Folk costume
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A folk costume (also regional costume, national costume, traditional clothing, traditional garment or traditional regalia) expresses a
Following the rise of romantic nationalism[5] in parts of Europe, pre-industrial peasantry came to serve as models for all that appeared genuine and desirable. These garments may be made from traditional pre-industrial textiles, in regional styles.
In areas where Western dress codes have become typical, traditional garments are often worn during special events or celebrations, particularly those connected to cultural tradition, heritage, or pride. International events may cater to non-Western attendees with a compound dress code such as "business suit or national dress".
There are also contemporary societies in which traditional garments are required by
Africa
Central Africa
- (male); dress is highly dependent on region and tribe
- Pagne, boubou
- pagne
- Pagne, Liputa style of dress, kuba cloth
- Equatorial Guinea – Pano
- Pagne, boubou
- São Tomé and Príncipe – Pano, boubou
Eastern Africa
- Burundi – Imvutano
- (male)
- Djibouti – Macawiis (male), Koofiyad (male), Dirac (female), Garbasaar (female); the Afar people have their style of traditional clothing.
- Eritrea – Kidan Habesha (male), zuria or Habesha kemis (female)
- Ethiopia – Ethiopian suit or Kidan Habesha (male), Habesha kemis (female); each ethnic group has a traditional style of dress.
- Madagascar – Lamba
- Mauritius and Réunion – Sega dress
- Rwanda – Mushanana
- Seychelles – Kanmtole dress
- Somalia – Kanzu or Khamiis, Macawiis (male), Kitenge, Koofiyad (male), Dirac (female), Guntiino (female), Garbasaar (female)
- Sudan – Jalabiyyah, Taqiyyah, and Turban (male), Toob, a cotton women's dress (female)
- kanga (female);[14]varies by tribe
- Uganda – Kanzu and Kofia (male), Gomesi (female), Mushanana (Female - South Western Uganda)
Northern Africa
-
- Northern Algeria – Karakou (Algiers); labsa Naïlia (Ouled Naïl); labsa M'zabia (Mozabite people)
- Northeast – Gandoura Annabiya (Annaba); qashabiya, melhfa chaouïa (Chaoui people); labsa Kbaylia (Kabyle people); binouar Staifi (Sétif)
- Northwest – Blouza (Oran); chedda of Tlemcen
- Southern Algeria – Tagelmust, akhebay (Tuareg people)
- Western Algeria – El-melhfa Sahraoui (Sahrawis)
- Northern Algeria – Karakou (Algiers); labsa Naïlia (Ouled Naïl); labsa M'zabia (Mozabite people)
- Galabeya
- Libya – Jellabiya, farmla (embroidered vest), fouta
- takchita(female)
- Darra'a (male), el-melhfa Sahraoui(female)
Southern Africa
- Angola – Pano
- Botswana - leteisi and Tshega
- Lesotho – Shweshwe clothing and blankets, Mokorotlo
- Malawi – Chitenje
- Mozambique – Capulana[15]
- Namibia[15] – Herero traditional clothing, like the ohorokova dress[16]
- South Africa –
- Zambia – Chitenje
- Zimbabwe – ibhetshu,isidwaba,isicholoChitenje
Western Africa
- Aso Oke Hat (male), Buba and wrapper set(female)
- Burkina Faso – Batakari (male), Kaftan (female)
- Cape Verde – Pano de terra
- Côte d'Ivoire – Kente cloth (male), Kente kaba and slit set(female)
- (female)
- Ghana – Kente cloth or Ghanaian smock (called fugu or batakari)[17] and kufi (male), Kente kaba and slit set (female), agbada (male)
- Guinea – Boubou (male), Kaftan (female)
- Guinea-Bissau – Ethnic clothes of Guinea-Bissau; for example: Fula: Boubou (male), Kaftan (female)
- Liberia – Dashiki suit and Kufi (male), Buba and skirt set (female)
- bogolan[17]
- Darra'a (male), Melhfa(female)
- (female)
- Aso Oke Hat (male), Buba and wrapper set(female); every ethnic group has their style of traditional dress, worn mostly for special occasions such as weddings and national holidays.
- Senegal – Senegalese kaftan and Kufi (male), Kaftan (female)
- Togo - Batakari, Agbada or Ewe kente cloth (male), Pagne or kente kaba (female)
Asia
Central Asia
- Tajikistan – Chapan, tubeteika, turban, paranja
- Kazakhstan[18] – Shapan, zhargak, zhegde, kalpak, jargaq shapa (male), saukele, kimeshek, koylek (female), shalbar, kupe (male and female)
- Kyrgyzstan[18] – Chapan, terishym (salwar), kalpak (male), saukele, beldemchi, koylek, elechek (female), koinok (male and female)
- Turkmenistan – Chapan
- Uzbekistan – Khalat, tubeteika, chapan, turban, paranja
East Asia
- China – Cheongsam, changshan and hanfu (de facto; each ethnic group of China has their own traditional costume)
- Han Chinese – Tangzhuang, cheongsam, changsan and hanfu (shenyi, ruqun, shanku)
- )
- Mongols – Deel
- Tibetan – Chuba
- junihitoe, sokutai
- Fukuoka Prefecture – Mizu happi and shime-komi
- Hokkaido – Ainu clothing, such as a tepa, a sacred belt called raun kut or upsoro kut, a konci (hood), hos (leggings), and grass skin jackets like tetarabe and utarbe; ceremonial garments include a sapanpe and a matanpushi
- Ryukyu – Ryusou
- Okinawa – Kariyushi shirt
- chosŏn-ot (North Korea)
- Mongolia – Deel
- Taiwan –
- Han Taiwanese – Cheongsam, changshan and hanfu
- Taiwanese indigenous peoples – traditional garments such as the ibibogo (men's daily jacket) and dalabu (women's daily top) (Rukai),[19] the pearl-adorned shirts and skirts of the Tayal,[20] and the hundred-pace viper design of the Bunun.[21]
North Asia
- Russia (Urals, Siberian Federal District, and Far Eastern Siberia) – Clothing of Siberian nationalities (Buryats, Yakuts, Altaians, amongst others)
- Buryatia — Deel
- Tuva – Deel
- Altai Republic —
- Southern Altaians — ton (fur coat), sürü bӧrük (cap), kaptal (overcoat), and the chegedek (Altai-Kizhi) or chedek (Telengits), a sleeveless cloak historically the daily and ceremonial wear of married women, now worn only as bridal attire or during festive occasions[22]
South Asia
- niqab(female)
- (female)
- kira, wonju, rachus (female)
- Malayali people of Kerala), dupatta (female), churidar (men and women); traditional dress of the Monpa people
- Maldives[23] – Dhivehi libaas, feyli, buruga (women) and Dhivehi mundu (men)
- Rai, Limbu(bakku, chuwa) clothing
- Pakistan[26] – Peshawari turban, shalwar kameez, churidar (male), shalwar kameez and dupatta (female), pagri (men and women)
- Sri Lanka[23] – Lama Sariya, Kandyan saree (Sinhalese), Nivi draped saree (female) and jathika anduma, mul anduma, kavaniya (male)
Southeast Asia
- Tudung(female)
- Chang kben
- East Timor[28] – Tais mane, tais feto
- Indonesia[28] – There are numerous national and regional clothing in Indonesia due to the diversity of cultures that make up the island nation; they include:
- Batak tribe – Ulos (tenun fabric)
- Tudung, Sarong(female).
- Papua – Koteka
- pha biang, sinh
- Tudung(female); every state has its style of baju including a special baju for the Federal Territories.
- Myanmar[28] – Longyi, gaung baung, taipon (male), thummy, eingyi (female)
- Philippines – Barong (male) and Baro't saya; Maria Clara gown, Terno (female), Malong, Patadyong, Tapis, Salakot
- Singapore –
- Changpao(male)
- Indian Singaporeans – Sari (Female), Dhoti (Male), Kurta
- Malay Singaporeans – Baju Melayu (Male), Baju Kurung (female), Sarong
- Baju Lokchuan(male)
- Sabai
West Asia
- Armenia — Armenian dress (taraz) includes the arkhalig (long jacket), arakhchin, burka, chokha, kalpak, papakha, shalvar
- Azerbaijan — Azerbaijani traditional clothing include the arkhalig, chokha, kelaghayi, kalpak
- Cyprus — Zimbouni (waistcoat), vraka (men's breeches), and saiya (women's formal festival dress)
- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus— Cepken (yelek) vest, salta, yazma, potur, boynuz kemer
- Sanjabiselte (jacket), chokho-raanak (trousers)
- dishdasha, Kurdish clothing, agal
- Jordan – Keffiyeh, bisht, thawb, Bedouin clothing
- Dishdasha, keffiyeh
- Palestinian embroidery.
- Qatar – Thawb, keffiyeh
- niqab, Hejazi turban
- Çarık,Cepken-Yelek, Boynuz Kemer - Horn belt
- visor
- niqab
Europe
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Western dress codes and corresponding attires |
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Eastern Europe
- Belarus – slutsk stash, the national type of wimple (namitka)
- Georgia – chokha (every region has its own specific design of Chokha), Papakha
- Ossetia – Chokha
- for colder weather
- in cold weather
- Mordovia – Mordovian national costumes
- Ukraine – national costumes of Ukraine include the Vyshyvanka, Sharovary, Żupan, and Ukrainian wreath[31]
Central Europe
- .
- Czech Republic – kroje
- Germany – Every state has its own specific design of a national costume (Tracht). For example, Bavaria's well-known tracht: Lederhosen and Dirndl.
- Hungary – elements of Hungarian folk costumes include pendely (linen underskirt), gatya (pleated skirt-like pants), elejbőr (sheepskin vest-like item), kacagány (fur pelt), and ködmön (sheepskin coat)[32]
- Poland – czamara, żupan, kontusz, rogatywka; there are many regional styles, including those of Łowicz, Kurpie Zielone, Biłgoraj, Lachy Sądeckie, Kraków, Podhale, Szamotuły, and Kaszuby[33]
- Slovakia – kroje
Northern Europe
- Denmark – Folkedragt
- Føroysk klæði
- Greenland – Anorak
- Estonia – Rahvarõivad,[34] also known as rahvariided
- Þjóðbúningurinn
- costume
- Latvia – Latvian national costumes (tautastērpi) vary by region[36]
- Mažoji Lietuva) have related but distinguishable folk dress[37]
- United Kingdom – Every constituent country has its own national costume.
- English clogs
- Northern England – Maud, Flat cap
- Lancashire – Lancashire shawl, clogs
- Northeast – Rapper dance costumes, Northumberland kilts and tartan
- Southern England – Smock
- bal-maiden clothing, Cornish kilts and tartans
- Pearly kings and queens
- Northern England – Maud, Flat cap
- Northern Ireland – Similar to the rest of Ireland
- ghillies.
- blue bonnet
- Wales – Traditional Welsh costume
Southern Europe
- espadrilles
- Bulgaria – Every town has its own design of a national costume (nosia), with different types of clothing items traditional for each of the ethnographic regions of the country.[41][42]
- Croatia – Croatian national costume, Lika cap, Šibenik cap
- Greece – Fustanella, Breeches (Vraka), Amalia costume.
- Aegean sea.
- Italy – Italian folk dance costumes;
- South Tyrol – Tracht and Dirndl
- Sardinia – Every town has its design of the traditional folk costume (see also Sardinian people for more information).
- Coppola, Arbereshecostumes
- Kosovo – Traditional clothing of Kosovo, Qeleshe, Tirq, Xhubleta, Xhamadan, Opinga
- Malta – Għonnella
- Montenegro – Montenegrin cap
- North Macedonia – Macedonian national costume
- Portugal – Every region has its own specific design of a national costume. The most famous costumes come from Viana do Castelo and Nazaré.
- Romania – Romanian dress
- Slovenia – Gorenjska narodna noša
- Spain – Every autonomous region has its own national costume.
- espadrilles
- Canary Islands - Every island has its specific style of traditional dress. Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre designed a costume in Gran Canaria in 1934 to serve as pan-islander costume for all islands, but only caught on in Gran Canaria, being specific to its capital city Las Palmas.
- Catalonia - Barretina, Faixa
- Galicia - Each province has its regional costume.
Western Europe
- Belgium – Bleu sårot (Wallonia)
- France – Every administrative region has a style of folk costume, varying by department. For example, Brittany, with Breton costume varying by department and predominantly used in Cercles celtiques, pardons and festivals.
- Liechtenstein – Tracht, Dirndl
- klompen.
- Switzerland - Every canton has a specific design of national dress. The most famous Swiss costumes come mainly from the German-speaking cantons of Appenzell, Bern and Zug.
North America
Caribbean
- Antigua and Barbuda – plaid dress, with white pinafore for women, designed by Heather Doram
- costumes can be considered folk costume but fall more into the sector of carnival dress than traditional garment.
- Cuba – Guayabera, panama hat (male), guarachera[43] (female)
- Dominican Republic – Chacabana, panama hat
- Dominica – Madras
- Haiti – Karabela dress (female), Shirt jacket (male)
- Jamaican Tam
- Puerto Rico – Guayabera, panama hat (male), enaguas[43] (female)
- St. Lucia – Madras
- Trinidad and Tobago – Tobago has an Afro-Tobagonian Creole culture with the Bélé costumes as their typical garment, commonly made of madras. Trinidad, however, has no defined national garment; the two major ethnic groups in the island wear the following during cultural occasions:
- Afro-Trinidadians - Shirt jacket or Dashiki (male), Booboo (female)
- Indo-Trinidadian - Kurta, Dhoti, Sherwani (male), Sari, Choli, Lehenga (female)
Central America
- - All tribes wear distinct kinds of Mayan dress.
- Guatemala – Huipil, Corte skirt, Tocado (female), Todosantero suit (male)
- Nicaragua – Huipil, Rebozo (female), Cotona (male)
- Panama – Pollera (female), Montuno (male)
Northern America
- Bermuda – Bermuda shorts
- Canada:
- Cowichan sweater, war bonnet. Many communities prefer the word "Regalia" to denote their folk dress.
- Big Joe Mufferaw.
- Scottish highland dancecompetitions.
- Newfoundland - Traditional mummers dress in masks and baggy clothes in Christmas season celebrations; the Cornish influence has also brought yellow oilskins and sou'westers as typical wear in coastal areas.
- Nunavut and other Inuit communities – Parka, mukluks, amauti
- Prairies – Cowboy costume is common on events such as the Calgary Stampede; often worn with Calgary White Hats.
- tuque
- China Poblanadress (female); every state has a typical folk dress, for example:
- Chiapas – Chiapaneca
- , conserve traditional apparel.
- Oaxaca: Tehuana
- Querétaro, Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí - Quechquemitl
- Tamaulipas Cuera tamaulipeca
- Veracruz - Guayabera
- Yucatán – Guayabera (male), Huipil (female)
- United States:
- Alaska – Kuspuks, worn with dark pants and mukluks, as well as parkas are traditional native wear.
- Hawaii – See the Oceania section, below
- prairie skirts, and bolo ties.
- Utah – Mormons may dress in 19th-century pioneer clothing for Mormon trek-related activities and events.
- American Buffalo plaid mackinaw jackets, and a knit cap or, in the case of the Upper Peninsula, a Stormy Kromer cap. A good example is seen in the typical attire of Paul Bunyan, a folk hero popular in areas where logging was a common occupation, as well as lumberjacksworking in the area.
- The Amish (mostly found in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana) follow a style of plain dress.
- string ties for men, and sun hats and large Southern belle-style dresses for women.
- madrasfabrics, but it is now sometimes worn for heritage events or cultural reasons.
- South Carolina and Georgia – Gullah communities in the South Carolina Lowcountry and Sea Islands preserve the traditional African-style clothing and culture.
- Nantucket – Summer residents of Nantucket will often wear Nantucket Reds.
- Various styles of breech clouts, and war bonnets or roaches.
- New York – According to folklorist Washington Irving, knickerbockers similar to the breeches of the Pilgrims and Founding Fathers were traditionally worn by many wealthy Dutch families in 19th century New York. Historically, these short pants remained commonplace among young urban American boys until the mid 20th century.
Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
- Australia
- possum cloak
- Torres Strait Islands – Augemwalli
- New Zealand
- Māori – Piupiu, korowai or kakahu huruhuru.
- shorts.
Melanesia
- Indo-Fijian traditional and religious clothing originating in South Asia[44]
- New Caledonia – Manou, robes mission[45]
- Papua New Guinea – Meri blaus, lap-lap, koteka, bilum (traditional string bags),[46][47] grass covers[47]
- Solomon Islands – Tapa cloth,[48][49] grass skirts, kap-kap,[50] breastplates (called tema, tambe, or tepatu),[51] kabilato, aba obi (women), fo’osae (men)[52]
- Vanuatu[53] – Aelan dress, lap-lap
Micronesia
- Federated States of Micronesia - Lap-lap (male), Grass skirt (female)
- Palau - Lap-lap (male), Grass skirt (female)
Polynesia
- Cook Islands – Pareo
- French Polynesia – Pareo
- Holokū, Pāʻū (skirt; can be made of kapa cloth or grass; modern variations are textile cloth-based with Hawaiian leaf and flower motifs), Malo (loincloth)
- 'ie togaclothing
- Ta'ovala, Tapa cloth
South America
- Argentina – Gaucho costume; every province has a specific design of poncho, with the poncho salteño being the most recognized.
- Bolivia – Poncho, Chullo, Andean pollera
- Brazil – Each region has its own traditional costume.
- Bahia – Baiana and Abadá
- Brazilian carnival or Samba costumes for Rio de Janeiro.
- festa juninas.
- Rio Grande Do Sul.
- Indigenous clothes for many states within the Amazônia Legal area
- Northeastern Cangaceiroclothing
- Chile – Huaso costume: Chamanto, Chupalla
- Sombrero Vueltiao, ruana, white shirt, trousers and alpargatas (male), blouse, Cumbia pollera, Sombrero vueltiao and alpargatas(female); every region has a distinct costume.
- Ecuador – Poncho, Panama hat
- Guyana - Guyana is unique among South American nations to not have a designated style of national dress. Every ethnic group wears their cultural clothing during important events or occasions:
- Afro-Guyanese - Dashiki or Shirt jacket (male), Booboo (female)
- Indo-Guyanese - Kurta, Sherwani, Churidar (male), Sari, Lehenga (female)
- Every indigenous tribe wears their tribal clothes during culture events or important occasions.
- Paraguay – Ao po'i
- Peru – Chullo, Poncho, Andean pollera
- Pangi cloth
- Uruguay – Gaucho costume
- Venezuela – Llanero costume (Liqui liqui and pelo e' guama hat; men), Joropo dress and pelo e' guama hat (women)
Gallery
Africa
-
Modern illustration of anNew Kingdom
-
AYoruba man in a traditional agbada
-
Toghu or tugh, the official traditional regalia of Cameroon
-
Variety of cultural dress of the Oromo people in Ethiopia
-
A Maasai woman in her finest clothes
-
Rwandan dancers wearing imishanana
-
Mozambican woman wearing a capulana
-
Zulu traditional attire in South Africa
-
Basotho women wearing traditional blankets in Lesotho
-
Kamntole clothes in Seychelles
-
ASakalava musician in Madagascar wearing a traditional lamba
Asia
-
Examples of ancient Babylonian dress
-
Ancient Assyrian clothing
-
headwear in Omen
-
Traditional Yemenite Jewish gargush
-
Woman from Ramallah wearing traditional Palestinian dress, including a taqsireh and smadeh (c. 1929–1946)
-
Traditional Azerbaijani dress, including kelaghayi
-
A group of Baloch men wearing traditional dress, including Balochi shalwar kameez
-
A variety of cultural clothing from acrosssalwar kameez, and dupatta
-
ABangladeshi bridal handloom sari
-
Thai traditional dress
-
Two Malay women wearing Baju Kurung
-
Vietnamese traditional áo ngũ thân
-
A youngFilipina wearing a Maria Clara gownor traje de mestiza
-
Paiwan and Rukai people in Sandimen, Pingtung County, Taiwan celebrate a harvest festival in traditional dress
-
Amis/Pangcah tribe members (from the Fata'an group) performing a group dance at the 2016 Amis Music Festival in Dulan, Taiwan
-
An example of traditional dress in China
-
A woman and man wearing traditionalKorean hanbok
Europe
-
Statues of a woman and man wearing Ancient Greek himation
-
An example ofGreekfolk dress
-
Turkish folk dancer in traditional dress
-
Bulgarian traditional folk costume
-
Romanian teens in traditional dress
-
Hungarian folk dress
-
A traditionalkroj
-
An example of Russian festive folk dress, including a rubakha (shirt), poneva (skirt), perednik (apron), and platok (shawl)
-
Girls wearing regional Aukštaičių-style folk dresses in Kaunas
-
Faroese folk dance club with some members in national costumes
-
Andalusian women wearing trajes de flamenca
North America
-
Twoamautiit (skirted style, akuliq) in Nunavut(1995)
-
Alaska Native dancer performing in a kuspuk
-
Cowichan sweaterfeaturing the Thunderbird design
-
UnidentifiedFort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan
-
A Siksika Blackfoot capote; the capote is seen as the traditional coat of the Métis, some Prairie First Nations and French-Canadian Voyageurs
-
Winnemem Wintu chief Caleen Sisk in traditional dress (2009)
-
A modern-daydog soldier wearing a feathered headdress during a powwow at the Indian Summer festival in Henry Maier Festival Park, Milwaukee
-
Ulster-American folk costume worn in a museum in Northern Ireland; Ulster Americans primarily lived in the Appalachian region
-
An Amish family in traditional plain dress
-
Quezquémetl of the Huasteca Potosina
-
China Poblana dress, emblematic of Pueblaand sometimes considered the national costume of Mexico
-
YoungAntigua, Guatemala
-
Mayan folk clothing in Guatemala
-
A woman wearing a traditional Guadeloupean dress
Oceania
-
Perth, Australia
-
piupiu
-
Piupiu worn at a ceremony at New Zealand Parliament
-
Samoan canoe performers in traditional dress
-
Tongan college students performing the kailaodance (1988)
-
A just-marriedTongan couple wearing their wedding taʻovala
-
Young boys wearing traditional Tongan Tupenu
-
Hawaiian musicians wearing traditional dress, including a muumuu
-
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
-
Tahitian woman in festive regalia (ca 1906)
-
Traditional music, dance, and dress of Rapa Nui people (Easter Island)
-
People performing a welcome ceremony in traditional dress on the Ulithi atoll
-
Traditional dress during a ceremony in Palau to celebrate a first time mother
-
Kanak women wearing Robes mission
-
Huli Wigman from Papua New Guinea in festive regalia
-
Examples of traditional dress in Fiji
-
Men wearing traditionalN'gol ceremony on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu(1992)
South America
-
A Guna woman wearing a Mola
-
Gabriel García Márquez wearing a liqui liqui, the national costume for men in Venezuela
-
A Surinamese woman wearing the traditional koto (c. 1910)
-
Wayuu women in the Guajira Peninsula, which comprises parts of Colombia and Venezuela
-
Guambía peoplerelaxing in Colombia
-
A Cumbia (Colombia) dancer holding a Sombrero vueltiao
-
Shaman of the Cofán people from the Amazon rainforest in present-day Ecuador
-
HuaoraniNation of Ecuador, in traditional dress
-
A Peruvian man in traditional dress
-
A Mapuche man in present-day Chile
-
An Indigenous woman in traditional dress nearCochabamba, Bolivia
-
Baiana dress from Brazil
-
Women wearing baiana dresses in Salvador, Bahia
-
Enawene Nawe man from Mato Grosso
-
Pataxó man at the ninth edition of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
-
Young Terena woman at the closing ceremony of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
-
Kuikuro men at the closing ceremony of the ninth edition of the Indigenous Peoples Games in Brazil
-
Argentinian man wearing Gaucho clothes
Notes
- better source needed]
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- ^ Arce, Isis (4 February 2019). "Native Regalia is NOT a Costume!". Voices of Native Youth. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ Higgins, Julissa (7 May 2018). "Opinion: Why It's Time to Stop Using the Word "Garb"". The Fashion Studies Journal. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ Martinez, Gimeno; Leerssen, Joep (2022). "Dress, design : Introductory survey essay". Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe. Amsterdam: Study Platform on Interlocking Nationalisms. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
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- ^ ISBN 9783110428612.
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- ^ Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Central Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Traditional Tuesday: Cameroon edition". Nene Fashion. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Rabimov, Stephan (July 12, 2017). "Gabon's 'Heritage' On Display At The New York Fashion Week: Men's". Forbes. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
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- ^ a b c Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Eastern Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Southern Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Kanungo, Pallavi (February 23, 2023). "Ohorokova: The African attire born out of protest". HT School. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Western Africa". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b Chatterjee, Saheli. "Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Central Asia". YOAIR Blog. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "The Clothing of Taiwan's Indigenous People– Men and Women's Clothes". Digital Taiwan - Culture & Nature. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Dress and Dressing Up". Taiwan Memory Exhibition. National Central Library. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
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