Foreign relations of Ghana

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    Shirley Ayorkor Botchway
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The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the

Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court
.

Guiding principles and objectives

Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.[1]

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."[1]

Kwame Nkrumah and his family meeting Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser during the 1965 OAU Summit in Accra.

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.[1]

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.[1]

Diplomatic missions of Ghana

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993-94.[1]

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.[1]


Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 6 March 1957[2]
2  India 6 March 1957[3]
3  Japan 6 March 1957[4]
4  Philippines 6 March 1957[5]
5  United States 6 March 1957[6]
6  Germany 24 June 1957[7]
7  Liberia June 1957[8]
8  France 7 July 1957[9]
9  Canada 30 October 1957[10]
10  Israel October 1957[11]
11  Russia 15 January 1958[12]
12  Australia 21 February 1958[13]
13  Tunisia 11 June 1958[14]
14  Guinea 1958[15]
15  Turkey 1958[16][17]
16  Serbia 10 January 1959[18]
17  Lebanon 30 March 1959[19][20]
18  Ethiopia 10 April 1959[21]
19  Netherlands 9 May 1959[22]
20  Sudan 20 September 1959[23]
21  Belgium 2 October 1959[24]
22  Cuba 23 December 1959[25]
23  Poland 31 December 1959[26]
24  Indonesia 1959[27]
25  Saudi Arabia 1 April 1960[28]
26  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 July 1960[29]
27  China 5 July 1960[30]
28   Switzerland 19 July 1960[31]
29  Nigeria 1 October 1960[32]
30  Mali 14 October 1960[33]
31  Brazil 1960[34]
32  Libya 1960[35]
33  Morocco 1960[36]
34  Czech Republic 18 January 1961[37]
35  Sri Lanka 6 March 1961[38]
36  Ivory Coast 15 March 1961[39]
37  Argentina 28 March 1961[40]
38  Senegal 21 April 1961[41]
39  Sierra Leone 27 April 1961[42]
40  Burkina Faso 12 June 1961[43]
41  Hungary 29 July 1961[44]
42  Afghanistan 2 August 1961[45]
43  Mexico 8 August 1961[46]
44  Bulgaria 10 August 1961[47]
45  Romania 10 August 1961[48]
46  Niger 24 August 1961[49]
47  Denmark 28 September 1961[50]
48  Chile 6 October 1961[51]
49  Albania 1961[52]
50  Somalia 1961[53]
51  Sweden 27 April 1962[54]
52  Benin 20 June 1962[55]
53  Uganda 1962[56][57]
54  Togo 21 January 1963[58]
55  Algeria 2 May 1963[59]
56  Cameroon 20 August 1963[60]
57  Kenya 16 December 1963[61]
58  Republic of the Congo 8 February 1964[62]
59  Trinidad and Tobago 1 March 1964[63]
60  Malawi 8 July 1964[64]
61  Burundi 25 August 1964[65]
62  Zambia 30 November 1964[66]
63  North Korea 28 December 1964[67]
64  Venezuela 16 March 1965[68]
65  Vietnam 25 March 1965[69]
66  Norway 19 May 1965[70]
67  Gambia 28 May 1965[71]
68  Mongolia 7 December 1965[72]
69  Tanzania 20 December 1965[73]
70  Lesotho 24 November 1966[74]
71  Central African Republic 14 June 1967[75]
72  Chad 24 July 1967[76]
73  Spain 10 November 1967[77]
74  Jamaica 15 November 1967[78]
75  Madagascar 1967[79]
76  Malaysia 1967[80]
77  Luxembourg 21 February 1968[81]
78  Rwanda 1969[82]
79  Equatorial Guinea 4 June 1971[83]
80  Greece 31 July 1973[84]
81  Malta 27 February 1974[85]
82  Bangladesh 19 July 1974[86]
83  Iran 1974[87]
84  Kuwait 1974[88]
85  Portugal 27 May 1975[89]
—  Holy See 20 November 1975[90]
86  Suriname 24 November 1975[91]
87  Angola 8 October 1976[92]
88  Papua New Guinea 22 August 1977[93]
89  Cape Verde 4 October 1977[94]
90  South Korea 14 November 1977[95]
91  Finland 1 December 1977[96]
92  Iceland 1977[97]
93  Bahrain 9 April 1978[98]
94  Mozambique 27 June 1978[99]
95  Guyana 14 May 1979[100]
96  Botswana 21 May 1979[101]
97  Zimbabwe 1980[102]
98  Qatar 25 July 1981[103]
99  United Arab Emirates 25 August 1981[104][105]
100  Belize September 1981[106]
101  Uruguay 24 May 1982[107]
102  Thailand 25 October 1985[108]
103  Peru 23 June 1987[109]
104  Bolivia 3 December 1987[110]
105  Colombia 23 June 1988[109]
106  Seychelles 10 October 1988[109]
—  State of Palestine 17 February 1989[111]
107  Panama 24 February 1989[112]
108  Oman 1 March 1989[113]
109  Cyprus 5 May 1989[114]
110  Maldives 10 August 1989[109]
111  Singapore 11 October 1989[115]
112  Namibia 21 March 1990[116]
113  Ireland 1990[117]
114  Brunei 10 December 1991[118]
115  Latvia 3 January 1992[119]
116  Estonia 5 February 1992[120]
117  Belarus 5 May 1992[121]
118  Armenia 29 May 1992[122]
119  Ukraine 17 June 1992[123]
120  Kyrgyzstan 26 June 1992[124]
121  Lithuania 10 July 1992[125]
122  Kazakhstan 14 August 1992[126]
123  Moldova 28 August 1992[127]
124  Azerbaijan 11 September 1992[128]
125  Turkmenistan 17 September 1992[129]
126  Georgia 4 December 1992[130]
127  Slovenia 15 February 1993[131]
128  Croatia 17 February 1993[132]
129  Saint Kitts and Nevis June 1993[133]
130  Slovakia 1 October 1993[134]
131  Uzbekistan 28 October 1993[135]
132  Tajikistan 2 November 1993[136]
133  South Africa 6 May 1994[137]
134  Barbados August 1994[138]
135  Guatemala 26 September 1994[139]
136  Myanmar 13 January 1995[140]
137  Cambodia 24 May 1995[141]
138  Yemen 30 November 1995[142]
139  North Macedonia 7 February 1996[143]
140  Costa Rica 11 July 2000[144]
141  New Zealand 1 March 2001[145]
142  Eritrea 26 August 2004[146]
143  Jordan 5 June 2007[147]
144  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 August 2008[148]
145  San Marino 5 November 2008[149]
146  Bahamas 17 March 2011[150]
147  Andorra 31 March 2011[151]
148  Honduras 29 August 2011[152]
149  Montenegro 20 September 2012[109]
—  Kosovo (suspended) 4 October 2012[153]
150  Fiji 12 October 2012[154]
151  Bosnia and Herzegovina 13 February 2013[109]
152  South Sudan 15 September 2014[155]
153  Comoros 5 July 2015[156]
154  East Timor 15 June 2016[157]
155  Dominica 18 January 2018[109]
156  Dominican Republic 23 September 2019[109]
157    Nepal 25 September 2019[109]
158  Monaco 26 September 2019[109]
159  Laos 27 September 2019[158]
160  Liechtenstein 19 December 2019[109]
161  Samoa 20 December 2019[109]
162  Antigua and Barbuda Before March 2020[159]
163  Paraguay 17 June 2021[160]
164  El Salvador 18 September 2023[161]
—  Cook Islands 8 November 2023[162]
165  Austria Unknown
166  Djibouti Unknown
167  Ecuador Unknown
168  Egypt Unknown
169  Eswatini Unknown
170  Gabon Unknown
171  Grenada Unknown[163]
172  Guinea-Bissau Unknown[164]
173  Haiti Unknown
174  Iraq Unknown
175  Italy Unknown
176  Mauritania Unknown
177  Mauritius Unknown
178  Nicaragua Unknown[165]
179  Pakistan Unknown
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unknown
180  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown[166]
181  Syria Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
 Burkina Faso 12 June 1961 See Burkina Faso–Ghana relations

With the coming to power of

Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.[167]
 Egypt 7 November 1957
  • Egypt has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Cairo.
 Guinea 1958
 Ivory Coast 15 March 1961 See
Ivory Coast–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.[170]

Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of

transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.[171]
 Kenya 16 December 1963 See Ghana–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963.

  • Ghana has a high commission in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
 Namibia 21 March 1990
  • Ghana has a high commission in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has a high commission in Accra.
 Nigeria 1 October 1960 See Ghana–Nigeria relations

Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960[172]

Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.[1]

  • Ghana has a high commission in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
 Senegal 21 April 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1961.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Accra.
 South Africa 6 May 1994 See Ghana–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994[173]

High Commission of Ghana in Pretoria
  • Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
 Togo 21 January 1963 See Ghana–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.[174]

The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.[1][175] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression.[171] The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.[175]

  • Ghana has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 28 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1961[176]
  • Argentina is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Brazil 2 January 1961
Lula da Silva
  • Brazil has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada 17 May 1957
  • Canada has a High Commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a High Commission in Ottawa.
 Chile 6 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[177]
  • Chile has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Colombia 23 June 1988

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988[178]

Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.[179]

  • Colombia has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Cuba 23 December 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1959[180]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Havana.
 Jamaica 8 May 1968 See Ghana–Jamaica relations
  • Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Mexico 8 August 1961 See Ghana–Mexico relations

Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961.[181] Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980.[182] Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.

 Peru 23 June 1987
Main article: Ghana–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[185]

  • Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Accra.
 Suriname 1 April 1977 See:
Ghana-Suriname relations
  • Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.[186]
 United States 6 March 1957 See Ghana–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957[187]

The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Bangladesh 19 July 1974 See Bangladesh–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.[188]

  • Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
 China 5 July 1960 See China–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.[189]

Ghana's relations with the

People's Republic of China
(PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966.

  • China has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Beijing.
 India 6 March 1957 See Ghana–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.[190]

  • Ghana has a high commission in New Delhi.
  • India has a high commission in Accra.
 Indonesia 1959
  • Ghana is accredited to Indonesia from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Indonesia is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Israel 6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994 See Ghana–Israel relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Accra.
 Japan 12 March 1959
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Accra.
 Malaysia 5 December 1966 See Ghana–Malaysia relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
 Pakistan 1958

Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.[191]

  • Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
 Saudi Arabia 1 April 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1960.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Accra.
 Turkey 1958 See Ghana–Turkey relations

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Denmark 28 September 1961 See Denmark–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[193]

Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast.

  • Denmark has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Copenhagen.
 France 1957
  • France has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
 Germany 24 June 1957 See Germany–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957.

  • Germany has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Berlin.
 Italy
  • Ghana has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Accra.
 Malta 27 February 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1974[194]
  • Ghana has a high commission in Valletta.
  • Malta has a high commission in Accra.
 Poland 31 December 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959[195]
  • Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Russia 14 January 1958 See Ghana–Russia relations
  • Ghana has an
    embassy in Moscow
    .
  • Russia has an embassy in Accra.
 Spain 10 November 1967 See Ghana–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967[196]

  • Ghana has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Accra.
 United Kingdom 6 March 1957 See Ghana–United Kingdom relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in London.[197]
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Accra.[198]

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 21 February 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1958[199]
  • Australia has a high commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a high commission in Canberra.
 New Zealand 1 March 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2001.[200]
  • Ghana is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations

Chatham House Prize and 10th President of Ghana John Kufuor with Prince Philip, the Husband of the Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II
.

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a

republic in the Commonwealth of Nations
.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
  3. ^ "Report 1956-57 Government of India Ministry of External Affairs". p. 30. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  5. ^ "Today, we celebrate 60 years of formal diplomatic relations with Ghana!". 6 March 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  6. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ghana". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Ghana: Steckbrief". auswaertiges-amt.de (in German). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  8. ^ Liberia Today Volumes 5-7. Liberian Embassy in Washington. 1956. p. 7. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  9. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  10. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
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  13. ^ "Australian Representation Overseas". Current Notes on International Affairs. 29 (2). Department of External Affairs: 128. February 1958. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  14. ^ Awakening Africa - Volume 1. Bureau of African Affairs. 1962. p. 113.
  15. ^ Giant Stride Forward: Republic of Guinea, First Year of Freedom. The Embassy of Guinea to the United States. 1959. p. 18.
  16. ^ "Ghana – Turkey Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  17. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Ghana". Repunic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  18. ^ Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 6–10. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1959. p. 41.
  19. ^ Summary of the Yugoslav Press. The Service. 1959. p. 4.
  20. ^ Lazar Focsaneanu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1959 / 5 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 921. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  21. ^ W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
  22. ^ "AMSTERDAM van DAG tot DAG Feestelijke opening N.V. Fijnhouthandel". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 8 May 1959. Retrieved 7 January 2024. Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard heeft vanmorgen jn tegenwoordigheid van de Hoge Commissaris van Ghana, Z.E. Asafu Adjay...
  23. ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1960. p. 36.
  24. ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 275-326 (in French and Dutch). 1959. 1959. p. 8127.
  25. ^ "Cuba aboga por consolidar las relaciones diplomáticas con Ghana". granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  26. ^ "Ghana". gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  27. ^ "About Indonesia". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  28. ^ Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts - Issues 66-70 - Page 4. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960.
  29. ^ W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
  30. ^ "Introduction of China-Ghana Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Ghana. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  31. ^ "No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  32. ^ Dei-Anang, Michael (1975). The Administration of Ghana's Foreign Relations, 1957-1965 A Personal Memoir. University of London, The Athlone Press published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 76.
  33. ^ "Journal officiel de la Republique du Mali de l'annee 1 Novembre 1960" (PDF) (in French). p. 855. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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External links

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