— was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.
Luxembourg is the site of the
EU bodies
.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Luxembourg maintains diplomatic relations with:
Diplomatic relations were established on 19 March 1980 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Luxembourg (resident in Brussels) Dr. Ghebray Berhane[157]
Ethiopia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1945[186]
Canada is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[187]
Luxembourg is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains four honorary consulates (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).[188]
Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1947[198]
In 1980, Prime Minister Pierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996, Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[199][200]
Luxembourg is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mérida.[201]
Mexico is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[202]
Diplomatic relations were established on 10 July 1946[254]
Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987.[255]
Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara, which was opened on 29 November 2011.[255]
Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
There are 500 ethnic Turk's living in Luxembourg, 200 of whom have dual citizenship. The trade volume between the two States had reached $217 million in 2011.[255]
Luxembourg strongly supports Turkey's candidacy as a full European Union member.[256][257]
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO
.
Both countries shared a common fate in the 14th century when John the Blind of Luxembourg married Eliška Přemyslovna sister of the deceased King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia and became king of Bohemia.
Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923, and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.[clarification needed][275] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991[276]
In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leader Artur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate.[277] Estonian historians including Pusta[278] and Tomingas[279] have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts.
As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[275] An Estonian cultural association was founded in 1998.[280] Estonian President Arnold Rüütel made a state visit to Luxembourg in May 2003,[275][281] prime minister Andrus Ansip's in 2006.Luxembourgish Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007.
Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[282]
Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1.12.94)[283]
Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23.09.99)[284]
Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1.02.05)
Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23.05.2006)[285][286]
Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[275] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).[275]
Luxembourg is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg was Vladimir Putin on 24 May 2007. As bilateral trade had more than tripled from US$66.6 million in 2003 to US$228.3 million in 2006, time had come to strengthen the ties between the two countries, energy and finance being the key areas of cooperation between Russia and Luxembourg.
^Memoria que el Ministro de Estado en el Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores presenta al Congreso Nacional de ... (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1963. p. 168.
^ abStudia diplomatica - Volume 35 (in French). Institut royal des relations internationales, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche indépendant. 1982. p. 89.
^Vol. 35, No. 1/2, BIOGRAPHIE DES CHEFS DE MISSION DIPLOMATIQUE A BRUXELLES 1970-1982 / BIOGRAPHY OF THE HEADS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION IN BRUSSELS. Egmont Institute. 1982.
^Mémorial A n° 69 de 1935 (in French). Strada lex Luxembourg. p. 1146.
^Vol. 35, No. 1/2, BIOGRAPHIE DES CHEFS DE MISSION DIPLOMATIQUE A BRUXELLES 1970-1982 / BIOGRAPHY OF THE HEADS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION IN BRUSSELS. Egmont Institute. 1982.
Fally, V. (1992). Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Fally, V. (1996). Le Luxembourg face à la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Frentz, Jean-Marie (2010). "The Foreign Policy of Luxembourg". In Steinmetz, Robert; Wivel, Anders (eds.). Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Ashgate.
Hey, Jeanne A. K. (2002). "Luxembourg's Foreign Policy: Does Small Size Help or Hinder?". Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 15 (3): 211–225.
Kayser, Steve (June 2006). "La neutralité du Luxembourg de 1918 à 1945" [Luxembourg's neutrality from 1918 to 1945] (PDF). Forum (in French) (257): 36–39. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Wurth, Hubert (2006). "La politique étrangère du Luxembourg" [Luxembourg's Foreign Policy]. Revue Internationale et Stratégique (in French). 61 (61): 217–226.