Power projection

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Force projection
)
USS Nimitz
play an important role in modern power projection.

Power projection (or force projection or strength projection) in international relations is the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory.[1] The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making processes and acting as a potential deterrent on other states' behavior.[2][3][4][5]

This ability is a crucial element of a state's

loss of Strength Gradient, until a culminating point
is apparent to others, once an operation is underway.

A state might

potential superpower.[11][12]: 1:47 [a] While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets (tanks, soldiers, aircraft, naval vessels, etc.), the use of soft power shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in combat, but only potentially.[13] Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries' militaries during the humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
illustrates.

History

Early examples of power projection include Roman dominance of Europe and the wider Mediterranean basin: the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations. Roman engineering innovations such as machines (pile driver), concrete, aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day. Examples of Roman power projection include Julius Caesar constructing the Rhine bridge in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40,000 troops as he saw fit: the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome. Although Rome is far from the center of modern power, its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world (domes, arches, columns). The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and, when properly applied, terminate conflicts summarily.[14]

During the Ming treasure voyages in the 15th century, the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests.[15]

The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the Industrial Revolution and the associated modernizations in technology, communications, finance and bureaucracy; this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances.[16]

As the birthplace of the

gunboats and 25 smaller boats with 4,000 marines to successfully defend its interests 6,000 miles from the fleet's home port.[17]

Tewodros II of Ethiopia's imprisonment of European missionaries and officials, and demonstrated the power projection capabilities of the British Empire
.

The

telegraph communications.[citation needed
]

Another illustrative example of industrial power projection, was the

Tewodros II of Ethiopia's imprisonment of several missionaries and British government representatives. The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier of the Bombay Army, military intelligence was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain.[citation needed
]

A force of over 30,000 was shipped from British India to Zula on the Red Sea on a fleet of more than 280 steam ships, while an advance detachment of engineers built a large port with two piers, warehouses and a lighthouse, and constructed a 20-mile-long railway towards the interior.[18] A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of elephants. After three months of trekking, the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of Magdala which led to its capitulation; Tewodros committed suicide.[19][20]

In the

chief of staff Count Alfred von Schlieffen
, to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe, thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations.

Many other actions can be considered projections of force. The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864

invasion of Iraq and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The ability of the U.S. Navy, the British Royal Navy, and the French Navy to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities. See § Power projection capabilities
.

The globalization of power projection was long avoided in the research with the subject of

World Wars were expressions of power projected on global scale.[22]

The potential of power projection can be estimated mathematically by calculating the speed of transportation and communication relatively to the extent of contemporary power projection. Roman troops moved 50 km per day; today Globemasters move troops 20,000 km per day. The speed of communication in the largest Empire in Americas (Inca) was 20 km per hour (running man); today it moves with the speed of light. Multiplying the range of power projection in those empires by increase in the speed of transportation or communication, Ostrovsky estimated the present power projection potential to exceed the size of Earth multiple times.[23]

Elements

C-5 Galaxy
make it a major asset for deploying military equipment around the globe.

The

U.S. Department of Defense defines power projection as the "ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power—political, economic, informational, or military—to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability".[24][25]

As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases,

Revolution in Military Affairs
".

While a few long-range

naval and air forces with land armies as part of joint warfare is a key aspect of effective power projection; airlift and sealift capabilities facilitate the deployment of soldiers and weapons to a distant theater of war
.

The

Forward basing is another method of power projection, which, by pre-positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located military bases outside a country's territory, reduces the time and distance needed to mobilize
them.

Types

Scholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force. Four of these employ "soft" military power (securing

humanitarian response, and peacekeeping) and the rest are primarily concerned with "hard" military power (show the flag, compellence/deterrence, punishment, armed intervention, and conquest).[26] There is a § continuum in these capabilities.[a]

Soft power

Examples of soft power projection include:

  • Securing sea lanes of communication: the protection of shipping lanes from attack by hostile states or irregular threats.
  • Non-combatant evacuation operations: the evacuation of citizens or friendly third-country civilians from a foreign country when they are endangered by war or civil unrest.
  • Humanitarian response: the use of military forces abroad to assist in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
  • Peacekeeping: military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement to an ongoing dispute.[4][27][28]
  • Establishing trust, as the basis of cooperation among allies and partners[29][30]

Gray zone competition

This section has been split from US Army Futures Command § Other armies

The gray zone between cooperation and conflict[13] has expanded due to the competition in power projection capabilities of the world's armies, as well as in the competition for economic power among the world's nations.[31][32][33][34][35]

The US, Russia, China, Britain, and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine),[37][b] NATO keeps about 100 B61 nuclear bombs in storage in Europe.[39][40][41][42]: 4:50, 5:55  [43][44] Certain F-35As were certified to carry the B61 nuclear bomb on 12 October 2023.[45]

The

2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine NATO members are implementing new stockpile guidelines for their arsenals.[53] [54]
"By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,[55][56] for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war"[57]—from: § Reorganization plan of the United States Army

  1. In 2020, one measure of § military power projection ranks the competition between the armies of the world (after the US Army, which is ranked atop this list).[58][59][c][61][62] The list of armies, a mixture of allies, partners, and competitors is estimated to be:
  2. Russia
    low earth orbit.[87][88][89][90] Cyber attacks on the whole of the US government via Supply_chain_attack § Whole of government began in March 2020, but only reached the attention of the news media on 14 December 2020.[91][92] Russia is mapping the undersea cables which bear the majority of the communications traffic[d] between the US and Europe.[93][94][95]
  3. China
    competition with China was shaped in the decade 2010–2020, according to David Kriete.[169][170][171] By 2023 China's defense companies were offering competitors to US Javelins, armed drones, and supersonic cruise missiles.[172]
  4. India: faces Pakistan;
    2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. In 2010 China deployed 11,000 troops in Gilgit, near Kashmir.[244]
  5. Japan: faces North Korea;
    INF Treaty and the cooperation of Russia and China on an anti-missile system. Putin characterized the anti-missile system as defensive, and the relation of US and Russia as a 'draw' (ヒキワケ—hikiwake).[248][249][250][223][146][185] Japan will compensate companies for not disclosing patents with military applications.[251] In a Joint test, Japan's Cooperative Engagement Capability allowed JS Maya to detect and track a ballistic missile; JS Haguro shot it down.[252]

Applications of power projection

The Texas National Security Review projects five scenarios for the global economy:[253]

  1. Reglobalization as in the 1980s
  2. Deglobalization away from the trends of the 2000s[254]
  3. Globalization with Chinese characteristics[166]
  4. Regional blocs with partially closed trading[127][a][166][256][k][259][260]
  5. Shared strategic interests and common political values, which Friedberg judges will be the choice of the Western bloc[253] and its direction for power projection.[f]

Hard power

Examples of hard power projection include:

  • Showing the flag: the symbolic deployment of military forces to a region for the purposes of demonstrating political interest, resolve, or willingness to take more forceful military action.
  • Compulsion/deterrence: the use of the threat of military force against another state to either induce it into or dissuade it from pursuing a given policy. In this form, power projection acts as a diplomatic tool, attempting to influence the decision-making process of foreign actors.[261][262][263][264][265] See Power projection#Gray zone competition for context
  • Punishment: the punitive use of force against another state in response to their pursuit of a given policy.[a]
  • Armed intervention: the movement of military forces into another nation's territory for the purposes of influencing the internal affairs of the target country short of outright conquest.[126][266][267][268][129]
  • Conquest: the offensive use of military assets to forcibly occupy territory controlled or claimed by another state.
    decapitation strike is a possible tactic.[283][284][285][125][286] Alexander Vindman has projected a path for Ukraine to retake Crimea.[287] By 5 April 2023 Ukraine signalled that it might entertain talks with Russia if the Ukrainian counteroffensive reached the border of Crimea.[288][289]

Power projection capabilities

Power projection capabilities
Country Bloc/Group Maritime
force
aircraft
carriers
active
Overseas
bases
Troops deployed
in operations abroad
Nuclear
deterrence
 Australia
MNNA/QUAD/AUKUS
Green-water navy 2 / 0 1 2900[290] Red XN
 Argentina
MNNA/Rio
Green-water navy 0 2 1050[291] Red XN
 Bangladesh D-8/BIMSTEC/SAARC/IMCTC/Commonwealth of Nations 0 1 6417[292] Red XN
 Belgium
EU/NATO
0 0 710[291] Nuclear sharing
 Brazil
MNNA/Rio
Green-water navy 1 / 0 0 273[293] Red XN
 Canada
Commonwealth/UFC
Green-water navy 0 0 3600[294] Red XN
 China
APEC/SCO
Blue-water navy 2 / 2 1 11,775[291][295] Green tickY
 Egypt
MNNA
2 / 0 0 3760[293] Red XN
 France
Quint
Blue-water navy 3 / 1 10 10,300[296] Green tickY
 Germany
Quint
Green-water navy 0 1 3597[297] Nuclear sharing
 India
SAARC/SCO/QUAD
Blue-water navy 2 / 2 8 6430[293] Green tickY
 Iran
Brics
Green-water navy 0 5 Red XN
 Indonesia 0 0 3064[293] Red XN
 Italy
Quint
Blue-water navy 1 / 2 2 6000[298] Nuclear sharing
 Japan
MNNA/QUAD
Green-water navy 2 / 2 1 278[291] Red XN
 Mexico
APEC/UFC
0 0 Red XN
 Netherlands
EU/NATO
Green-water navy 0 0 650[291] Nuclear sharing
 Nigeria
Commonwealth/D-8
0 0 2190[291] Red XN
 Pakistan 0 1 5264[293] Green tickY
 Poland
EU/NATO
0 0 3000[291] Red XN
 Russia
CSTO/CIS
Blue-water navy 0 / 1 10 48,500[291] Green tickY
 Saudi Arabia
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf/Arab League
0 0 Red XN
 South Africa G20/BRICS/African Union/Commonwealth 0 0 1171[293] Red XN
 South Korea
MNNA
Green-water navy 2 / 0 0 1008[291] Red XN
 Spain Blue-water navy 0 / 1 0 1500[291] Red XN
 Turkey G20/D-8/MIKTA/NATO/UFC Green-water navy 1 / 0 12[299] 60,000+ [300] Nuclear sharing
 United Kingdom
Commonwealth/AUKUS
Blue-water navy 0 / 2 15 15,000 Green tickY
 United States Blue-water navy 11 / 11 38 130,000 Green tickY

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the disruption of their supply chains show that companies and governments in regional blocs will have "to reevaluate their dependencies and reanalyze their manufacturing and assembly footprints".[255]
  2. ^
    gravity bomb, or via Iskander cruise missile), and to warn Russia not to fly such an aircraft at Ukraine.[38]
    : min 1:30 
  3. US Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".[60]
  4. ^
    encrypted communications
    (Era)
    deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;[73] Andrei Sukhovetsky, killed 28 Feb 2022.[74][67] [75][76]
  5. ^
    2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began 24 February 2022, earlier assumptions of the truth of public statements about the situation up to that time were reassessed. The speed of the logistical response of the partners in the NATO alliance when funnelling aid like Bayraktar TB2s to Ukraine is instructive. By 7 April 2022, "the U.S. and allies have provided [Ukraine] 60,000 anti-tank weapons and 25,000 anti-aircraft weapons"—Gen. Mark Milley.[224][223]
    By 31 October 2022, the
    2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine had slowed due to the rainy season.[225][146][185]
    : minute 8:10 
  6. ^
    actions against Ukraine alerted 'the West' (that is, Europe, and its NATO partners) to the threat to Europe's food and energy supply.[125][126] After the 2008 war in Georgia, and the 2014 takeover of Crimea and Donbas in Ukraine,[12]: 2:42  a political takeover of Ukraine is a likely objective of Russian leadership.[126][127][128]
  7. $100 billion in logistical aid to Ukraine, Feb-Dec 2022; however the aid is becoming constrained by the capacity of the US's industrial base to surge production.[137] The invasion is causing materiel shortages in Russia.[138] The surge in aid to Ukraine is causing NATO to acquire more interoperable materiel from a global industrial base, for more integrated deterrence across the NATO alliance against its adversaries.[139] [140]
  8. ^ During the DoD secretary's review of the 7th monthly meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group, Gen. Mark Milley was pressed for an assessment of the CCP's readiness for war; Gen. Milley reminded the press that the PLA had not fought a war since 1979; that China's GDP was being harvested for materiel, and that the US military would remain atop the world's armies as long as the US GDP remained strong.[185]: 38:30 
    • On 7 December 2022 "Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Royal Navy Adm. Sir Tony Radakin, the United Kingdom's chief of defense staff, said the Russian leader has continued to make calamitous mistakes in Russia's war on Ukraine"; when asked "might the invasion of Ukraine embolden China to invade Taiwan"? —Radakin rejected the premise, and Milley reiterated "[The US] is the number one military in the world, and it's the most capable that combined arms maneuver," ... "We're one of the few militaries remaining in the world that can bring it all together in time and space and in all the domains of space, cyber, land, sea and air and undersea. We are very skilled and talented at doing all that. And, and no adversary should underestimate our capabilities".[186]
  9. ^ Andrew Eversden (17 Dec 2021) Here's the Army's 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023
    1. Precision Strike Missile (§ PrSM)
    2. Extended Range Cannon Artillery (
      ERCA
      )
    3. Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (§ LRHW)
    4. Mid-range capability (§ MRC) missile
    5. Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV)
    6. Robotic Combat Vehicle (§ RCV)
    7. Mobile Protective Firepower (§ MPF)
    8. Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems/ Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System (FUAS)/(FTUAS)[226]
    9. Integrated Tactical Network (§ ITN) unified with § echelons above brigade, and the multi-domain task forces
    10. Common Operating Environment: Command Post Computing Environment[227]/Mounted Computed Environment (CPCE)/(MCE) See Common operational picture
    11. Command Post Integrated Infrastructure (CPI2)
    12. Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (MAPS)[228][229]
    13. Dismounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (DAPS)[228]
    14. Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) using high-energy lasers
    15. Indirect Fires Protection Capability: Iron Dome
    16. Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (§ LTAMDS)[230] - Patriot radar replacement
    17. Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (§ IBCS)
    18. Directed Energy Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (DE M-SHORAD)[231] High energy lasers
    19. Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW)
    20. Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS)
    21. Enhanced Night Vision Goggle – Binocular (ENVG-B)
    22. Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer (RVCT) - Synthetic training environment
    23. IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer (SiVT) - Synthetic training environment
    24. One World Terrain/ Training Management Tools/ Training Simulation Software (OWT) / (TMT) / (TSS) - Synthetic training environment
    [232][233][234] [235]
  10. ^ In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.[236][237] The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.[238]
  11. ^ Peter Zeihan's (16 Mar 2022) prediction over the next few decades: End of globalization, breakdown into regional blocs[257][258]

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Bartosz Głowacki (4 Feb 2022) What weapons will Poland send to Ukraine – and is an alliance next?
  3. ^ Reuters (February 1, 2022) Factbox-How Ukraine's armed forces shape up against Russia's
  4. ^ a b Pravda (Правда) (17 Mar 2022) Zelenskyy explained the essence of the new military alliance   U24 from Zelenskyy's night address verbatim: "I addressed the United States and all responsible states with a proposition to create a new U24 union: a new union that will ensure that each aggressor receives a coordinated world response quickly, effectively, and immediately - not in weeks, months, years, but for the first 24 hours after the attack."   "We can no longer trust existing institutions. We cannot expect bureaucrats in international organisations to change fast enough, so we must look for new guarantees, create new tools, and to build alliances with those who have the courage to do what justice demands."
  5. ^ Salamah Magnuson, Morgan Keay, Kimberly Metcalf (Spring 2022) Countering Hybrid Warfare: Mapping Social Contracts to Reinforce Societal Resiliency in Estonia and Beyond
  6. ^ Michael J. Mazarr (15 Apr 2020) Toward a New Theory of Power Projection
  7. ^ a b Paul Kirby (23 Feb 2022) Why is Russia ordering troops into Ukraine and what does Putin want?
  8. ^ Katie Lange (8 Oct 2018) National Defense Strategy: Alliances and Partnerships
  9. ^ Ian Ward (23 Feb 2022) Joe Biden’s Secret Constitutional Weapon
  10. ^ Andrew Desiderio, Tara Palmeri and Meridith McGraw (23 Feb 2022) Republicans descend into foreign policy factionalism over Russia-Ukraine standoff
  11. ^ Matthew Brown (February 1, 2022) Putin says US, NATO have 'ignored' Russia's security demands on Ukraine: What we know
  12. ^ a b c Russia Insight (February 1, 2022) BREAKING! Putin: USA Is Using Ukraine As ‘Tool’ To Contain Russia 8:01 Video clip, English closed captions
  13. ^ a b Shashank Joshi (29 Jan 2022) The technology of seeing and shooting your enemies
  14. S2CID 234267958
    .
  15. .
  16. ^ Ostrovsky, Max (2018). Military Globalization: Strategy, Geography, Weaponry, (New York: Edwin Mellen Press), p 2-3, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater
  17. ^ "No. 19930". The London Gazette. 15 December 1840. pp. 2990–2991.
  18. .
  19. ^ Rubenson, Survival, p. 268
  20. .
  21. ^ Ostrovsky 2018: p 270, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/269/mode/2up?view=theater
  22. ^ Ostrovsky 2018: p I-II, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/I/mode/2up?view=theater
  23. ^ Ostrovsky 2018: p 273-274, https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/273/mode/2up?view=theater
  24. ^ United States Department of Defense. J1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. [1] Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
  25. EUCOM
    engagement
  26. .
  27. ^ Zachary B. Wolf, Curt Merrill and Ji Min Lee, CNN (16 Mar 2022) Zelensky’s address to Congress, annotated
  28. ^ Volodymyr Zelenskyy (16 Mar 2022) Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the US Congress
  29. ^ E. John Teichert (24 Mar 2022) The Hard Power of Security Cooperation
  30. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (22 Nov 2022) Austin: Nations Support Rules-Based Order ASEAN conference
  31. ^ James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History Compares nations
  32. ^ James Graham Military Power vs Economic Power in History (Part 2) "[I]t is economic power that allows military power to be built up in the first place".
  33. ^ a b (7 Apr 2022) Russia facing most difficult situation in three decades, PM says after 6 weeks of economic sanctions, Mikhail Mishustin: "the current situation could be called the most difficult in three decades for Russia".
  34. ^ BILL GREENWALT and EMILY COLETTA (23 Mar 2023) $1T in new defense spending pledged by key US partners in 1 year: Analysis "In the last year, 37 nations have combined to announce defense spending increases of over $1 trillion, to be spent during the next five years, according to a new American Enterprise Institute analysis"
  35. ^ Jen Judson (28 Mar 2023) US Army eyes six-fold production boost of 155mm shells used in Ukraine Army is spending $1.45 billion on capacity in 2023 to increase production from 14,000 per month, to 24,000 per month in 2023, to 85,000 155mm howitzer shells per month by 2028.
  36. ^ NBC News (4 Jan 2022) Russia, China, Britain, U.S. and France say no one can win nuclear war
  37. ^ Reuters (25 Apr 2022) Russia's Lavrov: Do not underestimate threat of nuclear war
  38. ^ CNN New Day (5 Oct 2022) Ex-US defense secretary says if Putin resorts to nukes, he's likely to use this weapon 1-10 kTon gravity bomb, or Iskander cruise missile
  39. ^ Dan Zak (25 March 2022) Meet the nuke the U.S. keeps in Europe, just waiting to not be used
  40. ^ Robbin Laird (11 Apr 2022) Time to relearn nuclear escalation management for the 21st century
  41. ^ Reuters (30 Apr 2022) Russia says risks of nuclear war must be kept to minimum -TASS
  42. ^ Hyung-Jin Kim and Kim Tong-Hyung, Associated Press (28 Oct 2022) North Korea fires missiles toward sea as US warns over nukes "The Pentagon's National Defense Strategy report issued on Thursday stated that any nuclear attack by North Korea against the United States or its allies and partners will result in the end of [the DPRK (Kim)] regime".
  43. ^ PBS NewsHour (28 Oct 2022) WATCH LIVE: Defense Secretary Austin holds news briefing to announce 2022 National Defense Strategy Unclassified. Integrated deterrence— Strategy Across all domains
  44. ^ Michael Marrow (8 Mar 2024) EXCLUSIVE: F-35A officially certified to carry nuclear bomb B61-12
  45. ^ Jaspreet Gill (14 Nov 2022) How Project Convergence is informing British, Australian military modernization § Project Convergence 2022
  46. ^ Army start biggest military robot exercise in British history, Defence Secretary announces, Ministry of Defence, 12 November 2018
  47. ^ Jee, Charlotte (13 November 2018), "The British Army is carrying out a massive test of military robots and drones", MIT Technology Review
  48. ^ "Defence review: British army to be cut to 72,500 troops by 2025", BBC News, 22 March 2021
  49. ^ White, Andrew (15 September 2021), Three Objectives For The UK Military's Future, Breaking Defense
  50. ^ Vivienne Machi (13 Jul 2021) Germany establishes new military space command
  51. ^ Rameesh Cheema (17 Dec 2022) 15 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology Israel; Hellenic Republic; Brazil; Taiwan; Saudi Arabia; India; Italy; Republic of Türkiye; Japan; France
  52. ^ Vivienne Machi (13 Feb 2023) Eyes on Ukraine, NATO preps new ammo guidelines to boost production "Orders placed today will only be delivered two-and-a-half years later". —Jens Stoltenberg
  53. ^ Andrew White (15 Feb 2023) NATO must collaborate, be ‘smarter’ about rebuilding munition stockpiles: Official Ukraine is expending more than 5,000 artillery rounds daily.
  54. ^ Defender-Europe 20 videos, images and stories
  55. ^ Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command
  56. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy
  57. ^ a b c d e Greg Norman (22 Feb 2020) The 5 most powerful armies in the world
  58. ^ The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD (10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2 Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 - 10 22:00 minutes
  59. ^ Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer
  60. ^ Zamone Perez (18 Oct 2022) US military in decline, threats from China 'formidable', report says Heritage Foundation report for the case of 2 major wars (as opposed to 1.5 wars, rated as Favorable)
  61. ^ C. Todd Lopez, DOD News (18 Oct 2022) U.S. Can Support Ukraine While Meeting Its Own Security Commitments
  62. ^ (4 November 2018) Russia Jammed GPS During Major NATO Military Exercise With US Troops
  63. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 June 2019) Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall
  64. ^ Russia has figured out how to jam U.S. drones in Syria, officials say
  65. ^ Tara Copp (25 Mar 2022) Russian Forces Halt Kyiv Advance as Kremlin Says Donbass Was Only Goal All Along "Pentagon official rebuts Moscow's claims about war aims, casualties; adds that Russian precision munitions are failing at high rates". (20 to 60 %)
  66. ^ a b Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call FSB (Federal Security Service, successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.
  67. ^ Tobias Naegele (27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force "one B-2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS".—Gen. B.Chance Saltzman, Space Force
  68. ^ Rob Waugh (8 Mar 2022) 'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era)
  69. ^ Caroline Vakil (25 Mar 2022) US officials say Russia behind hack of Ukrainian satellite communications at invasion start: report Apparently GRU-instigated: 'compromise of tens of thousands of satellite modems provided by Viasat's KA-SAT service' at the beginning of the invasion
  70. ^ Not What You Think (25 Mar 2022) Are Tanks Obsolete? The Future of Warfare
  71. ^ Mehul Srivastava, Madhumita Murgia, and Hannah Murphy, Financial Times (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. 'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."
  72. ^ Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv
  73. ^ Doug Cunningham (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv
  74. ^ MSNBC Morning Joe (28 Mar 2022) 'Astounding' Number Of Casualties: Why The Invasion Is Proving Deadly For Russia
  75. ^ Elizabeth Howell, Space.com (14 Apr 2022) Russia Is Jamming GPS Satellite Signals In Ukraine, US Space Force Says "When four satellites are available, GPS receivers can use their signals to calculate the user's position, often to within just a few feet" —Navstar being jammed
  76. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (3 September 2014) US Has Lost ‘Dominance In Electromagnetic Spectrum’: Shaffer
  77. ^ Stephen Clark (25 November 2019) Russia launches space surveillance satellite Kosmos 2542, in a polar orbit—"[To] monitor the condition of other Russian satellites in orbit."
  78. Hall thruster
  79. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (2 March 2019) Russian General Pitches ‘Information’ Operations as a Form of War
  80. ^ Paul McCleary (30 May 2019) Dunford: Leaders Mull First NATO Strategy In Decades
  81. ^ Neil Hauer (26 February 2020) Russia may have met its match in Libya Is unable to tip the balance, as it has in Syria. So Russia is escalating its involvement.
  82. ^ Andrew Goodman (26 Apr 2022) Putin the Planner Worked alongside Putin when he was Deputy Mayor of St. Petersberg. "Whatever happens on the ground now, there is good reason to think that Putin will continue to pursue a solution on his terms as long as he remains in power".
  83. ^ Clare Sebastian and Chris Liakos, CNN (20 Apr 2022) Russian billionaire Oleg Tinkov blasts Putin's 'insane war' in Ukraine
  84. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online
  85. ^ Aaron Bateman (22 May 2020) As Russia stalks US satellites, a space arms race may be heating up
  86. ^ Theresa Hitchens (15 November 2021) Russian suspected ground-launched ASAT test scatters dangerous debris through LEO
  87. ^ Specialist website Russian Space Web (25 Nov 2021) Russia launches classified military satellite
  88. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press (9 Aug 2020) Russia warns it will see any incoming missile as nuclear
  89. ^ Mark B. Schneider (19 Sep 2020) Will Russia Further Lower Its Nuclear Weapons Use Threshold?
  90. ^ Eric Geller https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/14/massively-disruptive-cyber-crisis-engulfs-multiple-agencies-445376 (14 Dec 2020) 'Massively disruptive' cyber crisis engulfs multiple agencies]
  91. ^ Ellen Nakashima & Craig Timberg (14 Dec 2020) Russian government hackers are behind a broad espionage campaign that has compromised U.S. agencies, including Treasury and Commerce Identified as SVR /APT29 /Cozy Bear, according to FireEye. Breached using the update server of SolarWinds, its Orion Platform, versions released in Mar & Jun 2020.
  92. ^ Lorne Cook (30 May 2021) As Russia tensions simmer, NATO conducts massive war games
  93. ^ Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche, Reuters (16 Nov 2022) NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic
  94. ^ John Christianson (5 Dec 2022) FIGHTING AND WINNING IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)
  95. ^ Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press (26 Dec 2021) Putin to mull options if West refuses guarantees on Ukraine
  96. ^ Heather Mongilio (2 Feb 2022) U.S. Offered Russians Aegis Ashore Inspections to Ease Ukraine Tensions; More American Troops Headed to Europe
  97. ^ Matthew Chance (12 Apr 2021) Ukraine's President heads to the trenches as Russia masses its troops Troops and armor are massing by rail, within Russia's border.
  98. ^ ZEYNEP BILGINSOY (10 Apr 2021) The leaders of Ukraine, Turkey stress territorial integrity Donbass and Crimea are disputed.
  99. ^ The Associated Press (12 Apr 2021) Blinken heads to Brussels for talks on Afghanistan, Ukraine SecDef Lloyd Austin will attend.
  100. ^ Lara Seligman and Natasha Bertand (04/12/2021) Can Ukraine deploy U.S.-made weapons against the Russians? FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missiles barely overmatch Uran-9s
  101. ^ Lara Seligman (03/31/2021) Pentagon ‘watching’ as Russia steps up aggression in Eastern Europe A ceasefire between the Ukraine Army and Donetsk separatists ended Jun 2020. EUCOM's V Corps has been on pre-planned maneuvers, but in a NATO partner's territory as of April 2021.
  102. ^ Vivian Salama in Kyiv and William Mauldin in Washington (18 Jan 2022) U.S. Aims Sanctions at Pro-Russian Agents as Blinken Plans Ukraine, Russia Meetings
  103. ^ Robert Burns (19 Jan 2022) Explainer: What are US military options to help Ukraine?
  104. ^ a b Paul McLeary (7 May 2021) Jamming Strikes OSCE Drones Tracking Russian Forces
  105. ^ Olivia Gazis (22 Apr 2021)) After Putin's warning to West, Russia begins large-scale military exercises in and around Ukraine
  106. ^ Nils Adler, Laura King Los Angeles Times (21 Jan 2022) In eastern Ukraine, trench warfare grinds on against backdrop of invasion fears
  107. ISSN 0362-4331
    .
  108. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (14 Jan 2022) Russia Trying to Develop Pretext for Ukraine Invasion, DOD Official Says
  109. ^ Michael Schwirtz New York Times (6 Dec 2021) On Ukrainian Front, Grinding War and Weary Anticipation of Invasion Map of "Approximate line separating Ukrainian and Russian-backed forces"
  110. ^ New York Times Ukraine map (7 Jan 2022) How Russia's Military is Positioned To Threaten Ukraine
  111. ^ a b Jeff Schogol, Paul Szoldra (21 Feb 2022) Moscow orders Russian troops into Ukraine
  112. ^ Reuters (22 February 2022) Putin gets green light to deploy troops to eastern Ukraine
  113. ^ Charles Riley (22 February 2022) The sanctions that could really hurt Russia
  114. ^ Charles Riley (22 February 2022) Russia is already paying a hefty financial price for its aggression
  115. ^ Ryan Pickrell (25 Jan 2022) Russian forces are massing on Ukraine's border. Here's what Russia watchers think could be Putin's next big move. Figures 2a-2c CSIS scenarios
  116. ^ a b Andrei Illarionov (30 April 2021) Putin was not ready to launch a war in the Spring
  117. ^ a b Rick Rouan, Courtney Subramanian, Joey Garrison and David Jackson, USA Today (22 February 2022) Biden levels sanctions on Russia for beginning an invasion of Ukraine: live updates
  118. ^ natasha Bertrand (23 Jan 2022) US putting together 'global' strategy to increase gas production if Russia invades Ukraine, officials say
  119. ^ Charles Riley (26 Jan 2022) What is SWIFT and why it might be the weapon Russia fears most
  120. ^ Deutsche Welle (27 Feb 2022) Germany commits €100 billion to defense spending Scholz: Germany has now agreed to a one-time $113 billion increase in its defense budget.
  121. ^ Christian Datoc (15 July 2021) US lifted Nord Stream 2 sanctions to gain German cooperation in safeguarding Ukraine, Biden says
  122. ^ Alexander Ratz and Pavel Polityuk (17 Jan 2022) Germany says Russia will pay price if it moves on Ukraine
  123. ^ Binkov (26 Jan 2022) What might happen if Russia does attack Ukraine? Ukraine is outgunned. Russia would likely stop when resistance stiffens, in Spring 2022. Europe would be divided over heating supplies for impending winter. Ties between Russia and China would strengthen as Europe sanctions its trade with Russia due to war.
  124. ^ a b Rob Picheta (29 Jan 2022) How a Russian invasion of Ukraine would reverberate around the world
  125. ^ a b c d Leaders: (29 Jan 2022) A war in Ukraine could have global consequences "The likelihood of China invading Taiwan would surely rise."
  126. ^ a b Michael Kofman (Apr 2019) Drivers of Russian Grand Strategy
  127. ^ a b c CaspianReport (29 Jan 2022) What a Russian assault on Ukraine would look like video clip 14:41
  128. ^ a b c Jessie Yeung, Adam Renton, Rob Picheta, Ed Upright, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt and Melissa Macaya, CNN (23 Feb 2022) The latest on the Ukraine-Russia crisis Situation
  129. ^ Roman Olearchyk and Henry Foy, Financial Times (14 Jan 2022) Ukraine says government websites hit by "massive cyber attack"
  130. ^ Howard Altman (19 Jan 2022) Russian attack could happen 'any minute' Ukraine official says
  131. ^ Frida Ghitis (13 Jan 2022) Putin's big miscalculation
  132. ^ a b Richard Galant (23 Jan 2022) Putin confronts the mud of Ukraine
  133. ^ a b c US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen (23 Nov 2021) Feeding the Bear: A Closer Look at Russian Army Logistics and the Fait Accompli
  134. ^ Matthew Chance, Kylie Atwood, Emmet Lyons and Ami Kaufman, CNN (19 Jan 2021) Ukraine warns Russia has 'almost completed' build-up of forces near border
  135. ^ Eric Schmitt, Julian E. Barnes and Helene Cooper (7 Apr 2022) Russia Is Recruiting Mercenaries and Syrians to Ukraine, Western Officials Say
  136. ^ Joe Gould (21 Nov 2022) Weapons shortages spark tough choices for Ukraine’s allies
  137. ^ Stephen Fidler and Ann M. Simmons (22 Nov 2022) Russia’s Munitions Shortages Raise Questions Over How Long It Can Continue Ukraine War
  138. ^ Rachel Nostrant (22 Nov 2022) The scramble to rearm Ukraine is transforming NATO in a way that would've been hard without Putin's help
  139. ^ Patrick Tucker ( Why Defense Budgets Will Stay High After the Ukraine War "The war is exposing how European nations were underinvesting in defense, and the critical role that renewable energy will play in transatlantic security"
  140. ^ (23 Jan 2022) Ukraine receives second batch of U.S. weapons in Russian stand-off
  141. ^ Julie Coleman (1 Feb 2022) 'Putin should be afraid of us': Regular Ukrainian civilians are training to fight off a Russian invasion Training in Kharkiv and Kyiv
  142. ^ Helene Cooper (14 Jan 2022) U.S. Considers Backing an Insurgency if Russia Invades Ukraine
  143. ^ Michael Kofman and Rob Lee (2 Jun 2022) Not Built For Purpose: The Russian Military's Ill-Fated Force Decision Platoons on paper were half-sized in reality, leading to no dismounted infantry in motorized units.
  144. ^ Sebastien Roblin (21 Jan 2022) The ‘Georgia Model’: Russia’s Plan For Invading Ukraine?
  145. ^
    2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
    .
  146. ^ Sergey Radchenko (22 February 2022) Moscow Musings on Brinksmanship From Stalin to Putin
  147. ^ Anton Troianovski (10 Sep 2021) Russia and Belarus inch closer to a full-blown merger
  148. ^ Michael Kofman (8 Sep 2021) Zapad-2021: What to Expect From Russia's Strategic Military Exercise
  149. ^ James Stavridis (11 Apr 2022) What the U.S. Military Needs to Learn from the Ukraine War
  150. ^ Alexander Bratersky (3 Sep 2021) Private companies at ‘Army 2021’ forum strive for survival as Russian military orders shrink
  151. ^ a b c Combat Approved (13 Feb 2021) Episode 44. The Uran-9 Russia’s First Combat Robot
  152. ^ a b Isabella Beltran (10 Apr 2021) Uran-9, Russian Robotic Tanks Slated to be Deployed "Soon" Despite Flaws During Syrian Tests, The Sciencetimes (Mixed-font I in 'science' appears deliberate.)
  153. ^ a b Sebastien Roblin (21 October 2019) This Is the Robot Tank Russia Used in Syria
  154. ^ Axx (14 Sep 2021) Russia one step ahead, Why Russia's strike robots is scary enough
  155. ^ Zvezda (TV channel) Воины будущего. Какими возможностями обладают поступившие на вооружение ВС РФ боевые роботы «Уран-9» Uran-9 Control system
  156. ^ a b Army Technology.com (2016) Uran-9 Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle
  157. ^ James Crump (24 Aug 2021) Russia Orders Hypersonic Missiles As Putin Vows to Put Weapons on 'Combat Alert'
  158. ^ Alexander Marrow and Mark Trevelyan (Reuters) (13 Dec 2021) Russia says it may be forced to deploy mid-range nuclear missiles in Europe
  159. ^ Roger McDermott (7 Feb 2022) The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy Giperzvukovogo Oruzhiya—(GZO); or Giperzvukovyye letatel’nyye apparaty—(GZLA) Kinzhal, Tsirkon, Kalibr, Poseidon, Avangard, Burevestnik, Sarmat,
  160. ^ a b The Moscow Times (1 September 2022) Russia Stages Scaled-down War Games With China, India
  161. ^ Paul McLeary (19 October 2022) NATO is rushing equipment to Ukraine as troops hunker down for the winter "The war begins a new phase as Russia launches missiles and temperatures fall"
  162. ^ Brian Bender and Laura Seligman (4 Dec 2022) "We haven't got this figured out just yet": Pentagon, industry struggle to arm Ukraine "The Russia problem takes center stage at this year's Reagan National Defense Forum".
  163. ^ Ukrayinska Pravda (15 Mar 2023) Russian army to be replenished with 400,000 new contract service personnel starting 1 Apr 2023
  164. ^ David Axe (20 Aug 2023) Add A New Radar To An Old Air-Defense Missile, And You'd Get The Ukrainian 5V28—Kyiv's Most Potent Deep-Strike Weapon Moscow shows no black/brown clouds of AK27F/TG02 propellant in its skies, to back its claims of an intercept
  165. ^ a b c Evelyn Chang (22 Mar 2023) China and Russia affirm economic cooperation for the next several years Presidents Xi Jinping, V.V. Putin, respectively
  166. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  167. ^ Defense News (July 2019) Top 100 for 2019
  168. US Strategic Command
  169. ^ aj.com (1 Oct 2019) China Confirms New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile On 70th Anniversary DF-17
  170. SLBM
  171. ^ Ashley Roque (22 Feb 2023) As US worries over Beijing’s influence in Middle East, Chinese defense firms flock to IDEX 2023 International Defense Exhibition in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  172. ^ Robert Burns (27 Aug 2020) Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US-China competition
  173. ^ uscc.gov (Nov 2019) Chapter 4: China's Global Ambitions
  174. ^ David Kirton (30 Sep 2021) China's high-end military technology touted at biggest air show Airshow China in Zhuhai
  175. ^ Dean Cheng (23 Nov 2020) Chinese Party Sets Bold Military Goal: ‘Mechanized & Informationized’ By 2027
  176. ^ Dean Cheng (19 May 2021) How China’s Thinking About The Next War Proposed doctrine: brigade-based, joint MDO
  177. ^ Kris Osborn (4 Feb 2022) China is Trying to Steal and Copy U.S. Military Multi-Domain Warfare Tactics "accompanied by an effort to replicate emerging U.S. strategies and warfare maneuvers" including JADC2
  178. ^ Deutsche Welle (21 May 2021) China releases population census with enormous implications for the country's future
  179. ^ Tanner Brown (17 Jan 2022) China’s Population Crisis Is Complicated. What It Means for the Country’s Economy.
  180. ^ Evelyn Cheng (17 Jan 2023) China's Population Drops For the First Time In Decades in 2022
  181. ^ Task & Purpose (22 Mar 2023) 4 Reasons China's Outta Time to Invade Taiwan 1) Demographics; 2) TSMC; 3) Russia is now the largest oil supplier to China; 4) Ukraine as cautionary example.
  182. ^ 60 Minutes (19 Mar 2023) Is the Navy ready? How the U.S. is preparing amid a naval buildup in China USS Nimitz
  183. ^ Michael C Horowitz (19 Nov 2021) War by Timeframe: Responding to China's Pacing Challenge
  184. ^ a b c d CNN (16 November 2022) Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland 4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting with 50 nations 47:21
  185. ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (7 Dec 2022) U.S., U.K. Military Chiefs Discuss Ukraine, China
  186. ^ Paul McLeary and Alexander Ward (20 Nov 2021) U.S. ‘not as advanced’ as China and Russia on hypersonic tech, Space Force general warns
  187. ^ TAYLOR A. LEE and PETER W. SINGER (7 Feb 2023) The PLA’s People Problem "China’s military has long struggled to field quality personnel".
  188. ^ Humeyra Pamuk (19 Jun 2023) Xi, Blinken agree to stabilise U.S.-China relations in rare Beijing talks
  189. ^ Fareed Zakaria, GPS (14 Sep 2023) On GPS: Gen. Mark Milley on estimating China's military power
  190. ^ Roopinder Tara (22 Sep 2022) Almost Half of Industrial Robots Are in China
  191. ^ Ryan Browne (16 Nov 2022) Chinese takeover of the UK’s biggest chip plant blocked on national security grounds as reported in (20 Nov 2022) Chinese Takeover of UK's Largest Chip Plant Blocked on National Security Grounds
  192. ^ Reuters World News (27 June 2017) China passes tough new intelligence law National Intelligence Law
  193. ^ Defense updates (30 Apr 2020) 3 Reasons Chinese Liaoning Will Not Last an Hour Against USS Ronald Reagan Protecting Japan!
  194. ^ Smerconish (6 Feb 2023) Chang: Not shooting down balloon could embolden China 'By not shooting down the balloon, "we convince the Chinese we're incapable," says Gordon Chang, author of The Great US-China Tech War. "It could push them to do things which can't be undone." '
  195. ^ Sutirtho Patranobis (31 Jul 2020) China says its Beidou system now fully operational, to challenge US’s GPS
  196. ^ P.W. Singer and Taylor A. Lee (31 March 2020) China’s version of GPS is almost complete. Here's what that means.
  197. ^ Elizabeth Howell (16 June 2020) China postpones launch of Beidou global navigation satellite
  198. ^ Huizhong Wu and Jon Gambrell, The Associated Press (30 July 2021) US military warns China is building more nuclear missile silos
  199. ^ James Anderson (31 July 2020) China's troubling nuclear buildup The New York Times Op-Ed p. A25. —James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policy
  200. ^ Dean Cheng (28 Oct 2022) China calls for new ‘strategic guidance’ at 20th Party Congress in a call for strategic deterrence [standoff] by 2027
  201. ^ Colin Clark (18 Jun 2021) Chinese Nuke Modernization Prompts Shift In DoD Strategy cites SIPRI as authority
  202. ^ DANIEL SHATS and PETER W. SINGER (5 Oct 2022) The Balance of Power Is Shifting Among Nuclear-Energy Titans RosAtom vs CNNC, CGN
  203. ^ Sun Yu and Demetri Sevastopulo, Financial Times (16 Feb 2021) China targets rare earth export curbs to hobble US defense industry
  204. ^ a b Small Wars journal (14 Aug 2021) Letter to the Editor: Critical Afghanistan Assessment "Now the rare earth minerals in Afghanistan will fall into the hands of the CCP."
  205. ^ Daniel L. Davis (6 Aug 2021): Defense Priorities fellow Daniel Davis BBC to discuss Afghanistan withdrawal
  206. ^ Fergus Ryan (26 Aug 2021) China Takes on Its Tech Leaders
  207. ^ Bloomberg (30 Aug 2021) China To Cleanse Online Content That 'Bad-Mouths' Its Economy
  208. ^ Ben Watson (6 Aug 2021) China is hacking Russia who cites Sam Bendet's tweet
  209. ^ Brandi Vincent (9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield China has goal of 2030 for Parity with US on AI —Lt. Gen. Michael Groen, for DoD's Artificial Intelligence and Data Accelerator (AIDA)
  210. ^ Mallory Shelbourne (19 Oct 2022) China’s Accelerated Timeline to Take Taiwan Pushing Navy in the Pacific, Says CNO Gilday
  211. ^ Lee Hsi-min and Eric Lee (3 Nov 2020) Taiwan’s Overall Defense Concept, Explained "The concept’s developer explains the asymmetric approach to Taiwan’s defense".
  212. ^ a b Colin Clark (4 Oct 2021) 149 Chinese Fighters, Bombers Sweep Across Taiwan ADIZ In 4 Days
  213. ^ a b Harry Halem and Eyck Freymann (7 Apr 2022) Ukraine Shows Why Taiwan Needs More Air Defense options: "transferring air-defense systems to Taiwan, funding Taiwan’s domestic air-defense programs, and deploying American-made integrated air-defense technology"
  214. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 Apr 2022) Three reasons why defense is beating offense in Ukraine – and why it matters for Taiwan 1) precision-guided firepower 2) sprawling urbanization 3) mass mobilization
  215. ^ Covert Cabal (10 Oct 2021) Can Taiwan Stop a Chinese Invasion?
  216. ^ Military Aviation History (4 Feb 2018) Air Superiority 2030 - How America Wants To Retain Dominance Encapsulates the factors for 2030
  217. ^ Mike Yeo (20 Oct 2021) China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets J-6=Mig-19 Drones
  218. ^ Oren Liebermann, CNN (24 Feb 2023) US plans to expand training of Taiwanese forces
  219. ^ Heather Penney (May 2023) Scale, Scope, Speed & Survivability: Winning the Kill Chain Competition Mitchell Institutem Policy Paper 40 seeks to counter China's Warfighting Strategy of “System Destruction” of "sensor networks, datalinks, C2 architectures, and other nodes"
  220. ^ Tara Copp (3 Nov 2021) China Likely to Have ‘At Least’ 1,000 Nukes by 2030, Pentagon Estimates CJCS views Taiwan invasion unlikely over next two years.
  221. ^ THOMAS CORBETT and PETER W. SINGER (3 Apr 2023) China Is Eating Russia’s Lunch in the Defense Market
  222. ^ a b c Mike Rogers (4 Mar 2022) China is watching Ukraine closely, the US should watch China
  223. ^ Joe Gould (7 April 2022) Putin’s ‘probably given up’ on Kyiv as Ukraine war enters new phase
  224. ^ Ben Watson (28 Oct 2022) Today's D Brief: Difficult years ahead for Europe; Rain slows Ukraine fight; Pentagon’s strategy trio; US Army’s new training center; And a bit more.
  225. ^ Ashley Roque (22 Aug 2022) US Army picks AeroVironment's Jump 20 for FTUAS Increment 1
  226. ^ Jaspreet Gill (14 Jan 2022) Army ‘well on its way’ to first OCONUS cloud in Indo-Pacific
  227. ^ a b Alternative PNT & Area Protection DAPS
  228. ^ Andrew Eversden (Feb. 2, 2022 at 12:09 PM ET update) Here’s the Army’s 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023 Updated by AFC
  229. ^ MDAA (24 Jul 2020) Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS)
  230. ^ Jen Judson (13 Jan 2022) Army readies to deliver first set of Strykers with 50-kilowatt laser weapons
  231. ^ Grinston, McConville, and McCarthy (2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy: Investing in the future 7 —Figure 3. Current Cross Functional Teams and Signature Efforts
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  233. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 May 2020) Army Braces For Post-COVID Cuts: Gen. Murray 34 Signature Programs: 31 in Futures Command, 3 in RCCTO
  234. ^ MG Cedric T. Wins (5 Dec 2018) RDECOM’S ROAD MAP TO MODERNIZING THE ARMY: NEXT GENERATION COMBAT VEHICLE MODULAR ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. Second in a series.
  235. ^ Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA
    • RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
  236. ^ Steve Trimble (24 July 2020) U.S. Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs
  237. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 April 2020) Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front OMFV digital designs by 2023, prototypes by 2025, operational by 2028
  238. ^ Brian Yang (2 December 2022) China Set To Green-Light First mRNA Vaccine
  239. ^ Rebecca Cohen, Morgan McFall-Johnsen, and Paola Rosa-Aquino (29 Nov 2022) China's refusal to use Western COVID-19 vaccines is making its protest problems even worse
  240. ^ Bloomberg (4 Dec 2022) China's Covid Pivot Accelerates as Cities Ease Testing Rules
  241. ^ Deutsche Welle DW News (16 Aug 2021) Taliban back in power: What does it mean for the Indo-Pacific region?
  242. ^ The Print Team (14 Nov 2020) How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia, and the implications for future modern warfare
  243. ^ Indian Express (28 Aug 2010) China deploys 11,000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir
  244. ^ Press Trust of India (9 Sep 2022) India, Japan to enhance defence ties to bolster their strategic partnership
  245. ^ Daishi Abe and Rieko Miki (14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief
  246. ^ a b Brian Burton (28 Jun 2021) As Allies Design Fighter Aircraft, The United States Faces a Decision
  247. ^ Russia Insight (26 December 2019) Putin Stunned By Words Of Japanese Journalist: What Are You Talking About!? Video clip: 6:51
  248. ^ Colin Clark (15 Jul 2021) 'Sense Of Crisis' On China-Taiwan: Japan Defense White Paper Japan draws closer to Taiwan
  249. ^ Zack Cooper and Eric Sayers (12 Jan 2023) JAPAN’S SHIFT TO WAR FOOTING '2+2 Meeting' of defense/state us/japan bilateral agreements
  250. ^ Reuters (25 Dec 2021) Japan to pay companies to keep sensitive patents secret- Nikkei
  251. ^ Mike Yeo (22 Nov 2022) Japanese destroyers intercept ballistic missiles in tests with US Navy
  252. ^ a b Aaron L. Friedberg (Winter 2021/2022) The Growing Rivalry Between America and China and the Future of Globalization
  253. ^ The Changing Order (9 Feb 2022) —Peter Zeihan: How Deglobalization Works, Full Webinar video 58:24
  254. ^ Anna Cooban (24 March 2022) BlackRock says Russia’s war in Ukraine is the end of globalization
  255. ^ Akhil Ramesh ( Are we witnessing the beginning of de-dollarization?
  256. ^ JackCarrUSA video 1:01:50 Peter Zeihan (June 2022): The End of the World Is Just the Beginning hardcover
  257. ^ China Observer (12 Aug 2023) No Orders From US & EU, No Money to Pay Salaries, China Faced Its Worst Manufacturing Year in 2023
  258. ^ Caspian Report (14 Jun 2022) How Russia could collapse (again) Local republics could blockade other republics of the Federation to preserve local stability, which appears to be the choice of the people.
  259. ^ Clare Sebastian, CNN (28 Aug 2022) 'Slower burn.' Russia dodges economic collapse but the decline has started Russia now selling oil to Asia, six months after sanctions by West.
  260. ^ (26 Jan 2022) Will There Be a War Over Ukraine? 13 Putin Watchers Weigh In
  261. ^ David M. Herszenhorn and Paul McLeary (8 Apr 2022) Ukraine’s 'iron general' is a hero, but he's no star ala SoF
  262. ^ Sebastian Sprenger (17 Feb 2022) Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions
  263. ^ Jaroslaw Adamowski (9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed 14 July 2021
  264. ^ Douglas London, Foreign Affairs (11 Apr 2022) A Shadow War Against Putin
  265. ^ Anna Nemtsova (28 Jan 2022) ‘Putin Lost Us’: A City of Russian-Speaking Ukrainians Is Vowing To Fight Moscow’s Aggression
  266. ^ Ivana Kottasová, Tamara Qiblawi and Helen Regan (22 Feb 2022) Putin orders troops into pro-Russian regions of eastern Ukraine
  267. ^ Sergey Radchenko (22 Feb 2022) MOSCOW MUSINGS ON BRINKSMANSHIP FROM STALIN TO PUTIN
  268. ^ Sam LaGrone (8 Feb 2022) UPDATED: Russian Navy Amphibious Group Enters Black Sea as Warships Mass in the Mediterranean
  269. ^ Liudas Dapkus and Dasha Litvinova (19 Feb 2022) Russia ‘uncoiling and poised to strike’ says US defense secretary
  270. ^ Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds (22 Apr 2022) Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion 26 pages
  271. ^ Reuben Johnson (19 May 2022) Russian attempts to restock its military may be doomed to failure
  272. ^ Kyle Mizokami (27 Jan 2022) Russia Won't Start a War With Ukraine Out of the Blue. Look For These 8 Warning Signs.
    1. Fuel and Ammunition Stockpiles
    2. Cyberwarfare
    3. GPS Jamming, Spoofing
    4. Attack submarine sorties
    5. Electronic warfare
    6. Social media blackout
    7. Little green men Events
    8. Drone reconnaissance
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  274. ^ Phil Stewart and Humeyra Pamuk, Reuters (5 Feb 2022) Russian forces at 70% of level needed for full Ukraine invasion - U.S. officials
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  276. ^ Karen DeYoung, Dan Lamothe, John Hudson and Shane Harris. The Washington Post (5 Feb 2022) Russia could invade Ukraine within days, causing up to 50,000 civilian deaths, U.S. intelligence assessments find
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  278. ^ Reuters (23 Feb 2022) Ukraine starts drafting reservists aged 18-60 after president's order
  279. ^ Jake Harrington and Riley McCabe (1 Feb 2022) Keeping Pace in the Gray ZOne: Three Recommendations for the U.S. Intelligence Community
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  281. ^ Valerie Insinna (24 Feb 2022) Russia aiming to ‘decapitate’ Ukrainian government: US official
  282. ^ Valerie Insinna (11 March 2022 at 12:35 PM) Top American generals on three key lessons learned from Ukraine Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David Berger, Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville, and Air Combat Command head Gen. Mark Kelly: 1) Humble “Legacy” Technology Can Still Play a Role Against a Sophisticated Adversary, 2) The Human Element (Still) Matters, and 3) Logistics Are Not Optional
  283. ^ Sky News (28 Apr 2022) Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely? Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2:25/4:08 use 155mm howitzers, coupled with counterfire radar (i.e. TPQ-53) against Russian artillery
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