lack of consumers' awareness about E85s; and also the initial decision of American automakers of not putting any kind of exterior labeling, so buyers could be unaware they are purchasing an E85 vehicle.[13][104] Since 2008, all new FFV models in the US feature a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities and proper flex-fuel badging.[29][158][159][160]
Some critics have argued that American automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by a loophole in the
A major restriction hampering sales of E85 flex vehicles, or fueling with E85, is the limited infrastructure available to sell E85 to the public with only 2% of the motor fuel stations offering E85 by March 2014.
Flex fuel conversion kit
A flex fuel conversion kit is a kit that allows a conventional equipment manufactured vehicle to be altered to operate on propane, natural gas, methane gas, ethanol, or electricity are classified as aftermarket AFV conversions. All vehicle conversions, except those that are completed for a vehicle to run on electricity, must meet current applicable U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.[170]
Latest developments
In 2008, Ford delivered the first flex-fuel
In 2008, Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford pledged to manufacture 50 percent of their entire vehicle line as flexible fuel in model year 2012, if enough fueling infrastructure develops.[29][173][174] The Open Fuel Standard Act (OFS), introduced to Congress in May 2011, is intended to promote a massive adoption of flex-fuel vehicles capable of running on ethanol or methanol. The bill requires that 50 percent of automobiles made in 2014, 80 percent in 2016, and 95 percent in 2017, would be manufactured and warranted to operate on non-petroleum-based fuels, which includes existing technologies such as flex-fuel, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, plug-in electric and fuel cell.[175][176][177]
As of December 2014[update], almost half of new vehicles produced by Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors are flex-fuel, meaning roughly one-quarter of all new vehicles sold by 2015 are capable of using up to E85. However, obstacles to widespread use of E85 fuel remain. A 2014 analysis by the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) found that oil companies prevent or discourage affiliated retailers from selling E85 through rigid franchise and branding agreements, restrictive supply contracts, and other tactics. The report showed independent retailers are five times more likely to offer E85 than retailers carrying an oil company brand.[178]
Other countries
Australia
In January 2007 GM brought UK-sourced Saab 9-5 Biopower E85 flex-fuel vehicles to Australia as a trial, in order to measure interest in ethanol-powered vehicles in the country. Saab Australia placed the vehicles with the fleets of the Queensland Government, the media, and some ethanol producers. E85 is not available widely in Australia, but the Manildra Group provided the E85 blend fuel for this trial.[179]
Saab Australia became the first car maker to produce an E85 flex-fuel car for the Australian market with the Saab 9-5 BioPower. One month later launched the new 9-3 BioPower, the first vehicle in Australia to give drivers a choice of three fuels, E85, diesel or gasoline, and both automobiles are sold for a small premium. Australia's largest independent fuel retailer, United Petroleum, announced plans to install Australia's first commercial E85 fuel pumps, one in Sydney and one in Melbourne.[180][181]
Canada
As part of the North American auto market, by 2007 Canada had available 51 models of E85 flex-vehicles, most from Chrysler, Ford and General Motors, including automobiles, pickup trucks, and SUVs.[184] The country had around 1.6 million capable flex fuel E85s on the roads by 2014.[4] However, most users are not aware they own an E85, as vehicles are not clearly labeled as such, and even though the newer models have a yellow cap in the fuel tank informing that the vehicle can handle E85, most users are still not aware because there are very few gas stations offering E85.[185] Another major drawback to greater E85 fuel use is the fact that by June 2008 Canada had only three public E85 pumps, all located in Ontario, in the cities of Guelph, Chatham, and Woodstock.[186][187] E85 fueling is available primarily for fleet vehicles, including 20 government refueling stations not available for the public.[185][186][188] The main feedstocks for E85 production in Canada are corn and wheat,[185] and there were several proposals being discussed to increase the actual use of E85 fuel in FFVs, such as creating an ethanol-friendly highway or ethanol corridor.[186][189]
Colombia
In March 2009 the Colombian government enacted a mandate to introduce E85 flexible-fuel cars. The executive decree applies to all gasoline-powered vehicles with engines smaller than 2.0 liters manufactured, imported, and commercialized in the country beginning in 2012, mandating that 60% of such vehicles must have flex-fuel engines capable of running with gasoline or E85, or any blend of both. By 2014 the mandatory quota is 80% and it will reach 100 percent by 2016. All vehicles with engines bigger than 2.0 liters must be E85 capable starting in 2013. The decree also mandates that by 2011 all gasoline stations must provide infrastructure to guarantee availability of E85 throughout the country.[190] The mandatory introduction of E85 flex-fuels has caused controversy among carmakers, car dealers, gasoline station owners, and even some ethanol producers complained the industry is not ready to supply enough ethanol for the new E85 fleet.[191][192]
India
Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari has emphasised the adoption of alternative fuels which will be import substitutes, cost-effective, pollution-free, indigenous, and discourage the use of Petrol or diesel. During an event held on 20 October 2021, while addressing the media and journalists he has said that the government will ask all vehicle manufacturers to make flex-fuel engines under the Euro VI emission norms in the next six-eight months. Flex-fuel, or flexible fuel, is an alternative fuel made of a combination of gasoline and methanol or ethanol.
Mr. Gadkari has predicted that in the next 15 years, Indian automobile industry will be worth Rs 15 lakh crore and the Government is planning to submit an affidavit in the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India to allow manufacturing of flex-fuel engines under the Euro IV emission norms but for now he said that the Indian Government will ask all vehicle manufacturers to make flex-fuel engines (that can run on more than one fuel) under the Euro VI emission norms in the next 6–8 months.
New Zealand
In 2006 New Zealand began a pilot project with two E85 Ford Focus Flexi-Fuel evaluation cars. The main feedstock used in New Zealand for ethanol production is whey, a by-product of milk production.[193]
Paraguay
Government officials and businessmen from Paraguay began negotiations in 2007 with Brazilian automakers in order to import flex cars that run on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. If successful, Paraguay would become the first destination for Brazilian flex-fuel car exports.[194] In May 2008, the Paraguayan government announced a plan to eliminate import taxes of flex-fuel vehicles and an incentive program for ethanol production.[195] The plan also includes the purchase of 20,000 flex cars in 2009 for the government fleet.[196]
Thailand
In 2006, tax incentives were established in Thailand for the introduction of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an alternative fuel, by eliminating import duties and lowering excise taxes on CNG-compatible cars. Then in 2007, Thai authorities approved incentives for the production of "eco-cars", with the goal of the country to become a regional hub for the production of small, affordable and fuel-efficient cars. Seven automakers joint in the program, Toyota, Suzuki, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Honda, Tata and Volkswagen.[197] In 2008 the government announced priority for E85, expecting these flex-fuel vehicles to become widely available in Thailand in 2009, three years ahead of schedule. The incentives include cuts in excise tax rates for E85-compatible cars and reduction of corporate taxes for ethanol producers to make sure E85 fuel supply will be met.[197][198] This new plan however, brought confusion and protests by the automakers which sign-up for the "eco-cars", as competition with the E85 flex-fuel cars will negatively affect their ongoing plans and investments, and their production lines will have to be upgraded at a high cost for them to produce flex-fuel cars.[197][198] They also complained that flex-fuel vehicles popular in a few countries around the world, limiting their export potential as compared with other engine technologies.[197]
Despite the controversy, the first E85 flexible fuel vehicles were introduced in November 2008. The first two models available in the Thai market were the
Comparison among the leading markets
Comparison of key characteristics among the leading ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle markets | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Brazil | Sweden | U.S. | Units/comments |
Type of flexible-fuel vehicle (fuel used)[13][16] | E20 to E100 | E85 | E85 | Brazil's mandatory blend is E20-E25. Winter E85 is actually E70 in the US and E75 in Sweden. |
Main feedstock used for ethanol consumption[13][116] | Sugar cane |
80% imported | Maize | In 2007, most Swedish ethanol was imported, with a high share from Brazil.[116][120] |
Total flex-fuel vehicles produced/sold[2][3][5] | 36.5 million | 229,400 | 20 million(1) | Brazil as of March 2018, Sweden sales as of September 2013 and U.S. fleet on the road as of December 2016. The Brazilian fleet includes over 6.0 million flex fuel motorcycles. USDOE estimates that in 2009 only 504,297 flex-fuel vehicles were regularly fueled with E85 in the US.[202]
|
Share of flex-fuel vehicles as % of total registered | 22.0% | 4.7% | 4.0% | Brazil's fleet is 64.8 mi (2010),[203] Sweden fleet is 4.8 mi (2008),[204] and US fleet is 248.5 mi (2009).[202] |
Ethanol fueling stations in the country[125][205][206] | 35,017 | 1,723 | 2,757 | Brazil for December 2007, the US and Sweden as of August 2011. |
Ethanol filling stations as % of total[104][116][121][202][206] | 100% | 30% | 1.7% | As % of total fueling gas stations in the country. |
Ethanol fueling stations per million inhabitants | 184.2 | 130.4 | 6.5 | See List of countries by population . Brazil and US as of 2008-09-12, and Sweden as of 2008-06-30.
|
Retail price of E100 (local currency/unit) |
L |
L |
US$2.42/gal | Selected regions:(2)Brazil, May 2019,[207] Sweden, January 2008,[137] and United States, May 2019[208] |
Retail price of gasoline or E25. (local currency/unit) | L |
L |
US$3.17/gal | Prices in Brazil (E25), May 2019,[207] Sweden, May 2019,[137] and United States, May 2019.[208] |
Price economy ethanol/gasoline price as % | 49.0%(2)(3) | 26.8%(2)(3) | 30.9%(2)(3) | Brazil, May 2019, Sweden, May 2019, and United States, May 2019. |
Notes: (1)The effective number of E85 flex vehicles in US roads actually using ethanol fuel is lower than shown, as a survey have shown than 68% of E85 owners are not aware they own a flex-fuel vehicle. São Paulo and Minnesota are main growers of feedstock and producers of ethanol, hence, the comparison presented is one of the most favorable for ethanol/gasoline price ratios. For example, US average spread was 16.9% in August 2008, and it varied from 35% in Indiana to 3% in Utah.[208] See more US price comparisons for most states at e85prices.com, and annual fuel costs for 2008 FFV US models at www.fueleconomy.gov. (3) Brazilian gasoline is heavily taxed (~54%),[210] US ethanol production was subsidized (a US$0.51/gal federal tax credit) until December 2011,[104] and Swedish E85 is exempt of CO2 and energy taxes until 2009 (~30% price reduction).[120][137]
|
List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles
This section needs to be updated.(September 2019) |
Worldwide
Brazil
Europe
- Citroën C4 1.6 BioFlex
- Dacia Duster, Dacia Logan, Dacia Sandero
- Fiat Aegea 1.6 16V E.torQ
- Koenigsegg CCXR
- Peugeot 307 1.6 BioFlex
- Saab 9-5, Saab 9-3
- SEAT Altea XL 1.6 MPI MultiFuel
- Volvo C30 1.8F FlexiFuel, S40 1.8F FlexiFuel, V50 1.8F FlexiFuel, XC60 (concept), V70 2.0F FlexiFuel, S80 2.0F FlexiFuel
Thailand
- Lancer Ex 1.8
- Honda: Civic FB, Civic FC, City 6th gen, CR-V 4th gen, CR-V 5th gen, HR-V, Accord 9th gen, Accord 10th gen
- Toyota: Corolla Altis, C-HR, Camry XV70, Vios, Corolla Cross
- Volvo: S60 DRIVe, S80 2.5FT
- Ford: Focus 1.5 EcoBoost
- Chevrolet: Captiva 2.4 Ecotec E85, Cruze 1.8 Ecotec E85
- 3 VTi-TECH HS TGI
- GLA 200
United States
See also
- Alternative propulsion
- Battery electric vehicle
- Bivalent (engine)
- Butanol fuel
- Clean Cities
- Common ethanol fuel mixtures
- Ethanol fuel by country
- Food vs fuel
- Natural gas vehicle
- Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
- Vehicle conversion
References
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{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
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