Forced abortion
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Forced
Nazi Germany
During World War II, abortion policy in Nazi Germany varied depending on the people, group, and territory the policy was directed at, as German women were forbidden to have an abortion.[3] The commonality between policies was its purpose in promoting the birth rate and population of the putative "Aryan race" and minimizing the population of those such as Jewish, Polish, and Roma women.[3] Additionally, those deemed an overall burden on German society such as the disabled or mentally ill were also subjected to forced abortion with sterilization to follow, and were among the only Germans who were legally subjected to receiving an abortion.[3] These accounts have been categorized as a part of Nazi Germany's "systematic program of genocide, aimed at the destruction of foreign nations and ethnic groups".[4]
After the war ended, the practices of forced abortion towards condemned groups among Nazi society was determined to be a war crime upon assessment during the Nuremberg Trials.[3] Those guilty of encouraging or enforcing abortion during the Holocaust were sentenced to a minimum of 25 years imprisonment due to their practice being considered a "inhumane act of extermination".[3]
People's Republic of China
Forced abortions associated with administration of the
Part of the work of the activist "barefoot lawyer" Chen Guangcheng also concerned excesses of this nature.[11] By 2012, disagreement with forced abortion was being expressed by the public in China, thought to be fuelling pressure to repeal the one-child policy.[6][12] After the shift to a two-child policy in January 2016, the practice was reported in 2020 to still occur through intimidation of the Uyghur minority in Xinjiang leading to the US government imposing sanctions on officials in response.[13]
North Korean refugees repatriated from China
Forced abortions and infanticide are used as a form of punishment in prison camps. The North Korean regime banned pregnancy in its camps in the 1980s.[14] China returns all illegal immigrants from North Korea which usually imprisons them in a short-term facility. Many North Korean defectors assert that forced abortions and infanticide are common in these prisons.[14][15][16] The majority of the prisoners held in the Chinese detention centers are women. Repatriated North Koreans are subject to forced abortions regardless of perceived crimes. North Korean police's efforts are to prevent North Korean women from having ethnically mixed children with Han Chinese men. Medical care was not provided to North Korean women who underwent forced abortions.[17]
United Kingdom
On June 21, 2019, the UK
United States
Forced abortion in sex trafficking
In a series of focus groups conducted around the United States by anti-trafficking activist Laura Lederer in 2014, over 25% of survivors of domestic sex trafficking who responded to the question reported that they had been forced to have an abortion.[22][23]
Russia
India
Laws surrounding forced abortions
Section 314 in The Indian Penal Code deals with forced abortion, it reads as- 'Whoever, with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child, does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine; If act done without woman's consent.' [25]
Laws surrounding abortion
The
Sex selective abortion
Researchers anticipate that there would be 6.8 million fewer female births in India by 2030 due to the continued practise of selective abortions.[28] The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994 makes it unlawful to divulge the sex of an unborn child save for medical grounds in India. The sex ratio at birth worsened in several states due to inconsistent legal enforcement. Indian authorities often arrest groups who do for pregnancy tests. India's gender ratio—900-930 females for 1,000 males—reflects its attitude towards girls. Males are breadwinners and girls burdens in all socioeconomic classes. Males get healthier diets and better access to medical treatment than girls.[28][vague]
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 252993533.
- S2CID 239904934, retrieved 2023-11-18
- ^ PMID 11655915.
- ^ Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 (Volume 4). 1947. pp. 609–610.
- ^ a b David Barboza (June 15, 2012). "China Suspends Family Planning Workers After Forced Abortion". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ a b Edward Wong (July 22, 2012). "Reports of Forced Abortions Fuel Push to End Chinese Law". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ^ "H.R. 2570 (105th): Forced Abortion Condemnation Act". Govtrack.us. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ Evan Osnos (June 15, 2012). "Abortion and Politics in China" (Blog by reporter in reliable source). The New Yorker. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Edward Wong (June 26, 2012). "Forced to Abort, Chinese Woman Under Pressure". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ "EU Parliament condemns China forced abortions". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Agence France-Presse. July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
- ^ Pan, Philip P. (8 July 2006). "Chinese to Prosecute Peasant Who Resisted One-Child Policy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Forced abortion sparks outrage, debate in China CNN, June 2012
- ^ Jerry Dunleavy (July 09, 2020). US sanctions Chinese Communist Party officials for Uighur human rights abuses. Washington Examiner. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- ^ a b James Brooke (June 10, 2002). "N. Koreans Talk of Baby Killings". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0615623672. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ Kirby, Michael Donald; Biserko, Sonja; Darusman, Marzuki (7 February 2014). Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - A/HRC/25/CRP.1 (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. Archived from the original on Feb 27, 2014.
- ISBN 978-0615623672.
- ^ "UK court orders forced abortion for disabled Catholic, Nigerian woman". www.catholicnewsagency.com. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- TheGuardian.com. 24 June 2019.
- ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Lederer, Laura (11 September 2014). "Examining H.R. 5411, the Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Act of 2014" (PDF). US House of Representatives, Energy and Commerce Committee, Witness Hearings. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ Lederer, Laura; Wetzel, Christopher A. (2014). "The health consequences of sex trafficking and their implications for identifying victims in healthcare facilities" (PDF). Annals Health. 23: 61. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ Allenova, Olga; Tsvetkova, Roza (4 April 2016). "ПНИ — это смесь больницы и тюрьмы" [PNI is a mixture of hospital and prison]. Коммерсантъ-Власть (in Russian). No. 13. p. 12. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Section 314 in The Indian Penal Code".
- ^ a b "Abortion laws In India". legalserviceindia.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ "Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021". legalserviceindia.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-03-04.