Foreign relations of New Zealand
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The foreign relations of New Zealand are oriented chiefly toward developed democratic nations and emerging
In summer 2013, New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully reported that:
- All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations. Sino - New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.[3]
History
Māori rule
New Zealand was first settled by Polynesians about 1300 AD. From the 1760s New Zealand was visited by various European explorers and traders, and later missionaries and settlers. An informal system of trade was established, especially in Northland, and some iwi (tribes) became wealthy and powerful. As Māori was a tribal-level society of many shifting chiefdoms, relationships with Europeans were ad hoc and informal. In 1835 a group of Northland chiefs, under the guidance of British resident James Busby, signed a declaration of independence, which was recognised by Britain.[4][5]
British colony
Many
The annexation of New Zealand by Britain meant that Britain now controlled New Zealand's foreign policy. Subsidised large-scale immigration from the
New Zealand eagerly sent a large fraction of its young men to fight on Britain's side in the First World War. Their heroism in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and secured the psychological independence of the nation.
After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919) joined the League of Nations. Wellington trusted Conservative Party governments in London, but not Labour. When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929, the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour's foreign policy because of its reliance upon the League of Nations. The League was distrusted and Wellington did not expect to see the coming of a peaceful world order under League auspices. What had been the Empire's most loyal Dominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements.[6]
The governments of the Reform and United Parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a "realistic" foreign policy. They made national security a high priority, were sceptical of international institutions such as the League, and showed no interest on the questions of self-determination, democracy, and human rights. However the opposition Labour Party was more idealistic and proposed a liberal internationalist outlook on international affairs. From 1935 the First Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy, for example opposing the appeasement of Nazi Germany and Japan.[7]
Second World War
When World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealand whole-heartedly joined in the defence of Britain, with Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring that "where Britain goes, we go; where Britain stands, we stand".[8] New Zealand soldiers served in North Africa, Italy and the Pacific, and airmen in England and the Pacific, throughout the war, even when New Zealand had concerns about invasion by the Japanese.
Since 1945
During World War II the New Zealand government created a Department of External Affairs (now the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade) for the first time in 1943, taking control of foreign policy that had previously been run by the Dominions Office in London. In 1947 New Zealand ratified the 1931 Statute of Westminster with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which made New Zealand fully independent of Britain.
The
Britain's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 forced New Zealand into a more independent role.[9] The British move restricted New Zealand's trade access to its biggest market, and it sought new trading partners in Asia, America and the Middle East. Australia and New Zealand signed the free-trade Closer Economic Relations agreement in 1983. The election of the Fourth Labour Government in 1984 marked a new period of independent foreign policy. Nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships were banned from New Zealand waters, effectively removing New Zealand from the ANZUS pact. Immigration laws were liberalised, leading to a massive increase in immigration from Asia. The Fourth National Government (1990–1999) liberalised trade by removing most tariffs and import restrictions.
In 2008, Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters announced what he called "a seismic change for New Zealand's foreign service", designed to remedy the country's "struggling to maintain an adequate presence on the international stage". Peters said that the Ministry would receive additional funding and increase the number of New Zealand diplomats serving abroad by 50%.[10] However this policy was reversed following the 2008 General Election which brought the John Key-led Fifth National Government of New Zealand to power.[citation needed]
Commonwealth of Nations
New Zealand is a
The reigning monarch and
New Zealand has strong relations with most other Commonwealth countries and has
United Nations
New Zealand was a
Participation in international organisations
New Zealand participates in the United Nations (UN); the
In the past, New Zealand's geographic isolation and its agricultural economy's general prosperity minimised public interest in international affairs. However, growing global trade and other international economic events have made New Zealanders increasingly aware of their country's dependence on unstable overseas markets.[12] New Zealand governments strongly advocate free trade, especially in agricultural products, and the country belongs to the Cairns group of nations in the WTO.
New Zealand's economic involvement with Asia has become increasingly important. New Zealand is a "dialogue partner" with the
As a charter member of the Colombo Plan, New Zealand has provided Asian countries with technical assistance and capital. It also contributes through the Asian Development Bank and through UN programs and is a member of the UN Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific.
Summary of international organisation participation
Overseas territories
New Zealand administers Tokelau (formerly known as the Tokelau Islands) as a non-self-governing colonial territory. In February 2006 a UN-sponsored referendum was held in Tokelau on whether to become a self-governing state, but this failed to achieve the two-thirds majority required to pass.
New Zealand has also claimed part of Antarctica known as the Ross Dependency since 1923.
Trade
McGraw argues that, "Probably the greatest foreign policy achievement of [Helen] Clark's [1999–2008] term was the conclusion of a free trade agreement with China."[14] Clark's government also set up a free-trade deal with Australia and the ten nations of ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations).
New Zealand has existing
The Labour-NZ First coalition government has committed to initiate a Closer Commonwealth Economic Relations (CCER) agreement with the UK, Australia, Canada and other countries and to work towards a Free Trade Agreement with the Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan Customs Union.[18]
New Zealand's main export is food, primarily dairy products, meat, fruit and fish; about 95% of the country's agricultural produce is exported.[19] Other major exports are wood, and mechanical and electrical equipment. About 46% of exports are non-agricultural,[19] but the largest industry is still the food industry. Tourism is also an extremely important component of international trade: transport and travel form around 20% of the country's export trade.[20] New Zealand does not have large quantities of mineral resources, though it does produce some coal, oil, aluminium and natural gas.[20]
New Zealand's largest source of imports is China, followed by (in order) Australia, the United States, Japan, and Singapore. The largest destinations for exports are, in order, Australia, China, the U.S., Japan, and South Korea. Trade figures for 2011 with New Zealand's biggest trade partners are as follows:[21]
Country | Imports | Exports | Country | Imports | Exports |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 7,377 | 10,858 | Saudi Arabia | 918 | 691 |
China | 7,439 | 5,887 | Singapore | 2,163 | 812 |
Germany | 1,993 | 775 | South Korea | 1,453 | 1,674 |
Japan | 2,921 | 3,439 | Thailand | 1,330 | 731 |
Malaysia | 1,478 | 874 | United Kingdom | 1,267 | 1,544 |
Qatar | 1,041 | 2 | United States | 5,025 | 3,997 |
Russia | 1,204 | 280 | Total (world) | 46,857 | 47,710 |
Military
Given its geography, New Zealand faces no immediate threat to its territorial integrity and its defense posture, and limited financial capability, reflects this. The
In February 2021 the MFAT confirmed granting export permits for
Foreign aid
New Zealand's official aid programme is managed by the
Nuclear free policy
In the 1970s and 1980s,
In 1987, New Zealand passed legislation making the country a nuclear free zone, namely the
In recent years, some voices have suggested removing the anti-nuclear legislation, especially the ACT New Zealand political party; and up until February 2006 the National Party was in favour of holding a referendum on the issue. However, public opinion remains strongly in favour of the country's status as a nuclear free zone. In May 2006, US Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs, Christopher Hill, described the disagreement between the US and New Zealand as "a relic" but also signalled that the US wanted a closer defence relationship with New Zealand and praised New Zealand's involvement in Afghanistan and reconstruction in Iraq. "Rather than trying to change each other's minds on the nuclear issue, which is a bit of a relic, I think we should focus on things we can make work," he told the Australian Financial Review.[35] Pressure from the United States on New Zealand's foreign policy increased in 2006, with U.S. trade officials linking the repeal of the ban of American nuclear ships from New Zealand's ports to a potential free trade agreement between the two countries.[36]
Relations between France and New Zealand were strained for two short periods in the 1980s and 1990s over the
In 2017, New Zealand signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Foreign Affairs Minister Gerry Brownlee said the treaty is "consistent with New Zealand's long-standing commitment to international nuclear disarmament efforts".[39]
Latin America
New Zealand has well-established links to a number of Latin American countries, particularly in the economic sphere. New Zealand has Embassies in Mexico City, Santiago, Brasília and Buenos Aires – the first of which (Santiago) opened in 1972. The New Zealand Government's Latin America Strategy, published in May 2010, estimates New Zealand's annual exports to the region at NZ$1 billion, and New Zealand investments in the region (in areas such as agri-technology, energy, fisheries, and specialised manufacturing) at around NZ$1.3 billion. The Strategy argues that there is considerable scope to expand New Zealand's investment and services trade in the region. Focusing on six countries (Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Peru), the Strategy posits that New Zealand should be seeking to: promote a better understanding of the region among New Zealand businesses to help identify prospects for increased investment, trade and joint ventures; lower barriers to business between New Zealand and Latin America; promote New Zealand tourism in the region; improve airlinks between New Zealand and the region; deepen education and research and science links. There are significant flows of tourists and students from Latin America to New Zealand. For example, in the year to June 2010, around 30,000 Latin Americans visited New Zealand. In addition, New Zealand has popular Working Holiday Schemes with Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Mexico and Uruguay.
Pacific relations
Much of New Zealand's foreign policy is focused on the Pacific region, particularly Polynesia and Melanesia. Bilateral economic assistance resources have been focused on projects in the South Pacific island states, especially on Bougainville. The country's long association with Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa), reflected in a treaty of friendship signed in 1962, and its close association with Tonga have resulted in a flow of immigrants and visitors under work permit schemes from both countries. Recently New Zealand forces participated in peacekeeping efforts in the Pacific region in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Tonga, see Military history of New Zealand.
In 1947, New Zealand joined Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to form the
2006 East Timor crisis
On 26 May, New Zealand deployed forty-two troops, with a second contingent of 120 troops leaving Christchurch on 27 May, en route to Townsville, Queensland before being sent to East Timor. Clark said that the forces would be deployed where needed by the Australian command.[40]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which New Zealand maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | United Kingdom | March 1939[41] |
2 | Canada | 11 September 1939[42] |
3 | United States | 16 February 1942[43] |
4 | Australia | 27 February 1943[44] |
5 | Russia | 13 April 1944[45] |
6 | France | 13 July 1945[46] |
7 | Chile | 27 December 1945[47] |
8 | Netherlands | 19 June 1947[48] |
9 | Denmark | 12 September 1947[49] |
10 | Belgium | 27 November 1947[50] |
11 | Sweden | 1949[51] |
12 | Finland | 22 July 1950[52] |
13 | Italy | 22 August 1950[53] |
14 | Israel | 17 January 1951[54] |
15 | Philippines | 18 January 1951[55] |
16 | Pakistan | 18 April 1951[56] |
17 | India | 7 April 1952[57] |
18 | Japan | 28 April 1952[58] |
19 | Germany | 10 November 1953[59] |
20 | Greece | 22 September 1955[60] |
21 | Sri Lanka | 14 December 1955[61] |
22 | Thailand | 26 March 1956[62] |
23 | Austria | 23 October 1956[63] |
24 | Malaysia | 25 September 1957[64] |
25 | Indonesia | 28 June 1958[65] |
26 | Myanmar | 15 November 1958[66] |
27 | Czech Republic | 5 September 1959[67] |
28 | Nepal | 26 May 1961[68] |
29 | Samoa | 1 January 1962[69] |
30 | South Korea | 26 March 1962[70] |
31 | Switzerland | 4 December 1962[71] |
32 | Laos | 7 February 1963[72] |
33 | Brazil | 13 October 1964[73] |
34 | Singapore | 22 November 1965[74] |
35 | Ireland | 19 January 1966[75] |
36 | Mauritius | 28 April 1968[76] |
37 | Spain | 28 March 1969[77] |
38 | Argentina | 10 July 1969[78] |
39 | Norway | 10 October 1969[79] |
40 | Romania | 13 October 1969[80] |
41 | Egypt | 13 February 1970[81] |
42 | Tonga | 4 June 1970[82] |
43 | Fiji | 10 October 1970[83] |
44 | Luxembourg | 3 December 1970[84] |
45 | Serbia | 29 December 1970[85] |
46 | Peru | 1 August 1972[86] |
47 | Bangladesh | 13 September 1972[87] |
48 | China | 22 December 1972[88] |
49 | Poland | 1 March 1973[89] |
— | Holy See | 20 June 1973[90] |
50 | Mexico | 19 July 1973[91] |
51 | Malta | 23 November 1973[92] |
52 | Iran | 14 December 1973[93] |
53 | Albania | 1973[94] |
54 | Hungary | 30 March 1974[95] |
55 | Nauru | 24 July 1974[96] |
56 | Jamaica | 27 August 1974[97] |
57 | Barbados | 28 August 1974[98] |
58 | Guyana | 1 September 1974[99] |
59 | Trinidad and Tobago | 9 October 1974[82] |
60 | Maldives | 10 October 1974[100] |
61 | Mongolia | 8 April 1975[101] |
62 | Vietnam | 19 June 1975[102] |
63 | Papua New Guinea | 16 September 1975[103] |
64 | Iraq | 6 November 1975[104] |
65 | Uruguay | 1975[105] |
66 | Portugal | 22 June 1976[106] |
67 | Saudi Arabia | 22 December 1976[107] |
68 | Colombia | 1 May 1978[108] |
69 | Cyprus | 9 May 1978[109] |
70 | Solomon Islands | 7 July 1978[110] |
71 | Ecuador | 25 September 1978[111] |
72 | Tuvalu | 1 October 1978[82] |
73 | Turkey | 12 December 1978[112] |
74 | Kiribati | 29 April 1980[113] |
75 | Vanuatu | 30 July 1980[114] |
76 | Lebanon | 25 November 1980[115] |
77 | Venezuela | 4 December 1980[116] |
78 | Tanzania | 7 December 1981[82] |
79 | Nigeria | 16 April 1982[117] |
80 | Kenya | 9 June 1982[118] |
81 | Mali | 6 March 1983[119] |
82 | Libya | 4 May 1983[120] |
83 | Brunei | 5 May 1984[121] |
84 | Bahrain | 23 July 1984[122] |
85 | Bulgaria | 9 October 1984[123] |
86 | Qatar | 10 November 1984[124] |
87 | Zimbabwe | 15 February 1985[125] |
88 | Zambia | 2 April 1985[126] |
89 | United Arab Emirates | 20 May 1985[127] |
90 | Oman | 6 September 1985[128] |
91 | Algeria | 29 October 1985[129] |
92 | Kuwait | 1985[118] |
93 | Botswana | 1987[130] |
94 | Jordan | 25 October 1987[131] |
95 | Marshall Islands | 17 June 1988[132] |
96 | Federated States of Micronesia | 30 June 1988[133] |
97 | Costa Rica | 5 July 1988[134] |
98 | Nicaragua | 30 August 1988[135] |
99 | Iceland | 21 October 1988[136] |
100 | Honduras | 1989[137] |
101 | Mozambique | 6 June 1990[138] |
102 | Namibia | 23 January 1991[139] |
103 | Latvia | 19 December 1991[140] |
104 | Estonia | 6 January 1992[141] |
105 | Lithuania | 10 January 1992[142] |
106 | Croatia | 25 February 1992[143] |
107 | Ukraine | 3 March 1992[144] |
108 | Georgia | 11 March 1992[145] |
109 | Uzbekistan | 11 March 1992[146] |
110 | Slovenia | 20 March 1992[147] |
111 | Belarus | 9 April 1992[148] |
112 | Cambodia | 12 May 1992[149] |
113 | Kazakhstan | 12 May 1992[150] |
114 | Armenia | 6 June 1992[151] |
115 | Azerbaijan | 29 June 1992[152] |
116 | Tajikistan | August 1992[153] |
117 | Kyrgyzstan | 7 September 1992[154] |
118 | Turkmenistan | 8 September 1992[155] |
119 | Moldova | 11 September 1992[156] |
120 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17 November 1992[157] |
121 | Seychelles | 1992[158] |
122 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[159] |
123 | Paraguay | 17 February 1993[160] |
124 | Panama | 22 March 1993[161] |
125 | North Macedonia | 8 April 1993[162] |
— | Niue | 2 August 1993[96] |
— | Cook Islands | 1993[163] |
126 | South Africa | 19 January 1994[164] |
127 | Palau | 2 December 1994[165] |
128 | Morocco | 1994[166] |
129 | Andorra | 3 August 1995[167] |
130 | Guatemala | 27 October 1998[168] |
131 | Bolivia | 29 October 1998[169] |
132 | Cuba | 17 February 1999[170] |
133 | Eswatini | 2000[110] |
134 | Lesotho | 27 April 2000[171] |
135 | Ghana | 1 March 2001[169] |
136 | North Korea | 26 March 2001[172] |
137 | Eritrea | 30 March 2001[169] |
138 | El Salvador | 12 November 2001[173] |
139 | East Timor | 20 May 2002[174] |
140 | Afghanistan | 18 September 2003[175] |
141 | Montenegro | 17 July 2006[176] |
142 | Uganda | 1 November 2006[177] |
143 | Syria | 5 December 2006[178] |
144 | Sierra Leone | 5 March 2009[179] |
— | Kosovo | 9 November 2009[180] |
145 | Ethiopia | 6 December 2011[181] |
146 | Rwanda | 17 April 2012[182] |
147 | Senegal | 17 April 2012[183] |
148 | Tunisia | 11 July 2012[184] |
149 | Malawi | 20 March 2013[185] |
150 | Saint Lucia | 17 May 2013[186] |
151 | Benin | 27 June 2013[187] |
152 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 20 September 2013[188] |
153 | Grenada | September 2013[189] |
154 | Angola | 4 October 2013[190] |
155 | San Marino | 20 October 2013[191] |
156 | Liechtenstein | 30 October 2013[192] |
157 | Suriname | 25 March 2014[193] |
158 | Dominica | 26 March 2014[194] |
159 | Burundi | 16 May 2014[195] |
160 | Dominican Republic | 26 June 2014[196] |
161 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 14 August 2014[197] |
162 | Liberia | 26 August 2014[198] |
163 | Haiti | 4 September 2014[199] |
164 | Antigua and Barbuda | 6 October 2014[200] |
165 | Mauritania | 2 September 2015[201] |
166 | Monaco | 22 October 2015[202] |
167 | Guinea | 20 April 2016[203] |
168 | Djibouti | 1 October 2016[204] |
169 | Central African Republic | 27 October 2016[205] |
170 | Burkina Faso | 19 April 2017[206] |
171 | Yemen | 2 May 2018[207] |
172 | Belize | 18 March 2019[208] |
173 | Bahamas | 27 June 2019[209] |
174 | Cameroon | Unknown |
175 | Ivory Coast | Unknown |
176 | Niger | Unknown |
Bilateral relations
Africa
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 29 October 1985 |
|
Angola |
| |
Djibouti |
| |
Egypt | 1 November 1969 | See Egypt–New Zealand relations
|
Ethiopia | 6 December 2011 |
Ethiopia and New Zealand have only recently began a formal relationship with the opening of the New Zealand embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2014. Informal relations, however, date back to 1937 when New Zealand supported Ethiopia in their request for continued recognition as a sovereign during the Italian occupation.
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Ghana |
| |
Kenya | 9 June 1982 |
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Libya | 4 May 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1983 when first Secretary (Ambassador) of the People's Bureau (Embassy) of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (resident in Canberra), presented his credentials to the Governor-General New Zealand[120] |
Mali | 6 March 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1983 when first Mali Ambassador to New Zealand (resident in Peking), Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials to the Governor-General[119] |
Mauritius |
| |
Morocco |
| |
Mozambique |
| |
Nigeria | 16 April 1982 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1982 when the first Nigerian High Commissioner in Canberra, Mr. Edward Sanu presented his credentials to Governal General of New Zealand[117]
|
Senegal |
| |
South Africa | 19 January 1994 | See New Zealand–South Africa relations |
Tanzania | 7 December 1981 |
|
Uganda |
| |
Zambia | 2 April 1985 |
|
Zimbabwe | 15 February 1985 |
|
Americas
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | 6 October 2014 |
|
Argentina | 10 July 1969 | See Argentina–New Zealand relations
|
Barbados | 28 August 1974 |
|
Belize |
| |
Bolivia |
| |
Brazil | 1964 | See Brazil–New Zealand relations
|
Canada | 11 September 1939 | See Canada–New Zealand relations
New Zealand and Canada have a close and longstanding relationship that has been fostered by the two countries' similar history and culture, extremely close ties to the Head of State, King Charles III . Canada has said that New Zealand is a valuable international partner despite the thousands of miles separating the two countries. Both share a like-minded view of the world on a variety of issues. New Zealand and Canada have close links whether it be through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth or mutual treaty agreements, New Zealand-Canada relations are extremely important to both countries.
|
Chile | 1948 | See Chile–New Zealand relations |
Colombia | 1 May 1978 | See Colombia–New Zealand relations |
Cuba | 17 February 1999 |
|
Dominica | 26 March 2014 |
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Ecuador |
| |
El Salvador | 12 November 2001 |
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Grenada |
| |
Guyana |
| |
Jamaica | 27 August 1974 |
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Mexico | 19 July 1973 | See Mexico–New Zealand relations
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Paraguay | 17 February 1993 |
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Peru | 1 August 1972 | See New Zealand–Peru relations
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 14 August 2014 |
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Suriname | 25 March 2014 |
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United States | 16 February 1942 | See New Zealand–United States relations
Historically, New Zealand has fought shoulder to shoulder with the United States, especially in both world wars and in the signing the Wellington Declaration.[233] According to the Prime Minister the Declaration was not a return to an ANZUS style security treaty,[234] despite reports of increased military co-operation since 2007.[235]
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Uruguay |
| |
Venezuela |
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Asia
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan |
| |
Armenia | 6 June 1992 |
|
Azerbaijan | 29 June 1992 | See Azerbaijan—New Zealand relations
|
Bangladesh | See Bangladesh–New Zealand relations
| |
Brunei | 1984-05-05 | See Brunei–New Zealand relations
|
China | 22 December 1972 | See China–New Zealand relations
China and New Zealand have an excellent relationship which continues to improve. The bilateral relationship has grown to become one of New Zealand's most important. A free trade agreement between China and New Zealand was signed on 7 April 2008 by Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao and Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark in Beijing. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country. Historically, New Zealand contact with China started very early in its history with the first records of ethnic People's Republic of China (PRC) brought these links to a halt.
|
East Timor |
| |
India | See India–New Zealand relations
India and New Zealand have been strong in some degrees though potentially slightly shaky in others. New Zealand and India are in the midst of considering a free trade deal, where in October 2009 new New Zealand High Commissioner Rupert Holborow, where the Commissioner set the record straight by making clear that: "[Paul Henry's comments] reflect the views of only one media commentator (who has already been censored for other racist and unacceptable comments), and certainly not the New Zealand Government or people".[239] India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh confirmed a continued intention to pursue a free trade agreement with the New Zealand Prime Minister John Key in late 2010, saying that: "Like China there is a recognition that they have a strong demand for food... so there is something in it for both parties if we can complete a deal".[238] John Key confirmed that India and New Zealand have continued to work "scoping out" the possibility of a free trade agreement but said with caution that in any case "these things take time".[238]
| |
Indonesia | 28 June 1958 | See Indonesia–New Zealand relations
Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in the APEC .The diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. Indonesia's commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consists of dairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese.
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Iran | 14 December 1973 |
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Iraq |
| |
Israel | See Israel–New Zealand relations
New Zealand has a long history of support for Israel beginning with the Partition Plan in 1947. New Zealand was at the very forefront of countries to recognise the State of Israel in the United Nations resolution of 1948.[240] Relations were temporarily suspended around 2004 when two Israeli citizens were convicted of passport fraud, but these were restored soon after. It was suspected but never proved that they were working for Mossad.[241] New Zealand joined with other countries in boycotting a UN Racism conference in defence of Israel due to fears of antisemitism in the conference.[242]
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Japan | 28 April 1952 | See Japan–New Zealand relations
Japan and New Zealand have had generally cordial relations since the post-World War II period, with Japan being a major trading partner with New Zealand. These relations have held together despite policy disputes over whaling and the International Whaling Commission. New Zealand was one of the four founding participants of the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme, established in 1987 by the Japanese Government.[243] The NZ International Business Forum, established in 2006 by major export-focused companies in New Zealand, has as one of its key goals negotiations for a free trade agreement with Japan. In March 2011, New Zealand sent an urban search and rescue team, which had spent time the previous three weeks searching buildings following the Fukushima nuclear disaster.[244] New Zealand Parliament sends condolences to the people of Japan, and the government donated $2 million to the Japanese Red Cross Society to support relief efforts.[245][246]
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Kazakhstan | 12 May 1992 |
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Lebanon | 25 November 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1980 when first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand[247]
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Malaysia | 25 September 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1957[248]
See Malaysia–New Zealand relations
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Maldives | 10 October 1974 |
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Mongolia | 8 April 1975 |
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Myanmar | 15 November 1958 |
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North Korea | See New Zealand–North Korea relations
Although diplomatic relations were established between New Zealand and North Korea in 2001, a 2007 trip by nuclear weapons facilities.[253] United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice congratulated Peters on his effort in negotiating with a potential nuclear threat and welcomed Peters' actions on the matter.[252]
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Pakistan | See New Zealand–Pakistan relations
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Philippines | See New Zealand–Philippines relations
| |
Saudi Arabia | 22 December 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1976[107]
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Singapore | 22 November 1965 | See New Zealand–Singapore relations
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South Korea | 26 March 1962 | See New Zealand-South Korea relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1962[254] |
Sri Lanka | 14 December 1955 |
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Taiwan | See New Zealand–Taiwan relations
| |
Thailand | 26 March 1956 | See New Zealand–Thailand relations
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Turkey | See New Zealand–Turkey relations | |
United Arab Emirates | 20 May 1985 |
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Vietnam | 19 June 1975 | See New Zealand–Vietnam relations
New Zealand opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995, while Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003.
|
Europe
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania |
The relationship between Albania and New Zealand is closely linked to Kosovo and New Zealand, due to Kosovo's population being predominately ethnic Albanian. Albania's Ambassador to New Zealand is resident in Beijing, China whilst New Zealand's Ambassador to Albania is resident in Rome, Italy. In 2014, Albania opened its first consulate in Auckland to serve Albanians and New Zealanders of Albanian origin in the country. Dr. Tane Taylor, a New Zealand Māori lived in Tirana, Albania for 20 years, serves as the Honorary Consul and representative to New Zealand.[261] The Albanian community in New Zealand is difficult to total as majority have been assimilated into New Zealand society. At least 5,000 ethnic Albanians maintain ties to either Albania, Kosovo or North Macedonia in New Zealand since the 1990s. However, there are other New Zealanders of full or partial Albanian origin hailing from Albania, Croatia and Greece - all of whom have entirely assimilated and maintain little links to the Balkan region today, but recognise their Albanian ancestry. Both countries are aligned with the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union in international affairs.
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Austria |
| |
Belgium |
| |
Croatia | 25 February 1992 |
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Cyprus |
Since 1964, New Zealand has contributed several times to the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ).
| |
Czech Republic | 5 September 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1959 (former Czechoslovakia) and Czech Republic on 1 January 1993[67]
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Denmark | See Denmark–New Zealand relations
| |
Finland | 22 July 1950 |
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France | See France–New Zealand relations
| |
Germany | 10 November 1953 | See Germany–New Zealand relations |
Greece | See Greece–New Zealand relations
Stemming from World War II, New Zealand forces fought alongside the Greeks in continental Greece and Crete since then, Greece has claimed a special relationship with New Zealand. An under-equipped force made-up of largely New Zealand, Australian, British and Greek troops fought to protect the island from invasion. The Battle of Crete is commemorated every year in both Crete and New Zealand. Prime Minister Helen Clark led a large party from New Zealand to Crete in May 2001 to attend the 60th anniversary of the battle. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hon Phil Goff, attended anniversary celebrations in May 2003 and Hon Annette King in May 2006. The war was followed by a modest wave of Greek emigration to New Zealand. In the 2006 Census 2,547 people primarily identified themselves as being Greek. A bilateral Social Security Agreement came into force on 1 April 1994. New Zealand operated an embassy in Greece until 1991, and has been represented via the Italian Embassy in Rome ever since. Greece operated an embassy in Wellington from 1999 until 2015,[263] when it closed down amidst the Greek government-debt crisis.
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Holy See |
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Hungary |
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Iceland |
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Ireland | See Ireland–New Zealand relations
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Italy |
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Kosovo | 2010 |
New Zealand recognised Kosovo's independence in November 2009.
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Luxembourg | 3 December 1970 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials[271] |
Netherlands | See Netherlands–New Zealand relations
Historically there has been a strong link between New Zealand and the Netherlands. The first European sightings of New Zealand was by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642[272] and New Zealand was named after the Dutch province of Zeeland. Relations however did not start well when Māori killed several of the Abel Tasman's crew after he sent out a shore party. Tasman mapped a section of the North Island and left and there was no further contact between the Netherlands and New Zealand for more than a hundred years. Once New Zealand was established as a state in 1840 relations have been good. The relationship was enhanced significantly with migration of large numbers of Dutch people to New Zealand after World War II. As a result of negotiations between the Dutch and New Zealand Governments a migration agreement was signed in October 1950. This resulted in thousands of Dutch immigrants coming to New Zealand in subsequent years. Peaking between 1951 and 1954.[273] As of 2006, it is estimated that well over 100,000 New Zealanders have some Dutch connection.[274] The 2006 census shows that 28,641 people identified their ethnic group as Dutch.[275] New Zealand and the Netherlands share very similar social attitudes and values and have a substantial history of working together on issues of international importance. They often cooperate closely in multilateral forums. In many international meetings the Netherlands delegation is seated immediately alongside New Zealand.[276]
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North Macedonia | 8 April 1993 |
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Norway | 10 October 1969 | See New Zealand–Norway relations
Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[279] New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to the New Zealand prime minister to ever visit Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting of whales.[281]
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Poland | 1 March 1973 | See New Zealand–Poland relations |
Portugal |
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Russia | 13 April 1944 | See New Zealand–Russia relations
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Serbia | 29 December 1970 |
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Spain | 28 March 1969 | See New Zealand–Spain relations |
Sweden | See New Zealand–Sweden relations | |
Switzerland |
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Ukraine | 3 March 1992 |
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United Kingdom | See New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
Despite The King as the head of state of New Zealand and one of two official national anthems being God Save the King, the relationship has been variable over time. Up to the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline as the United Kingdom oriented itself more towards the European Union, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.[289] Historically, some industries, such as dairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80–100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.[290] This strong bond also supported the mutual feelings for each other in other areas.
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Oceania
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | See Australia–New Zealand relations
New Zealand's relations with Australia are very close; the Australian Constitution allows for New Zealand to become part of Australia, and although the idea is sometimes floated it has little support in Australia and less in New Zealand. In 2009 there were plans to effectively create domestic flights between New Zealand and Australia,[292] but these have since been put on hold with the change in the Australian government.[293]
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Cook Islands | 1993[294] |
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Fiji | See Fiji–New Zealand relations
Since the 2006 Military Coup in Fiji relationships between the country have turned icy. In 2007 New Zealand's High Commissioner for Fiji Michael Green was expelled from Fiji by Military leader Frank Banimarama. Angry at this action the New Zealand government increased trade sanctions against the country while both major political parties saying the expulsion was outrageous and unacceptable.
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Kiribati |
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Marshall Islands | 17 June 1988 |
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Micronesia | 30 June 1988 |
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Nauru |
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Palau | 2 December 1994 |
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Papua New Guinea | 1975 | See New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations
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Samoa | 1 January 1962 | See New Zealand–Samoa relations |
Solomon Islands |
In response to civil conflict within the Solomon Islands, New Zealand contributed defence and civilian personnel to the Australian-led International Peace Monitoring Team (IPMT) following the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI).[302]
In March 2015, the New Zealand journalists Nicky Hager and Ryan Gallagher reported that the signals intelligence agency, the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), was using the internet mass surveillance system XKeyscore to tap email communications from several senior Solomon Islands government ministers, the Solomons Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and anti-corruption campaigner Benjamin Afuga.[303] In response, the New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully sought to reassure the Solomon Islands Government's concerns about New Zealand's intelligence gathering activities. The Solomons Chief of Staff, Robert Iroga, objected to the GCSB's tapping of his government's internal communications, stating that they damaged New Zealand's image as a "friendly government" in the South Pacific.[304] | |
Tonga | 1970 | See New Zealand–Tonga relations
On 7 March 2018, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that New Zealand will give NZ$10 million to Tonga to help with rebuilding after the country was struck by Cyclone Gita.[305]
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Tuvalu |
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Vanuatu |
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See also
- New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- List of ambassadors and high commissioners to and from New Zealand
- List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand
- List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand
- Foreign relations of Niue
- Foreign relations of the Cook Islands
- Global Peace Index
- Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (New Zealand)
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Further reading
- Belich, James. Paradise Reformed: A History of the New Zealanders (2001)
- Buchanan, Paul G. "Lilliputian in Fluid Times: New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War," Political Science Quarterly (2010) 125#2 pp 255–279
- Hensley, Gerald, Beyond the Battlefield: New Zealand and its Allies, 1939–45 (2009) 415pp., focus on diplomatic history
- Iwami, Tadashi. "Strategic partnership between Japan and New Zealand: foundation, development and prospect." Pacific Review (2020): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1769156
- Kennaway, Richard. New Zealand foreign policy, 1951-1971 (1972) online
- Key, John. "New Zealand in the World: Prime Minister John Key Outlines His Government's Approach to International Affairs," New Zealand International Review (2010) 35#6 online
- McCully, Murray. "Keeping Relationships in Good Repair: Murray McCully Provides an Update on New Zealand's Foreign Policy," New Zealand International Review (July 2013) 38#4 pp 13+ online
- McKinnon, Malcolm. Independence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World since 1935 (Auckland University Press 1993)
- Travieso, Emiliano. "United by grass, separated by coal: Uruguay and New Zealand during the First Globalization." Journal of Global History 15.2 (2020): 269–289. online