Fluid
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In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force.[1] They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Although the term fluid generally includes both the liquid and gas phases, its definition varies among branches of science. Definitions of solid vary as well, and depending on field, some substances can have both fluid and solid properties.[2] Non-Newtonian fluids like Silly Putty appear to behave similar to a solid when a sudden force is applied.[3] Substances with a very high viscosity such as pitch appear to behave like a solid (see pitch drop experiment) as well. In particle physics, the concept is extended to include fluidic matters other than liquids or gases.[4] A fluid in medicine or biology refers to any liquid constituent of the body (body fluid),[5][6] whereas "liquid" is not used in this sense. Sometimes liquids given for fluid replacement, either by drinking or by injection, are also called fluids[7] (e.g. "drink plenty of fluids"). In hydraulics, fluid is a term which refers to liquids with certain properties, and is broader than (hydraulic) oils.[8]
Physics
Fluids display properties such as:
- lack of resistance to permanent deformation, resisting only relative rates of deformation in a dissipative, frictional manner, and
- the ability to flow (also described as the ability to take on the shape of the container).
These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium. By contrast, solids respond to shear either with a spring-like restoring force—meaning that deformations are reversible—or they require a certain initial stress before they deform (see plasticity).
Solids respond with restoring forces to both shear stresses and to
Both solids and liquids have free surfaces, which cost some amount of
.Modelling
In a solid, shear stress is a function of
The behavior of fluids can be described by the
- continuity (conservation of mass),
- conservation of linear momentum,
- conservation of angular momentum,
- conservation of energy.
The study of fluids is
Classification of fluids
Depending on the relationship between shear stress and the rate of strain and its derivatives, fluids can be characterized as one of the following:
- Newtonian fluids: where stress is directly proportional to rate of strain
- Non-Newtonian fluids: where stress is not proportional to rate of strain, its higher powers and derivatives.
Newtonian fluids follow
Fluids may be classified by their compressibility:
- Compressible fluid: A fluid that causes volume reduction or density change when pressure is applied to the fluid or when the fluid becomes supersonic.
- Incompressible fluid: A fluid that does not vary in volume with changes in pressure or flow velocity (i.e., ρ=constant) such as water or oil.
Newtonian and incompressible fluids do not actually exist, but are assumed to be for theoretical settlement. Virtual fluids that completely ignore the effects of viscosity and compressibility are called perfect fluids.
See also
References
- ^ "Fluid | Definition, Models, Newtonian Fluids, Non-Newtonian Fluids, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- from the original on 2021-05-07.
- ^ Kroen, Gretchen Cuda (2012-04-11). "Silly Putty for Potholes". Science. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
- S2CID 73477792.
- ^ "Fluid (B.1.b.)". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. IV F–G (1978 reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1933 [1901]. p. 358. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- ^ "body fluid". Taber's online – Taber's medical dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- PMID 14988184.
- ^ "What is Fluid Power?". National Fluid Power Association. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
With hydraulics, the fluid is a liquid (usually oil)
- Bird, Robert Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edward N. (2007). Transport Phenomena. New York: Wiley, Revised Second Edition. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-471-41077-5.
