The Force
The Force is a
Concept and development
Creation for the original films
George Lucas created the concept of the Force to address character and plot developments in Star Wars (1977).[1] He also wanted to "awaken a certain kind of spirituality" in young audiences, suggesting a belief in God without endorsing any specific religion.[2] He developed the Force as a nondenominational religious concept, "distill[ed from] the essence of all religions", premised on the existence of God and distinct ideas of good and evil.[1] Lucas said there is a conscious choice between good and bad, and "the world works better if you're on the good side".[3] In 1970s San Francisco, where Lucas lived when he wrote the drafts that became Star Wars, New Age ideas that incorporated the concept of qi and other notions of a mystical life-force were "in the air" and widely embraced.[4]
Lucas used the term the Force to "echo" its use by Canadian cinematographer
The first draft of Star Wars makes two references to "the Force of Others" and does not explain the concept: King Kayos utters the blessing "May the Force of Others be with you all", and he later says "I feel the Force also".
Lucas finished the fourth and near-final draft on January 1, 1976.
"The act of living generates a force field, an energy. That energy surrounds us; when we die, that energy joins with all the other energy. There is a giant mass of energy in the universe that has a good side and a bad side. We are part of the Force because we generate the power that makes the Force live. When we die, we become part of that Force, so we never really die; we continue as part of the Force."
—George Lucas during a production meeting for The Empire Strikes Back[15]
Lucas and screenwriter Leigh Brackett decided that the Force and the Emperor would be the main concerns in The Empire Strikes Back (1980).[16] The focus on the Emperor was later shifted to Return of the Jedi (1983),[16] and the dark side of the Force was treated as The Empire Strikes Back's main villain.[17]
Prequel films and midi-chlorians
[Mitochondria] probably had something ... to do with the beginnings of life and how one cell decided to become two cells with a little help from this other little creature who came in, without whom life couldn't exist. And it's really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. There wouldn't be any life. They are necessary for us; we are necessary for them. Using them in the metaphor, saying society is the same way, says we all must get along with each other.[21]
In a rough draft of Revenge of the Sith (2005), Palpatine says he "used the power of the Force to will the midichlorians to start the cell divisions that created" Anakin Skywalker.[22] This line was removed as the script progressed.
Sequel films and other productions
Lucas' story treatments for a potential sequel trilogy involved "a microbiotic world" and creatures known as the Whills, beings that "control the universe" and "feed off the Force." He elaborated that individuals function as "vehicles for the Whills to travel around in", and that midi-chlorians "communicate with the Whills [who] in a general sense ... are the Force."[23] After selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, Lucas said his biggest concern about the franchise's future was the Force being "muddled into a bunch of gobbledegook".[24]
When writing The Force Awakens (2015) with Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams respected that Lucas had established midi-chlorians' effect on some characters' ability to use the Force.[25] However, as a child, he interpreted Obi-Wan Kenobi's explanation of the Force in Star Wars to mean that any character could use its power, and that the Force was more grounded in spirituality than science.[25] Abrams retained the idea of the Force having a light and a dark side, and some characters' seduction by the dark side helps create conflict for the story.[26] Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group gave his "blessing" for writer-director Rian Johnson to introduce a new Force power in The Last Jedi (2017) "if the story required it and if it felt like it stretches into new territory but doesn't break the idea of what the Force can do."[27] Johnson observed that every Star Wars movie introduces new Force powers to meet that film's story needs.[27]
Depiction
In 1981, Lucas compared using the Force to
Some Force-sensitive characters derive special,
Jedi with special training can continue to exist after death, and some interact with the living as "being[s] of light"[52] referred to as "Force ghosts."[53][54] Obi-Wan's spirit provides Luke with guidance at key moments in the original trilogy,[54][55] and Yoda appears as a spirit to guide Luke in The Last Jedi.[56] Voices of past Jedi help Rey at the climax of The Rise of Skywalker, and Luke's and Leia's spirits watch over her at the film's conclusion.[57] In an early draft of Return of the Jedi, Lucas planned to resurrect Obi-Wan and Yoda at the climax,[58] and some drafts included scenes of the two helping Luke stop the Emperor.[59] The final arc of The Clone Wars' sixth season reveals that Qui-Gon Jinn learned how to transition into the "cosmic Force" from entities who represent various emotions;[54] Yoda hears the deceased Qui-Gon's voice in Attack of the Clones (2002), and he reveals in Revenge of the Sith that he has contact with Qui-Gon.[54] A short story by Claudia Gray depicts Obi-Wan learning this technique from Qui-Gon in the years leading up to Star Wars.[60]
The Force plays an important role in several Star Wars plot lines. Anakin Skywalker's rise as a Jedi, descent into the Sith Lord Darth Vader, and redemption back to the light side of the Force is the main story arc for the first six Star Wars films.
Analysis
Chris Taylor called the Force "largely a mystery" in Star Wars.[3] Taylor ascribes the "more poetic, more spiritual ... and more demonstrative" descriptions of the Force in The Empire Strikes Back to Lawrence Kasdan, who co-wrote the film, but says the film does little to expand audiences' understanding of it.[3] In 1997, Lucas said that the more detail he articulated about the Force and how it works, the more it took away from its core meaning.[64] Kotaku suggests Rian Johnson depicted more nuance in the Force in The Last Jedi than Lucas did in his films.[65] According to Rob Weinert-Kendt, the "Force theme" in John Williams' score represents the power and responsibility of wielding the Force.[66]
Comparison to magic
Eric Charles points out that the television films
Religion and spirituality
In his 1977 review of Star Wars, Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the Force "a mixture of what appears to be ESP and early Christian faith."[74] It has been studied in a religious context from an academic perspective.[75] The Magic of Myth compares the sharp distinction between the good "light side" and evil "dark side" of the Force to Zoroastrianism, which posits that "good and evil, like light and darkness, are contrary realities".[43] The connectedness between the light and dark sides has been compared to the relationship between yin and yang in Taoism,[76] although the balance between yin and yang lacks the element of evil associated with the dark side.[77] Taylor identifies other similarities between the Force and a Navajo prayer, prana, and qi.[19] It is a common plot device in jidaigeki films like The Hidden Fortress (1958), which inspired Star Wars, for samurai who master qi to achieve astonishing feats of swordsmanship.[78] Taylor added that the lack of detail about the Force makes it "a religion for the secular age".[3] According to Jennifer Porter, professor of religious studies at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, "the Force is a metaphor for godhood that resonates and inspires within [people] a deeper commitment to the godhood identified within their traditional faith".[79] According to Christian Pastor Clayton Keenan, "the spirituality of 'Star Wars' has to do with the Force. It's depicted as ... something supernatural within this universe, but it's not the same thing as a personal god that Christians or Jews or Muslims might believe in. It's this impersonal force that is in some ways this neutral, impersonal energy that is out there to be used for good or for evil."[80]
At one point, Francis Ford Coppola suggested to George Lucas that they use their combined fortunes to start a religion based on the Force.[81] Practitioners of Jediism pray to and express gratitude to the Force.[82]
Scientific analysis
Scientists are mostly skeptical about a "real world" explanation for the Force.[83] Astrophysicist Jeanne Cavelos says in The Science of Star Wars that explaining the Force is particularly difficult because "it does so many different things".[84] Force powers like precognition imply the time travel of information.[85] Cavelos explores the possibility of brain implants or sensors being used to detect users' intent and manipulate energy fields, and compares such discipline to contemporary patients learning to control prosthetics.[86]
A scientific explanation of the Force would require new discoveries in physics, such as unknown fields or particles
Cultural impact
The New Republic, Townhall, The Atlantic, and others have compared various political machinations to the "Jedi mind trick", a Force power used to undermine opponents' perceptions and willpower.[97][47][98][99]
Critical response
Critic Tim Robley compared the Force to the
And then there is that distressing thing called the Force, which is ... Lucas's tribute to something beyond science: imagination, the soul, God in man ... It appears in various contradictory and finally nonsensical guises, a facile and perfunctory bow to metaphysics. I wish that Lucas had had the courage of his materialistic convictions, instead dragging in a sop to a spiritual force the main thrust of the movie so cheerfully ignores.[102][103]
The introduction of midi-chlorians in The Phantom Menace was controversial, with Evan Narcisse of Time writing that the concept ruined Star Wars for him and a generation of fans because "the mechanisms of the Force became less spiritual and more scientific".[21] Film historian Daniel Dinello called midi-chlorians "anathema to Star Wars fanatics who thought they reduced the Force to a kind of viral infection."[104] Referring to "midi-chlorians" became a screenwriting shorthand for over-explaining a concept.[105] Although Chris Taylor suggested fans want less detail, not more, in explaining the Force,[3][106] Chris Bell argues that the introduction of midi-chlorians provided depth to the franchise and fomented engagement among fans and franchise writers.[105] Religion expert John D. Caputo writes, "In the 'Gospel according to Lucas' a world is conjured up in which the intractable oppositions that have tormented religious thinkers for centuries are reconciled ... The gifts that the Jedi masters enjoy have a perfectly plausible scientific basis, even if its ways are mysterious".[107]
Characters' faith in the Force reinforces Rogue One's message of hope.[41] The A.V. Club said Rian Johnson's depiction of the Force in The Last Jedi goes "beyond George Lucas' original transcendental concept".[70] Polygon said Johnson's film "democratize[s] the Force", depicting Force sensitivity in characters from outside a "Force-sensitive lineage" and suggesting that the Force can be used by anyone.[108]
"May the Force be with you"
Several Star Wars characters say "May the Force be with you" (or derivatives of it) and the expression has become a popular
President Ronald Reagan in 1985 said "the Force is with us", referring to the United States, to create the Strategic Defense Initiative (itself often nicknamed Star Wars) to protect against Soviet ballistic missiles.[113] Some weeks earlier, Reagan had compared the Soviet Union to the Galactic Empire.[114] The Gospel According to Star Wars says that Reagan's invocation of the Force was actually perverting Star Wars' "self-dispossessing" (or other-focused) ethos:
[The] blessing "May the Force be with you" is the expression of a hope for others ("May the Force be with you"), not for ourselves as with Reagan ("The Force is with us"). Moreover, the [Star Wars] blessing is precisely a request for hope for others ("May the Force be with you"), whereas Reagan's claim sounds like a possessive assertion ("The Force is with us").[115]
See also
- Anima mundi
- Animism
- Brahman
- Force field (physics)
- Jediism
- Manitou
- Mysticism
- Mythopoeia
- Ontology
- Orenda
- Prana
- Psychic
- Qi
- Pneuma
- Sith
References
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Further reading
- Allain, Rhett (May 4, 2017). "In which we literally calculate the power of the Force". Wired.
- Asher-Perrin, Emmet (September 12, 2012). "The "True Nature of the Force" is Way More Complicated Than You Think". Tor Books. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
- Bortolin, Matthew (2005). The Dharma of Star Wars. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-497-0.
- Decker, Kevin S.; Eberl, Jason T.; Irwin, William (2009). Star Wars and Philosophy: More Powerful than You Can Possibly Imagine. ISBN 978-1-4351-1946-8.
- Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I.; Panchin, Yuri V. (2014). "Midichlorians - the biomeme hypothesis: is there a microbial component to religious rituals?". Biology Direct. 9: 14. S2CID 6109536.
- Porter, John M. (2003). The Tao of Star Wars. Humanics Trade Group. ISBN 0-89334-385-4.
- Whitbrook, James (September 18, 2019). So, What Can a Force Ghost Do?. G/O Media.
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External links
- The Force on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
- Midichlorians on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
- May the Force Be With You on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki