Scottish folk music

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Folk music of Scotland
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Lonach Pipe band, Edinburgh Scotland, 2009. Pipe bands are among the most recognizable forms of traditional Scottish music.

Scottish folk music (also Scottish traditional music) is a

Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547. The Highlands in the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmons, MacArthurs, MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairloch. There is also evidence of adoption of the fiddle in the Highlands. Well-known musicians included the fiddler Pattie Birnie and the piper Habbie Simpson. This tradition continued into the nineteenth century, with major figures such as the fiddlers Niel and his son Nathaniel Gow. There is evidence of ballads
from this period. Some may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century. They remained an oral tradition until they were collected as folk songs in the eighteenth century.

The earliest printed collection of secular music comes from the seventeenth century. Collection began to gain momentum in the early eighteenth century and, as the Kirk's opposition to music waned, there was a flood of publications including

The Scots Musical Museum (1787 to 1803) by James Johnson and Robert Burns. From the late nineteenth century there was renewed interest in traditional music, which was more academic and political in intent. In Scotland collectors included the Reverend James Duncan and Gavin Greig. Major performers included James Scott Skinner. This revival began to have a major impact on classical music, with the development of what was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland, with composers such as Alexander Mackenzie, William Wallace, Learmont Drysdale, Hamish MacCunn and John McEwen
.

After World War II, traditional music in Scotland was marginalised, but remained a living tradition. This was changed by individuals including

Incredible String Band, who have been seen as developing psychedelic folk. Acoustic groups who continued to interpret traditional material through into the 1970s included Ossian, Silly Wizard, The Boys of the Lough, Natural Acoustic Band, Battlefield Band, The Clutha
, and The Whistlebinkies.

Celtic rock developed as a variant of British folk rock by Scottish groups including the JSD Band and Spencer's Feat.

The Real Mckenzies and Spirit of the West
.

Development

David Allan
, 1780

There is evidence that there was a flourishing culture of popular music in

penny weddings at which tunes were played.[3]

The first clear reference to the use of the

Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547. George Buchanan claimed that they had replaced the trumpet on the battlefield. This period saw the creation of the ceòl mór (the great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins, with battle-tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes and laments.[4] The Highlands in the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmonds, MacArthurs, MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairloch. There is also evidence of adoption of the fiddle in the Highlands with Martin Martin noting in his A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland (1703) that he knew of eighteen players in Lewis alone.[5] Well-known musicians included the fiddler Pattie Birnie (c. 1635–1721) and the piper Habbie Simpson (1550–1620).[3] This tradition continued into the nineteenth century, with major figures such as the fiddlers Niel (1727–1807) and his son Nathaniel Gow (1763–1831), who, along with a large number of anonymous musicians, composed hundreds of fiddle tunes and variations.[6]

There is evidence of ballads from this period. Some may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including "Sir Patrick Spens" and "Thomas the Rhymer", but for which there is no evidence until the eighteenth century.[7] Scottish ballads are distinct, showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of supernatural elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad "Tam Lin".[8] They remained an oral tradition until increased interest in folk songs in the eighteenth century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads.[8]

Early song collection

Cover of John Playford's Collection of original Scotch-tunes, (full of the highland humours) for the violin (1700)

In Scotland the earliest printed collection of secular music was by publisher John Forbes, produced in

The Scots Musical Museum published in six volumes from 1787 to 1803 by James Johnson and Robert Burns, which also included new words by Burns. The Select Scottish Airs collected by George Thomson and published between 1799 and 1818 included contributions from Burns and Walter Scott.[10] Among Scott's early works was the influential collection of ballads Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–03).[11]

Revivals

First revival

Francis James Child, one of the key figures in beginning the first folk revival

From the late nineteenth century there was renewed interest in traditional music, which was more academic and political in intent.

quadrilles. The accordion also began to be a central instrument at Highland balls and dances.[14]

This revival began to have a major impact on classical music, with the development of what was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland. Major composers included

Abbotsford and Balmoral.[19] Similarly, McEwen's Pibroch (1889), Border Ballads (1908) and Solway Symphony (1911) incorporated traditional Scottish folk melodies.[20]

Second revival

The bust of Hamish Henderson in South Gyle

After World War II, traditional music in Scotland was marginalised, but, unlike in England, it remained a much stronger force, with the Céilidh house still present in rural communities until the early 1950s and traditional material still performed by the older generation, even if the younger generation tended to prefer modern styles of music. This decline was changed by the actions of individuals such as American musicologist

Peter Kennedy (1922–2006) were also important in raising awareness of the tradition, particularly Kennedy's As I Roved Out, which was largely based around Scottish and Irish music. The School of Scottish Studies was founded at University of Edinburgh in 1951, with Henderson as a research fellow and a collection of songs begun by Calum Maclean (1915–1960).[21] Acts that were popularised included John Strachan (1875–1958), Jimmy MacBeath (1894–1972), Jeannie Robertson (1908–1975) and Flora MacNeil (1928–2015).[22] A number of festivals also popularised the music, such as Edinburgh People's Festival (1951–1953) and Aberdeen Folk Festival (1963–).[21] In the 1960s there was a flourishing folk club culture. The first folk club was founded in London by Ewan MacColl (1915–1989), who emerged as a leading figure in the revival in Britain, recording influential records such as Scottish Popular Ballads (1956).[23] Scottish folk clubs were less dogmatic than their English counterparts which rapidly moved to an all English folk song policy, and they continued to encourage a mixture of Scottish, Irish, English and American material. Early on they hosted traditional performers, including Donald Higgins and the Stewarts of Blairgowrie, beside English performers and new Scottish revivalists such as Robin Hall (1936–1998), Jimmie Macgregor (born 1930) and The Corries. A number of these new performers, including the Ian Campbell Folk Group, emerged from the skiffle movement.[21]

There was also a strand of popular Scottish music that benefited from the arrival of radio and television, which relied on images of Scottishness derived from tartanry and stereotypes employed in music hall and variety. Proponents included Andy Stewart (1933–1993), whose weekly programme The White Heather Club ran in Scotland from 1958 to 1967. Frequent guests included Moira Anderson (born 1938) and Kenneth McKeller (1927–2010), who enjoyed their own programmes.[24] The programmes and their music were immensely popular, although their version of Scottish music and identity was despised by many modernists.[25]

The fusing of various styles of American music with British folk created a distinctive form of

Clàrsach (Celtic harp).[23] Many of these groups played largely music originating from the Lowlands, while later, more successful bands tended to favor the Gaelic sounds of the Highlands. While fairly popular within folk circles, none of these groups achieved the success of Irish groups such as The Chieftains and The Dubliners. Some of these bands produced noted solo artists, including Andy M. Stewart of Silly Wizard, Brian McNeill of Battlefield Band, and Dougie MacLean of the Tannahill Weavers. MacLean is perhaps the best known of these, having written "Caledonia
", one of Scotland's most beloved songs.

Though perhaps not as popular as some of their Celtic fusion counterparts, traditional Scottish artists are still making music. These include Hebridean singer

Doric Scots dialect of their native Aberdeenshire. Albannach
has gained recognition for their distinctive combination of pipes and drums.

Celtic rock

Dick Gaughan live at the "Rätsche" in Geislingen/Steige (Germany) in 2006

Celtic rock developed as a variant of British folk rock, playing traditional Scottish folk music with rock instrumentation, developed by Fairport Convention and its members from 1969. Donovan used the term "Celtic rock" to describe the folk rock he created for his Open Road album in 1970, featured a song with "Celtic rock" as its title.[28] The adoption of British folk rock heavily influenced by Scottish traditional music produced groups including the JSD Band The Natural Acoustic Band (1970) and Spencer's Feat. Out of the wreckage of the latter in 1974, guitarist Dick Gaughan formed probably the most successful band in this genre Five Hand Reel, who combined Irish and Scottish personnel, before he embarked on an influential solo career.[29]

From the late 1970s the attendance at, and number of, folk clubs began to decrease, as new musical and social trends, including

cèilidhs and festivals helped prop up traditional music.[12] Two of the most successful groups of the 1980s emerged from this dance band circuit. From 1978, when they began to release original albums, Runrig produced highly polished Scottish folk rock, including the first commercially successful album with the all Gaelic Play Gaelic in 1978.[30] From the 1980s Capercaillie combined Scottish folk music, electric instruments and haunting vocals to considerable success.[31] While bagpipes had become an essential element in Scottish folk bands they were much rarer in folk rock outfits, but were successfully integrated into their sound by Wolfstone from 1989, who focused on a combination of highland music and rock.[32] More recently, bands such as Mànran and Tide Lines have also focused on a combination of Celtic music and pop-rock. Additionally, groups such as Shooglenifty and Peatbog Faeries mixed traditional highland music with more modern sounds, such as dubstep rhythms, creating a genre sometimes referred to as "Acid Croft". Niteworks inspired the two aforementioned bands and the electronic sampling of Martyn Bennett have further developed Celtic electronic music which has been described as both Gaelictronica[33]
and Celtictronica.

Successful Scottish stadium rock acts such as Simple Minds from Glasgow and Big Country from Dunfermline incorporated traditional Celtic sounds onto many of their songs. The former based their hit "Belfast Child" around the traditional Irish song "She Moved Through the Fair" and incorporated accordion into their line-up, while the latter's guitar and drum sounds on their early albums were heavily influenced by Scottish pipe bands, particularly on songs such as "In a Big Country" and "Fields of Fire". Big Country also covered Robert Burns' "Killiecrankie".

One by-product of the

The Real Mckenzies and Spirit of the West. These groups were influenced by American forms of music, some containing members with no Celtic ancestry and commonly singing in English.[34]

References

Notes

  1. ^ , pp. 130–33.
  2. , pp. 187–90.
  3. ^ , p. 22.
  4. , p. 169.
  5. , p. 35.
  6. , pp. 140–1.
  7. , pp. 9–10.
  8. ^ , pp. 610–17.
  9. , pp. 119–120.
  10. , pp. 193–4.
  11. , p. 28
  12. ^ , pp. 31–8.
  13. , p. 55.
  14. , pp. 434–5.
  15. ^ a b c Gardiner, Modern Scottish Culture, pp. 195–6.
  16. ^ "Alexander Mackenzie" Scottish Composers: the Land With Music, retrieved 11 May 2012.
  17. ^ J. Stevenson, "William Wallace", Allmusic, retrieved 11 May 2011.
  18. ^ "Learmont-Drysdale" Scottish Composers: the Land With Music, retrieved 11 May 2012.
  19. , p. 197.
  20. ^ Gardiner, Modern Scottish Culture, p. 196.
  21. ^ a b c d Sweers, Electric Folk, pp. 256–7.
  22. , p. 246.
  23. ^ a b Broughton, Ellingham and Trillo, World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 261–3.
  24. , p. 140.
  25. , pp. 157–9.
  26. , p. 120.
  27. , pp. 267.
  28. , p. 259.
  29. , p. 869.
  30. , p. 366.
  31. ^ Sweers, Electric Folk, p. 259.
  32. ^ ’Wolfstone – Honest endeavour’ Living Tradition, 43 (May/June 2001), retrieved 22/01/09.
  33. ^ "Gaelictronica and Beyond". Creativescotland.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  34. ^ J. Herman, "British Folk-Rock; Celtic Rock", The Journal of American Folklore, 107, (425), (1994) pp. 54–8.

Bibliography

External links