Florence Baker
Florence Baker | |
---|---|
Nagyenyed, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire | |
Died | 11 March 1916 Newton Abbot, Devon, England | (aged 74)
Nationality | British |
Other names | Florence Barbara Marie Finnian; Maria Freiin von Sass; Barbara Maria Szász |
Known for | an orphan who became a slave, explored the Nile, and died an English lady |
Spouse | Sir Samuel Baker |
Florence, Lady Baker, or Florence Barbara Marie Finnian: or Florica Maria Sas; or Maria Freiin von Sas; or Barbara Maria Szász (6 August 1841 – 11 March 1916) was a Hungarian-born British explorer. Born in Transylvania (then in the Kingdom of Hungary), she became an orphan when her parents and brother were murdered by the Romanian marauders led by Ioan Axente Sever and Simion Prodan who killed approximately 1000 predominantly Hungarian civilians in Nagyenyed on 8–9 January, 1849. She fled with the remains of the Hungarian army to the Ottoman Empire, to Vidin. Here she disappeared as child only to be seen in 1859 by Samuel Baker who rescued her. While Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh and in 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest. On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube. The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market. There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, Florence, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin. He was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants and they ran away in a carriage together and eventually she became his lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed. They are reported to have married, most probably in Bucharest, before going to Dubrushka, but Sir Samuel certainly promised that they would go through another ceremony on their return to England – where they had a family wedding in 1865.
Together they went in search of the source of the River Nile and found
Early life
Some sources say that Florence Baker began life in 1841 in Nagyenyed, Hungary (today Aiud, Romania) as Barbara Maria von Sas.[1] The story handed down in the Baker family is that she was the daughter of a Székely officer from a Hungarian noble family, who had estates in Transylvania, called von Sas (a branch of the von Sass family) and whilst she was young, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 "her father and brothers had been killed before her eyes".[2] As an adolescent, she spoke Hungarian, German, Romanian, and Turkish.[3] She may have been fourteen when she was being sold as a slave in Vidin, a town and fortified port on the River Danube in what was then the Ottoman Empire and is now in Bulgaria, in January 1859.[1] According to certain accounts, she was destined to be owned by the Pasha of Vidin, but she had been spotted by Samuel Baker.[4] He and Maharaja Duleep Singh were both on a hunting trip. Samuel Baker bribed the guards and Florence was allowed to escape into his ownership.[5]
Africa
Samuel Baker took her to Africa where he was leading an expedition to find the source of the
Florence and Samuel Baker discovered
Arriving in England, they lived at Hedenham Hall in Norfolk.
They were married on 4 November 1865 at St James's Church, Piccadilly, when Florence’s name was given as Florence Barbara Marie Finnian and the name of her father as "Matthew Finnian, Gentleman decd."[8]
When Samuel Baker was knighted she became Lady Baker. The details of how they met was meant to be kept secret but the story circulated and this resulted in Queen Victoria deciding to exclude Baker from court.[9]
In 1869 Samuel was invited by
Later life
In 1873 she and her husband started living at their house, Sandford Orleigh, at Newton Abbot in Devon. General Gordon arrived in February 1883 and requested that Samuel assist him in evacuating people from the besieged Khartoum during the Mahdist War in Egypt.[5] Florence would be required on such a journey. However, Florence would not go back to Africa and her husband would not travel without her. Sir Samuel Baker died in 1893.[1]
In the 1901 United Kingdom census, Florence B. M. Baker was still living at Sandford, Orleigh, Highweek, and her age was stated as 58, her place of birth as Hungary. She was living with Ethel L. Baker, a 46-year-old step-daughter and eight servants, including a cook and a footman.[11]
Florence Baker died in Devon and was buried with the remains of her husband.[1]
Legacy
The Bakers appear in a painting called "Samuel Baker (1821–93) and the Discovery of Lake Albert" by Severino Baraldi .
Together with Delia Akeley, Christina Dodwell, Mary Kingsley and Alexine Tinne, she was one of the five subjects chosen for a 1997 book on women explorers in Africa.[12]
A memorial plaque commemorating her travels was unveiled by László Kövér, Speaker of the Hungarian National Assembly on 4 March 2019, on the 155th anniversary of her trip to search for the source of the Nile. The memorial plaque is on the shore of the Nile, in the Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Dorothy Middleton, 'Baker, Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 5 Sept 2015
- ISBN 9780718304324.
- ISBN 978-0-7043-3365-9.
- ^ Science historian chronicles true story of Lady Florence Baker, Penn State University, 3 February 2004, Retrieved 4 September 2015
- ^ a b Journey up the Nile to go from a slave girl to an English lady, TES, 30 October 2004, Retrieved 11 September 2015
- ^ Stanley and the White Heroes in Africa (etc.) (H. B. Scammel, 1890)
- ^ a b Thomas Paul Ofcansky, 'Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821–1893)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 Sept 2015
- ^ Marriages Solemnized in the Parish of St James Westminster in the County of Middlesex, 1864–1866, "No. 389", 4 November 1865, ancestry.co.uk, accessed 20 January 2023
- ^ Wilson, Francis (29 March 2004). "What am I bid for this Lady?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Sir Samuel White Baker Archived 2018-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, Newton Abbot museum, Retrieved 11 September 2015
- ^ 1901 United Kingdom census, Sandford, Orleigh, Highweek, ancestry.co.uk, accessed 20 January 2023 (subscription required)
- ^ Margo McLoone, Women explorers in Africa: Christina Dodwell, Delia Akeley, Mary Kingsley, Florence von Sass-Baker, and Alexandrine Tinne (Capstone Press, 1997)
Further reading
- Shipman, Pat. The Stolen Woman: Florence Baker's Extraordinary Life from the Harem to the Heart of Africa (Bantam Press, 2004)
External links
- Media related to Florence Baker at Wikimedia Commons