Foreign relations of Croatia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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    Foreign relations

    The foreign relations of Croatia is primarily formulated and executed via its government which guides the state's interactions with other nations, their citizens, and foreign organizations. Active in global affairs since the 9th century, modern Croatian diplomacy is considered to have formed following their independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. As an independent state, Croatia established diplomatic relations with most world nations – 187 states in total – during the 1990s, starting with Germany (1991) and ending most recently with Togo (2023). Croatia has friendly relations with most of its neighboring countries, namely Slovenia, Hungary, Montenegro, and Italy. They maintain colder, more tense relations with Serbia as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina due to historic nation-building conflict and differing political ideologies.

    Croatia is seen as a stabilizing influence in Southeast Europe due to its political alignment with the Western world. It maintains strong relations with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union (E.U.), joining the organization in 2013. Croatia is a military ally to the U.S., U.K., and E.U. through its membership in NATO, having joined in 2009. The economy of Croatia is one of the largest in Southeast Europe with $80.1 billion in nominal gross domestic product (GDP) forecasted by the IMF in 2023. The country receives foreign aid from the IMF and USAID.

    Their foreign policy objectives have shifted since the Croatian War of Independence. During the 1990s, Croatia sought to gain international recognition and join the United Nations (2000), later seeking entry into NATO (2009) and the European Union (2013). Modern policy objectives are regional stabilization, influence in international organizations, and strengthening multilateral cooperation. Succession issues following the 1991-92 dissolution of Yugoslavia continue to complicate regional relations. Croatia has outstanding border disputes, sovereign ownership issues, and treaty disagreements with multiple neighbors.

    Croatia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), Union for the Mediterranean and a number of other international organizations. The Council of Europe has been led by Croatian diplomat Marija Pejčinović Burić since 2019.

    History

    Croatian-Italian diplomat Roger Joseph Boscovich, 1760

    The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was duke

    king of Croatia, noted as such in a letter of Pope John X in 925. Maritime Republic of Ragusa (1358-1808) maintained widespread diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire, Republic of Venice, Papal States and other states. Diplomatic relations of the Republic of Ragusa are often perceived as a historical inspiration for the contemporary Croatian diplomacy.[2] During the Wars of the Holy League Ragusa avoided alignment with either side in the conflict rejecting Venetian calls to join the Holy League.[2]

    Antun Mihanović, author of the anthem of Croatia, spent over 20 years as a consul of the Austrian Empire in Belgrade (Principality of Serbia), Bucharest (Wallachia) and Istanbul (Ottoman Empire) starting in 1836.[3] The Yugoslav Committee, political interest group formed by South Slavs from Austria-Hungary during World War I, petitioned Allies of World War I and participated in international events such as the Congress of Oppressed Nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Association for the Promotion of the League of Nations Values was active in Zagreb in the interwar period organizing lectures by Albert Thomas, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson and Ludwig Quidde.[4] During World War II, the Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia maintained diplomatic relations with several different countries in Europe.

    Socialist Republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia

    See also: Foreign relations of Yugoslavia
    Embassy of Croatia in Austria, 2015

    While each constitution of Yugoslavia defined foreign affairs as a federal level issue, over the years Yugoslav constituent republics played increasingly prominent role in either defining this policy or pursuing their own initiatives. Number of diplomats from Croatia gained significant experience in the service to the prominent Cold War era Yugoslav diplomacy.[5]

    In June 1943

    SR Slovenia joined the newly established Alps-Adriatic Working Group. The breakup of Yugoslavia led to mass transfers of experts from federal institutions enabling post-Yugoslav states to establish their own diplomatic bodies primarily by employing former Yugoslav cadres.[9] The 2001 Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formally assigned to Croatia a portion of the diplomatic and consular properties of the previous federation.[10]

    Foreign policy since independence

    Vesna Pusić
    Mate Granić
    Tonino Picula
    Ministers of Foreign Affairs: Vesna Pusić (2011-2016), Mate Granić (1993-2000) and Tonino Picula (2000-2003)
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs building at the Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square, 2007
    CEFTA
    between 2003 and 2013. Maps of CEFTA in 2003 and 2007.

    On 17 December 1991 the European Economic Community adopted the "Common Position for the recognition of the Yugoslav Republics" requesting the Yugoslav republics wishing to gain recognition to accept provisions of international law protecting human rights as well as national minorities rights in hope that credible guarantees may prevent incentives for violent confrontations.[11][12] Later that month Croatian Parliament introduced the Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia opening the way for 15 January 1992 collective recognition by the Community. Croatia maintained some links beyond the Euro-Atlantic world via its observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement which it enjoyed already at the 10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Jakarta, Indonesia.[13]

    Following the

    Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Croatia.[16]

    With the resolution of some of the major bilateral issues arising from the Yugoslav Wars Croatian foreign policy has focused on greater Euro-Atlantic integration, mainly entering the European Union and NATO. The progress was nevertheless slow in the period between 1996 and 1999 with rising concerns over authoritarian tendencies in the country. In order to gain access to European and trans-Atlantic institutions, it has had to undo many negative effects of the breakup of Yugoslavia and the war that ensued, and improve and maintain good relations with its neighbours. Croatia has had an uneven record in these areas between 1996 and 1999 during the right-wing HDZ government, inhibiting its relations with the European Union and the United States. In 1997 United States diplomacy even called upon its European partners to suspend Croatia from the Council of Europe as long as country fails to show adequate respect for human and minority rights.[17] Lack of improvement in these areas severely hindered the advance of Croatia's prospects for further Euro-Atlantic integration. Progress in the areas of Dayton, Erdut, and refugee returns were evident in 1998, but progress was slow and required intensive international engagement. Croatia's unsatisfactory performance implementing broader democratic reforms in 1998 raised questions about the ruling party's commitment to basic democratic principles and norms. Areas of concern included restrictions on freedom of speech, one-party control of public TV and radio, repression of independent media, unfair electoral regulations, a judiciary that is not fully independent, and lack of human and civil rights protection.

    With 1999 death of President

    Sharm el-Sheikh in 2009 using country's post-Yugoslav link with the Third World in its successful campaign for the Eastern European Spot at the United Nations Security Council in 2008–2009 (in open competition with Czech Republic which was member state both of EU and NATO).[19][20]

    Refugee returns accelerated since 1999, reached a peak in 2000, but then slightly decreased in 2001 and 2002. The

    UNTAES, continued to monitor human rights and the return of refugees until December 2007 with the OSCE office in Zagreb finally closing in 2012.[21][22] Croatian Serbs continue to have problems with restitution of property and acceptance to the reconstruction assistance programmes. Combined with lacking economic opportunities in the rural areas of former Krajina
    , the return process was only partial.

    Accession to the European Union

    Main article: 2013 enlargement of the European Union
      EU members in 2013
      Croatia

    At the time of Croatia's application to the European Union, three EU members states were yet to ratify the Stabilization and Association Agreement: United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Italy. The new Sanader government elected in 2003 elections repeated the assurances that Croatia will fulfill the missing political obligations, and expedited the extradition of several ICTY inductees. The European Commission replied to the answers of the questionnaire sent to Croatia on 20 April 2004 with a positive opinion. The country was finally accepted as EU candidate in July 2004. Italy and United Kingdom ratified the Stabilization and Association Agreement shortly thereafter, while the ten EU member states that were admitted to membership that year ratified it all together at a 2004 European Summit. In December 2004, the EU leaders announced that accession negotiations with Croatia would start on 17 March 2005 provided that Croatian government cooperates fully with the ICTY. The main issue, the flight of general Gotovina, however, remained unsolved and despite the agreement on an accession negotiation framework, the negotiations did not begin in March 2005. On 4 October 2005 Croatia finally received green light for accession negotiations after the Chief Prosecutor of the ICTY Carla Del Ponte officially stated that Croatia is fully cooperating with the Tribunal. This has been the main condition demanded by EU foreign ministers for accession negotiations. The ICTY called upon other southern European states to follow Croatia's good example. Thanks to the consistent position of Austria during the meeting of EU foreign ministers, a long period of instability and the questioning of the determination of the Croatian government to extradite alleged war criminals has ended successfully. Croatian Prime minister Ivo Sanader declared that full cooperation with the Hague Tribunal will continue. The accession process was also complicated by the insistence of Slovenia, an EU member state, that the two countries' border issues be dealt with prior to Croatia's accession to the EU.

    Croatia finished accession negotiations on 30 June 2011, and on 9 December 2011, signed the Treaty of Accession.[23] A referendum on EU accession was held in Croatia on 22 January 2012, with 66% of participants voting in favour of joining the Union.[24][25][26][27] The ratification process was concluded on 21 June 2013, and entry into force and accession of Croatia to the EU took place on 1 July 2013.[28]

    Current events

    The main objective of the Croatian foreign policy is positioning within the EU institutions and in the region, cooperation with NATO partners and strengthening multilateral and bilateral cooperation.[29]

    Government officials in charge of foreign policy include the Minister of Foreign and European Affairs, currently Gordan Grlić-Radman, and the President of the Republic, currently Zoran Milanović.

    Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 186 countries around the world. As of 2009, Croatia maintains a network of 51 embassies, 24 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions abroad. Furthermore, there are 52 foreign embassies and 69 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organizations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Organization for Migration, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), World Bank, World Health Organization, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF.[30]

    International organizations

    Republic of Croatia participates in the following international organizations: CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU, FAO, G11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,

    Interpol
    ,
    IOC
    , IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM (observer[31][32]), NATO, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE,
    UNMOGIP
    , UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO,
    WToO
    , WTO

    There exists a Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations.

    Foreign support

    Croatia receives support from donor programs of:

    Between 1991 and 2003, the EBRD had directly invested a total of 1,212,039,000 EUR into projects in Croatia.

    In 1998, U.S. support to Croatia came through the Southeastern European Economic Development Program (SEED), whose funding in Croatia totaled $23.25 million. More than half of that money was used to fund programs encouraging sustainable returns of refugees and displaced persons. About one-third of the assistance was used for democratization efforts, and another 5% funded financial sector restructuring.

    In 2003 USAID considered Croatia to be on a "glide path for graduation" along with Bulgaria. Its 2002/2003/2004 funding includes around $10 million for economic development, up to $5 million for the development of democratic institutions, about $5 million for the return of population affected by war and between 2 and 3 million dollars for the "mitigation of adverse social conditions and trends". A rising amount of funding is given to cross-cutting programs in anti-corruption, slightly under one million dollars.

    The European Commission has proposed to assist Croatia's efforts to join the European Union with 245 million euros from

    SAPARD
    aid programs over the course of 2005 and 2006.

    International disputes

    Relations with neighbouring states have normalized somewhat since the breakup of

    Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
    since 1999 — on political and economic cooperation in the region.

    Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations
    Consulate-General in Banja Luka, 2011

    Discussions continue between Croatia and

    Split railway line is still closed for major traffic due to this issue. The border on the Una river between Hrvatska Kostajnica on the northern, Croatian side of the river, and Bosanska Kostajnica
    on the southern, Bosnian side, is also being discussed. A river island between the two towns is under Croatian control, but is also claimed by Bosnia. A shared border crossing point has been built and has been functioning since 2003, and is used without hindrance by either party.

    The Herzegovinian municipality of

    bridge to the Pelješac peninsula to connect the Croatian mainland with the exclave but Bosnia and Herzegovina has protested that the bridge will close its access to international waters
    (although Croatian territory and territorial waters surround Bosnian-Herzegovinian territory and waters completely) and has suggested that the bridge must be higher than 55 meters for free passage of all types of ships. Negotiations are still being held.

    Italy

    Main article: Croatia–Italy relations

    The relations between Croatia and Italy have been largely cordial and friendly. Occasional incidents do arise on issues such as the

    Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone
    .

    Montenegro

    Main article: Croatia–Montenegro relations

    Croatia and Montenegro have a largely latent border dispute over the Prevlaka peninsula, and maintain friendly relations.

    Serbia

    Main articles: Croatia–Serbia relations and Croatia–Serbia border dispute

    The border between

    hydrotechnical engineering works altered its course. The area size of the territory in dispute is reported variously, up to 140 square kilometres (54 square miles) and is uninhabited area of forests and islands.[35] Croatian and Serbian authorities have made only occasional attempts to resolve the issue with the establishment of a joint commission that rarely met and the 2018 statement by presidents of the two countries that the issue will be brought to international arbitration if agreement is not reached until 2020.[35]

    Slovenia

    Main articles: Croatia–Slovenia relations and Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

    Croatia and

    Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone, an economic section of the Adriatic
    .

    Diplomatic relations

    List of countries which Croatia maintains diplomatic relations with:

    # Country Date[36]
    1  Germany 15 January 1992
    2  Austria 15 January 1992
    3  Italy 17 January 1992
    4  Hungary 18 January 1992
    5  Sweden 29 January 1992
    6   Switzerland 30 January 1992
    7  Denmark 1 February 1992
    8  Portugal 3 February 1992
    9  Liechtenstein 4 February 1992
    10  Slovenia 6 February 1992
    –  Holy See 8 February 1992
    11  Netherlands 11 February 1992
    12  Australia 13 February 1992
    13  Latvia 14 February 1992
    14  Ukraine 18 February 1992
    15  Finland 19 February 1992
    16  Norway 20 February 1992
    17  New Zealand 25 February 1992
    18  Estonia 2 March 1992
    19  Spain 9 March 1992
    20  Belgium 10 March 1992
    21  Paraguay 13 March 1992
    22  Lithuania 18 March 1992
    23  North Macedonia 30 March 1992
    24  Poland 11 April 1992
    25  Argentina 13 April 1992
    26  Chile 15 April 1992
    27  Iran 18 April 1992
    28  France 24 April 1992
    29  Luxembourg 29 April 1992
    30  Malaysia 4 May 1992
    31  Czech Republic 11 May 1992[37]
    32  China 13 May 1992
    33  Russia 25 May 1992
    34  United Arab Emirates 23 June 1992
    35  United Kingdom 24 June 1992
    36  Morocco 26 June 1992
    37  Iceland 30 June 1992
    38  Malta 30 June 1992
    39  India 9 July 1992
    40  Sudan 17 July 1992
    41  Greece 20 July 1992
    42  Moldova 20 July 1992
    43  Bosnia and Herzegovina 21 July 1992
    44  United States 11 August 1992
    45  Bulgaria 13 August 1992
    46  Albania 25 August 1992
    47  Turkey 26 August 1992
    48  Romania 29 August 1992
    49  Indonesia 3 September 1992
    50  Thailand 9 September 1992
    51  Cuba 23 September 1992
    52  Belarus 25 September 1992
    53  Egypt 1 October 1992
    54  Algeria 15 October 1992
    55  Kazakhstan 20 October 1992
    56  South Korea 18 November 1992
    57  South Africa 19 November 1992
    58  Singapore 23 November 1992
    59  Bolivia 26 November 1992
    60  North Korea 30 November 1992
    61  Qatar 5 December 1992
    62  Mexico 6 December 1992
    63  Guatemala 22 December 1992
    –  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 22 December 1992[38]
    64  Brazil 23 December 1992
    65  Slovakia 1 January 1993
    66  Nigeria 7 January 1993
    67  Peru 12 January 1993
    68  Yemen 17 January 1993
    69  Bahrain 18 January 1993
    70  Tunisia 18 January 1993
    71  Georgia 1 February 1993
    72  Cyprus 4 February 1993
    73  Venezuela 8 February 1993
    74  San Marino 11 February 1993
    75  Ghana 17 February 1993
    76  Philippines 25 February 1993
    77  Japan 5 March 1993
    78  Mongolia 10 March 1993
    79  Canada 14 April 1993
    80  Uruguay 4 May 1993
    81  São Tomé and Príncipe 23 May 1993
    82  Tanzania 2 July 1993
    83  Samoa 8 March 1994
    84  Jordan 29 June 1994
    85  Vietnam 1 July 1994
    86  Pakistan 20 July 1994
    87  Cape Verde 19 August 1994
    88  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 October 1994
    89  Kuwait 8 October 1994
    90  Angola 16 November 1994
    91  Lebanon 5 December 1994
    92  Azerbaijan 26 January 1995
    93  Ireland 27 January 1995
    94  Uzbekistan 6 February 1995
    95  Colombia 25 April 1995
    96  Andorra 28 April 1995
    97  Burkina Faso 18 May 1995
    98  Saudi Arabia 8 June 1995
    99  Zambia 20 September 1995
    100  Ethiopia 17 October 1995
    101  Ivory Coast 17 October 1995
    102  Costa Rica 19 October 1995
    103  Guinea-Bissau 19 October 1995
    104  Afghanistan 3 January 1996
    105  Belize 23 January 1996
    106  Ecuador 22 February 1996
    107  Laos 4 March 1996
    108  Nicaragua 29 March 1996
    109  Panama 12 June 1996
    110  Turkmenistan 2 July 1996
    111  Armenia 8 July 1996
    112  Mozambique 23 August 1996
    113  Serbia 9 September 1996
    114  Cambodia 10 September 1996
    115  Jamaica 9 October 1996
    116  Kyrgyzstan 23 December 1996
    117  Sri Lanka 14 February 1997
    118  Maldives 8 April 1997
    119  Oman 30 June 1997
    120  Barbados 11 July 1997
    121  Fiji 14 July 1997
    122  El Salvador 24 July 1997
    123  Syria 29 August 1997
    124  Mauritius 3 September 1997
    125  Israel 4 September 1997
    126  Seychelles 30 September 1997
    127  Senegal 1 October 1997
    128  Papua New Guinea 5 December 1997
    129  Guinea 8 December 1997
    130  Saint Lucia 10 December 1997
    131  Suriname 17 December 1997
    132  Bangladesh 18 December 1997
    133    Nepal 6 February 1998
    134  Brunei 1 May 1998
    135  Namibia 22 June 1998
    136  Gambia 16 October 1998
    137  Lesotho 6 November 1998
    138  Malawi 13 November 1998
    139  Zimbabwe 12 February 1999
    140  Uganda 10 March 1999
    141  Tajikistan 1 April 1999
    142  Eritrea 4 June 1999
    143  Antigua and Barbuda 15 June 1999
    144  Comoros 29 June 1999
    145  Myanmar 3 September 1999
    146  Chad 17 September 1999
    147  Honduras 20 September 1999
    148  Federated States of Micronesia 29 September 1999
    149  Haiti 15 October 1999
    150  Libya 30 March 2000
    151  Vanuatu 18 April 2000
    152  Grenada 19 May 2000
    153  Nauru 4 December 2000
    154  Dominican Republic 5 February 2001
    155  Benin 26 March 2001
    156  Mali 13 September 2001
    157  Gabon 22 October 2001
    158  Cameroon 18 October 2002
    159  East Timor 5 February 2003
    160  Guyana 25 February 2003
    161  Sierra Leone 23 July 2003
    162  Mauritania 24 November 2004
    163  Kenya 1 December 2004
    164  Iraq 4 January 2005
    165  Botswana 9 September 2005
    166  Montenegro 7 July 2006
    167  Madagascar 27 September 2006
    168  Republic of the Congo 10 May 2007
    169  Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 October 2007
    170  Equatorial Guinea 19 October 2007
    171  Monaco 14 December 2007
    –  Kosovo 30 June 2008
    172  Trinidad and Tobago 14 December 2011
    173  Solomon Islands 18 April 2012
    174  Dominica 30 April 2013
    175  Palau 26 September 2015
    176  Saint Kitts and Nevis 27 May 2016
    177  Kiribati 26 August 2016
    178  Bahamas 31 January 2017
    179  Djibouti 22 May 2017
    180  Rwanda 15 February 2018
    181  Eswatini 5 April 2019
    182  Marshall Islands 24 September 2019
    183  Tuvalu 2 November 2020
    184  Burundi 14 May 2021
    185  South Sudan 16 November 2021
    186  Somalia 4 February 2022
    187  Central African Republic 18 September 2023
    188  Togo 18 September 2023

    Bilateral relations

    Multilateral

    Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
     European Union See 2013 enlargement of the European Union

    Croatia joined the European Union as a full member on 1 July 2013.

     NATO See Croatia–NATO relations

    Croatia joined NATO as a full member on 1 April 2009.

    Africa

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Algeria 15 October 1992
     Angola 16 November 1994
    • Croatia is represented in Angola through its embassy in Lisbon (Portugal).[41]
    • Angola is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).[42]
     Benin 26 March 2001
    • Croatia is represented in Benin through its embassy in Paris (France).[43]
    • Benin is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Geneva (Switzerland).[44]
     Botswana 9 September 2005

    Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Croatia were established on 9 September 2005.[45][46]

     Burkina Faso 18 May 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Burkina Faso through its embassy in Paris (France).
    • Burkina Faso is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and consulate in Zagreb.[47]
     Cape Verde 13 August 1994
    • Croatia is represented in Cape Verde through its embassy in Lisbon (Portugal).
    • Cape Verde is not represented in Croatia.
    Central African Republic Central African Republic September 18, 2023
    • Croatia maintains diplomatic relations with the C.A.R.
     Chad 17 September 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Paris (France).
    • Chad is not represented in Croatia.
     Comoros 29 June 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Comoros through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Comoros is not represented in Croatia.
     Côte d'Ivoire 17 October 1995
     Djibouti 25 May 2017

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 2017.[48][49]

     Egypt 1 October 1992

    See Croatia–Egypt relations

     Eritrea 4 June 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Eritrea through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Eritrea is not represented in Croatia.
     Ethiopia 17 October 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Ethiopia through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Ethiopia is not represented in Croatia.
     Gabon 22 October 2001
    • Croatia is represented in Gabon through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).
    • Gabon is not represented in Croatia.
     Gambia 16 October 1998
    • Croatia is represented in Gambia through its embassy in London (UK).
    • Gambia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in London (UK).
     Ghana 17 February 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Ghana through its embassy in London (UK).
    • Ghana is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
     Guinea-Bissau 19 October 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Guinea-Bissau through its embassy in Lisbon (Portugal).
    • Guinea-Bissau is not represented in Croatia.
     Kenya 22 May 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).[50]
    • Kenya has a consulate in Zagreb, accredited to its embassy in Rome (Italy).[51]
     Lesotho 6 November 1998
    • Croatia is represented in Lesotho through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Lesotho is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
    Liberia Liberia N/A Croatia does not maintain diplomatic relations with Liberia.
     Libya 30 March 2000

    See Croatia–Libya relations

     Madagascar 27 September 2006

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2006.[52][53]

     Malawi 13 October 1998

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1998.[52][54]

     Mali 20 September 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Mali through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).
    • Mali is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
     Mauritania 11 November 2004
    • Croatia is represented in Mauritania through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).
    • Mauritania is not represented in Croatia.
     Mauritius 3 September 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Mauritius through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Mauritius is not represented in Croatia.
     Morocco 26 June 1992
     Mozambique 23 August 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Mozambique through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Mozambique is not represented in Croatia.
     Namibia 22 June 1998

    Diplomatic relations between Croatia and Namibia were established on 22 June 1998.[45][46]

    Niger Niger N/A Croatia does not maintain diplomatic relations with Niger.
     Nigeria 7 January 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Nigeria through its embassy in London (UK).
    • Nigeria is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
     São Tomé and Príncipe 23 May 1993
    • Croatia is represented in São Tomé and Príncipe through its embassy in Lisbon (Portugal).
    • São Tomé and Príncipe is not represented in Croatia.
     Senegal 1 October 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Senegal through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).
    • Senegal is not represented in Croatia.
     Seychelles 30 September 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Seychelles through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Seychelles is not represented in Croatia.
     South Africa 19 November 1992
     Sudan 17 July 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Sudan through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Sudan is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
     Tanzania 2 July 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Tanzania through its embassy in Pretoria, (South Africa).[58]
    • Tanzania is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome, (Italy).[59]
     Togo 20 December 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Tongo through its embassy in Paris (France).
    • Togo is not represented in Croatia.
     Tunisia 30 January 1993
     Uganda 10 March 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Uganda through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Uganda is not represented in Croatia.
     Zambia 20 September 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Zambia through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
    • Zambia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Paris (France).
     Zimbabwe 12 February 1999

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 12, 1999.[48][60]

    Americas

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Antigua and Barbuda 20 September 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Antigua and Barbuda through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (USA).[61]
    • Antigua and Barbuda is represented in Croatia through its through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
     Argentina 13 April 1992 See Argentina–Croatia relations
     Bahamas 31 January 2017
    • Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Commonwealth of Bahamas was signed on 31 January 2017.[64]
     Belize 23 January 1996
    • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1996.[52][65]
     Bolivia 26 November 1992
     Brazil 23 December 1992
     Canada 14 April 1993
     Chile 15 April 1992 See Chile–Croatia relations
    • Chile has an
      Split
      .
    • Croatia has an embassy in
      Punta Arenas
      .
    • It is officially accepted that there are up to 380,000 Chileans of Croatian descent
     Colombia 25 April 1995
    • Colombia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
    • Croatia is represented in Colombia through its embassy in
      Brasilia
      (Brazil).
    • Croatia is defined as an ally by Colombia on the war on drugs and as an example to follow after a post-conflict situation[67]
     Costa Rica 19 October 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Costa Rica through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (US).
    • Costa Rica is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).
     Cuba 23 September 1992
     Dominica 2013[68]
    • Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Commonwealth of Dominica was signed on 30 July 2013.[68]
     Ecuador 22 February 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Ecuador through its embassy in
      Santiago
      (Chile).
    • Ecuador is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
    • A honorary consulate for Croatia was established in Guayaquil in 2022.[69]
     El Salvador 24 July 1997
    • Croatia is represented in El Salvador through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (US).
    • El Salvador is not represented in Croatia.
     Grenada 19 May 2000
    • Croatia is represented in Grenada through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (USA).
     Guatemala 22 December 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Guatemala through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (US).
    • Guatemala is not represented in Croatia.
     Guyana 25 February 2003
    • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 2003.[70]
    • Croatia is represented in Guyana through its Permanent Mission in New York City.[71]
     Honduras 20 September 1999
    • Croatia is represented in Honduras through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (US).
    • Honduras is not represented in Croatia.
     Jamaica 9 October 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Jamaica through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (USA).[72]
     Mexico 6 December 1992 See Croatia–Mexico relations
     Nicaragua 29 March 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Nicaragua through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in
      Brasilia
      (Brazil).
    • Nicaragua is not represented in Croatia.
     Panama 12 June 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Panama through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (US).
    • Panama is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Piraeus (Greece).[75]
     Paraguay 13 March 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina).
    • Paraguay is not represented in Croatia.
     Peru 12 January 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Peru through its embassy in Santiago (Chile) and consulate in Lima.
    • Peru is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) and consulate in Zagreb.
    • There are around 6,500 people of Croatian descent living in Peru.
     Saint Lucia 10 December 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Saint Lucia through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (USA).
     Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 October 1994
    • Croatia is represented in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines through its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York (USA).
     Suriname 17 December 1997
     Trinidad and Tobago 14 December 2011

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2011.[77][78]

     United States of America 11 August 1992 See Croatia–United States relations
     Uruguay 4 May 1993 See
    Croats in Uruguay
    • Croatia is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and consulate in Montevideo.
    • Uruguay is not represented in Croatia.
    • According to
      UN
      estimates there are some 3,300 people of Croat descent living in Uruguay. Other estimates place the figure at around 5,000.
     Venezuela 9 October 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in
      Brasilia
      (Brazil).
    • Venezuela is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria).

    Asia

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Afghanistan 3 January 1996
     Armenia 8 July 1994 See Armenia–Croatia relations
     Azerbaijan 26 January 1995 See
    Azerbaijan–Croatia relations
     Bahrain 18 January 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Bahrain through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Bahrain is not represented in Croatia.
    Bhutan Bhutan N/A Croatia does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
     Cambodia 10 September 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Cambodia through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia).
    • Cambodia is not represented in Croatia.
     China (People's Republic) 13 May 1992
    See also: China–Croatia relations
     Georgia 1 February 1993

    See Croatia–Georgia relations

     India 9 July 1992

    See Croatia–India relations

     Indonesia 3 September 1992
     Iran 18 April 1992 See Croatia–Iran relations
    • Croatia has an embassy in Tehran.
    • Iran has an embassy and a cultural centre in Zagreb.
    • Croatia and Iran signed 24 agreements of cooperation.
     Iraq 5 January 2005
    • Croatia is represented in Iraq through its embassy in Baghdad.[86]
    • Iraq is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna.[87]
     Israel 4 September 1997 See Croatia–Israel relations
     Japan 5 March 1993

    See Croatia–Japan relations

     Jordan 29 June 1994
     Kazakhstan 20 October 1992
     Kuwait 10 August 1994
    • Croatia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
    • Kuwait is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic) and consulate in Zagreb.[92]
     Kyrgyzstan 23 December 1996
    • Croatia is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
     Laos 4 March 1996
     Lebanon 5 December 1994
     Malaysia 4 May 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia).
    • Malaysia has embassy in Zagreb.
     Maldives 8 April 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Maldives through its embassy in New Delhi (India).
    • Maldives is not represented in Croatia.
     Mongolia 10 March 1993
     Myanmar 3 September 1999
       Nepal 6 February 1998
    • Croatia is represented in Nepal through its embassy in New Delhi and consulate in Kathmandu.
    • Nepal is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Geneva (Switzerland).[100]
     North Korea 30 November 1992
    • Croatia is represented in North Korea through its embassy in Beijing (China).[101]
    • North Korea is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania).[102]
    • In January 2016, former Croatian president Stjepan Mesić visited North Korea.[103]
     Pakistan 20 July 1994
     Philippines 25 February 1993
     Qatar 5 December 1992 See Croatia–Qatar relations
     Saudi Arabia 8 June 1995 See Croatia–Saudi Arabia relations
    • Croatia is represented in Saudi Arabia through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Saudi Arabia is not represented in Croatia but citizens that need any assistance are advised to contact the Saudi Arabia embassy in Sarajevo (BiH).
     Singapore 23 November 1992
     South Korea 18 November 1992

    See

    Croatia–South Korea relations

    The Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Croatia and the South Korea began on 18 November 1992.

     Sri Lanka 14 February 1997
    • Croatia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in New Delhi and consulate in Colombo.[110]
    • Sri Lanka is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and consulate in Zagreb.[111]
     Syria 29 August 1997

    See Croatia–Syria relations

    Taiwan Taiwan N/A Croatia does not maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan.
     Tajikistan 1 April 1999
     Thailand 9 September 1992
     Timor-Leste 5 February 2003
     Turkey 26 August 1992

    See Croatia–Turkey relations

     Turkmenistan 2 July 1996 See Croatia–Turkmenistan relations
     United Arab Emirates 23 June 1992
    • Croatia is represented in United Arab Emirates through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).[120]
    • United Arab Emirates are represented in Croatia through its embassy in Berlin (Germany).[121]
     Uzbekistan 6 February 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Uzbekistan through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
     Vietnam 1 July 1994
     Yemen 17 January 1993
    • Croatia is represented in Yemen through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
    • Yemen is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and consulate in Zagreb.

    Europe

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Albania 25 August 1992 See Albania–Croatia relations
     Andorra 28 April 1995
    • Croatia is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
    • Andorra is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Paris (France).
     Austria 15 January 1992 See Austria–Croatia relations
    • Austria has an embassy in
      Split
      .
    • Croatia has an embassy in Vienna and 2 honorary consulates in Graz and Innsbruck.
    • From 1527 until 1918 Croatia and Austria were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Croatian region Dalmatia being under the Austrian administration.
    • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
     Belarus 25 September 1992 See Belarus–Croatia relations
     Belgium 10 March 1992 See Belgium–Croatia relations
     Bosnia and Herzegovina 21 July 1992 See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations
     Bulgaria 13 August 1992 See Bulgaria–Croatia relations
     Cyprus 4 February 1993

    See Croatia–Cyprus relations

     Czech Republic 1 January 1993

    See Croatia–Czech Republic relations

     Denmark 1 February 1992

    See Croatia–Denmark relations

     Estonia 2 March 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and honorary consulate in Tallinn.
    • Estonia is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome, Italy and honorary consulate in Zagreb.
    • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
     Finland 19 February 1992

    See Croatia–Finland relations

     France 24 April 1992

    See Croatia–France relations

     Germany 15 January 1992

    See Croatia–Germany relations

     Greece 20 July 1992

    See Croatia–Greece relations

     Holy See 8 February 1992

    See Croatia–Holy See relations

     Hungary 18 January 1992

    See Croatia–Hungary relations

     Iceland 30 June 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Iceland thought it embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and consulate in Reykjavík.[137]
    • Iceland is represented in Croatia thought it embassy in Berlin (Germany) and consulate in Zagreb.[137]
    • Iceland is the first fully sovereign country that recognized Croatia as an independent state. (19 December 1991)
    • Both countries are full members of NATO.
     Ireland 27 January 1995

    See

    Croatia-Ireland relations

     Italy 17 January 1992

    See

    Croatia-Italy relations

     Kosovo 30 June 2008

    See Croatia–Kosovo relations

     Latvia 14 February 1992
     Liechtenstein 4 February 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
    • Liechtenstein is not represented in Croatia.
     Lithuania 18 March 1992
     Luxembourg 29 April 1992
    • Croatia is represented in Luxembourg through it embassy in Brussels (Belgium).[145]
    • Luxembourg is represented in Croatia through it embassy in Berlin (Germany).[146]
    • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
     Malta 30 June 1992
     Moldova 28 July 1992
     Monaco 14 December 2007
    • Croatia is represented in Monaco through it embassy in Paris (France) and honorary consulate in Monaco.[148]
    • Monaco is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Rome (Italy) and honorary consulate in Zagreb.[149]
     Montenegro 7 July 2006

    See Croatia–Montenegro relations

     Netherlands 23 April 1992 See Croatia–Netherlands relations
     North Macedonia 30 March 1992
    • Croatia has an embassy in Skopje, and the general consulate in Bitola.
    • North Macedonia has an embassy in Zagreb and 2 consulates in Zadar and Rijeka.
    • From 1918 to 1991 Croatia and North Macedonia were part of Yugoslavia.
    • Croatia is full member of the European Union and NATO while North Macedonia is among candidates for membership.
     Norway 20 February 1992

    See Croatia–Norway relations

     Poland 11 April 1992

    See Croatia–Poland relations

     Portugal 3 February 1992
     Romania 29 August 1992

    See Croatia–Romania relations

     Russia 25 May 1992

    See Croatia–Russia relations

     San Marino 11 February 1993
    • Croatia is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).[161]
    • San Marino is represented in Croatia through its General embassy in San Marino.[162]
    • According to legend San Marino was founded in year 301 by sculptor
      island of Rab
      .
     Serbia 9 September 1996
    then as
    FR Yugoslavia and including Montenegro
    		 See Croatia–Serbia relations
    • Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica.
    • Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and 2 general consulates in
      Vukovar
      .
    • Both countries shares 241 km of common border.
    • From 1918 to 1991 Croatia and Serbia were part of Yugoslavia.
    • Croatia is full member of the European Union while Serbia is candidate for membership.
     Slovakia 1 January 1993 See Croatia–Slovakia relations
     Slovenia 6 February 1992 See Croatia–Slovenia relations
    • Croatia has an embassy in Ljubljana and 2 honorary consulates in Maribor and Koper.
    • Slovenia has an embassy in Zagreb and an honorary consulate in Split.
    • Both countries shares 670 km of common border.
    • From 1918 to 1991 Croatia and Slovenia were part of Yugoslavia.
    • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
     Sovereign Military Order of Malta 22 December 1992
    • Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an embassy in Zagreb.
     Spain 9 March 1992 See Croatia–Spain relations
     Sweden 29 January 1992 See Croatia–Sweden relations
      Switzerland 30 January 1992
     Turkey 26 August 1992
     Ukraine 18 February 1992

    See Croatia–Ukraine relations

     United Kingdom 24 June 1992

    See Croatia–United Kingdom relations

    Oceania

    Country Formal Relations Began Notes
     Australia 13 February 1992
     Fiji 14 June 1997

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1997.[52][174]

     Nauru 14 December 2000
    • Croatia is represented in Nauru through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).[175]
    • Nauru is not represented in Croatia.
     New Zealand 25 February 1992
    Tonga Tonga N/A Croatia does not maintain diplomatic relations with Tonga.
     Samoa 8 March 1994
    • Croatia is represented in Samoa through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
    • Samoa is not represented in Croatia.
     Tuvalu 2 November 2020
    • Diplomatic relations were established between the Republic of Croatia and Tuvalu in an agreement signed at the United Nations.[178]
    • Croatia is represented in Tuvalu through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
    • Tuvalu is not represented in Croatia.
     Vanuatu 18 April 2000
    • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 2000.[52][179]

    See also

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    External links

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