Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

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Nations with which Palestine has diplomatic relations

The foreign relations of the State of Palestine have been conducted since the establishment of the

1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. As of 2 June 2023, 139 of the 193 United Nations (UN) member states officially recognize the State of Palestine (Israel is recognized by 165
).

In November 1988, the Palestinian National Council declared the independence of the State of Palestine, and in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established following the Oslo Accords. The PLO Executive Committee performs the functions of the government of the State of Palestine.

After 2011, the PLO's diplomatic effort focused on the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations. In November 2012, the State of Palestine was accepted as a non-member observer state of the UN General Assembly with the passing of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19.[2][3]

Background

The Palestine Liberation Organization was created in 1964 as a paramilitary organization and has sought to conduct foreign relations with states and international organisations since that time.

Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. By Resolution 3237 on the same date, the PLO was granted non-State observer status at the United Nations.[7][8] In September 1976, the PLO became a non-state member of the Arab League, and in the same year became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement
.

On 15 November 1988, in support of the First Intifada, the PLO declared the establishment of the State of Palestine, which was widely recognised by many foreign governments,[9] although often statements made were of an equivocal nature[10] – at times referring to the PLO or the State of Palestine or one acting on behalf of the other, or by the generic "Palestine". Many countries and organisations "upgraded" representation from the PLO to the new State, though in practice the same PLO offices, personnel and contacts continued to be used. In February 1989 at the United Nations Security Council, the PLO representative claimed recognition from 94 states.[11][12] Since then, additional states have publicly extended recognition.

The PNA was established by the PLO in 1994 following the

Riyad Al-Maliki, is responsible for the foreign relations of the PNA. States maintain official relations with the PNA through offices in the Palestinian territories
, and the representation of the PNA abroad is accomplished by the missions of the PLO, who represents it there.

Both the PLO (representing itself, the State of Palestine, or the PNA) and the PNA now maintain an extensive network of diplomatic relations,

international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate. The designation "Palestine", adopted in 1988 by the UN for the PLO,[14]
is currently also used as reference to the PNA and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities.

Bilateral relations

Countries with standing relations with the PLO and the PNA.

The Palestine Liberation Organization maintains a network of missions and embassies,[15] and represents the Palestinian National Authority abroad.[15][16] Most of the 139 states that have recognised the State of Palestine have elevated the Palestinian representation in their country to the status of embassy.[17] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. In some cases, as a matter of courtesy, these delegations and missions have been granted diplomatic privileges,[17] and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors".[18]

In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations.

terrorist organization by the United States in 1987,[20][21] but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization.[22] A PLO office was reopened in 1989 as the Palestine Affairs Center.[23] The PLO Mission office, in Washington D.C., was opened in 1994, and represented the PLO in the United States. On 20 July 2010, the United States Department of State agreed to upgrade the status of the PLO Mission in the United States to "General Delegation of the PLO".[24]

States that recognise the State of Palestine maintain their diplomatic missions to Palestine in the Palestinian city of Ramallah, in the West Bank.

Alphabetical table of relations

Africa

State Relations established[25]
Palestinian representation
Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Algeria 16 December 1988[26] Embassy (Algiers)[27] Embassy, non-resident (Tunis)[28] Arab League, OIC; Algeria–Palestine relations
 Angola 6 December 1988 Embassy (Luanda)[29]
 Benin May 1989 Embassy, non-resident (Lagos)[30][31] OIC
 Botswana 8 March 2017[32]
 Burkina Faso 21 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[33][34] OIC;
Burkina Faso-Palestine relations
 Cameroon Yes[35][when?] OIC
 Chad 1 December 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[29] OIC
 Comoros 21 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[29] Arab League, OIC
 Republic of the Congo 5 December 1988 Embassy (Brazzaville)[citation needed]
 Côte d'Ivoire Yes[when?] Embassy (Abidjan)[36] OIC
 Djibouti 17 November 1988 Embassy (Djibouti)[29] Arab League, OIC; Djibouti–Palestine relations
 Egypt 18 November 1988 Embassy (Cairo)[29] Embassy, non-resident[] Arab League, OIC; Egypt–Palestine relations
 Eritrea Yes[37][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[29]
 Eswatini July 1991 Embassy, non-resident (Maputo)[38]
 Ethiopia 4 February 1989[39] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[40] Ethiopia–Palestine relations
 Gabon 12 December 1988 Embassy (Libreville)[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
 Gambia 18 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[41] OIC
 Ghana 29 November 1988 Embassy (Accra)[42] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed]
 Guinea 21 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[29][43] OIC
 Guinea-Bissau 21 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Dakar)[29] OIC
 Kenya May 1989 Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[29][44] Kenya–Palestine relations
 Lesotho 30 September 2021[45] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)
 Libya 15 November 1988 Embassy (Tripoli)[46] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Libya–Palestine relations
 Malawi 23 October 1998 Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[47] Embassy, non-resident (Harare)[48]
 Mali 21 November 1988 Embassy (Bamako)[33][49] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[33][50] OIC
 Mauritania 15 November 1988 Embassy (Nouakchott)[29][51] Arab League, OIC
 Mauritius 17 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[52]
 Morocco 31 January 1989[53] Embassy (Rabat)[54] Office (
Gaza)[55]
Arab League, OIC;
Morocco–Palestine relations
 Mozambique 31 January 1989[56] Embassy (Maputo)[57] On January 31, 1989, officially inaugurated the embassy of the Palestinian state in Maputo[56] OIC
 Namibia 19 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria)[58] Namibia–Palestine relations
 Niger 24 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Bamako)[29] OIC
 Nigeria 1984[59] Embassy (Abuja)[60] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC; Nigeria–Palestine relations
 Senegal 1 December 1981[61] Embassy (Dakar)[62] OIC
 Seychelles 18 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[63]
 Somalia 15 November 1988 Embassy, non-resident (Djibouti)[29] Arab League, OIC
 South Africa 15 February 1995[64] Embassy (Pretoria)[65] Office ( —; Palestine–South Africa relations
 Sudan 17 November 1988 Embassy (Khartoum)[68][69] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–Sudan relations
 Tanzania 24 November 1988 Embassy (Dar es Salaam)[70][71] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[70] Palestine–Tanzania relations
 Tunisia 1994[72] Embassy (Tunis)[29] Office (Ramallah)[73] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–Tunisia relations
 Uganda 15 February 1989[74] Embassy (Kampala)[29] OIC
 Zambia 16 November 1988 Embassy (Lusaka)[29]
 Zimbabwe 29 November 1988 Embassy (Harare)[44][75] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Palestine–Zimbabwe relations

Americas

State Relations established[76]
Palestinian representation
Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Argentina 6 December 2010 Embassy (Buenos Aires)[77][78][79] Office (Ramallah)[80] Argentina–Palestine relations
 Belize 9 July 2014[81] Special delegation, non-resident (Mexico City)[82]
 Bolivia 15 November 2013[83] Bolivia–Palestine relations
 Brazil 3 December 2011 Embassy (Brasília)[84] Office (Ramallah)[85] Brazil–Palestine relations
 Canada 1993[86] General delegation (Ottawa)[87] Office (Ramallah)[88] Canada–Palestine relations
 Chile March 1990[89] Embassy (
Santiago)[29][89][90]
Office (Ramallah)[91] Chile–Palestine relations
 Colombia 3 October 1988[92] Embassy (
Bogota)[93]
Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[93]
 Costa Rica 5 February 2008[94][95] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[96][97]
 Cuba 16 November 1988 Embassy (Havana)[98] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[99] Cuba–Palestine relations
 Dominica 17 March 2018[100]
 Dominican Republic 15 July 2009[101][102] Embassy, non-resident (New York)[103]
 Ecuador 27 December 2010 Embassy (Quito) Office (Ramallah)[104] Ecuador–Palestine relations
 El Salvador 10 May 2013 [105] Embassy (San Salvador)[106] El Salvador–Palestine relations
 Grenada 27 September 2013[107][108]
 Guyana 21 February 2013[109] Embassy, non-resident (Havana)[110] OIC
 Haiti 27 September 2013[107][111]
 Honduras 4 June 2013[112] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[113] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv) —;
Honduras-Palestine relations
 Mexico 1975[114] Embassy (Mexico City)[115] Office (Ramallah)[116] Mexico–Palestine relations
 Nicaragua 16 November 1988 Embassy (Managua)[117][118] Embassy (Ramallah)[119][120]
 Paraguay 25 March 2005[121] Embassy, non-resident (Brasília)[122]
 Peru 24 January 2011 Embassy (Lima)[123] Palestine–Peru relations
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 29 July 2019[124]
 Saint Lucia 14 September 2015[125][126]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22 September 2016[127]
 Uruguay 29 March 2011[128] Embassy (Montevideo)[129] Embassy (Ramallah) [130][131][132] Palestine–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela 27 April 2009[133] Embassy (Caracas)[134] Embassy (Ramallah)[135] Palestine–Venezuela relations

Asia

State Relations established
Palestinian representation
Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Afghanistan Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[136] OIC, SAARC; Afghanistan–Palestine relations
 Azerbaijan 15 April 1992[137] Embassy (Baku)[138] OIC, OTS; Azerbaijan–Palestine relations
 Bahrain 15 June 1974[139] Embassy (Manama)[140] Arab League, GCC, OIC; Bahrain–Palestine relations
 Bangladesh 1972 Embassy (Dhaka)[141][142] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC, SAARC; Bangladesh–Palestine relations
 Brunei 24 May 1994 Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[143] ASEAN, OIC; Brunei–Palestine relations
 Cambodia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[144] ASEAN;
 China 22 March 1965[145][146] Embassy (Beijing)[147] Office (Ramallah)[148] —; China–Palestine relations
 East Timor 1 March 2004[149][150] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[149]
 India 1974[151] Embassy (New Delhi)[152] Office (Ramallah)[151] SAARC; India–Palestine relations
 Indonesia 19 October 1989[153] Embassy (Jakarta)[153][154] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[153][154] ASEAN, OIC; Indonesia–Palestine relations
 Iran Embassy (Tehran)[29] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
 Iraq Yes[when?] Embassy (Baghdad)[155] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Iraq–Palestine relations
 Japan Yes[when?] General delegation (Tokyo)[156] Office (Ramallah)[157] Japan–Palestine relations
 Jordan 7 January 1989[158] Embassy (Amman)[159] Office (] Arab League, OIC; Jordan–Palestine relations
 Kazakhstan 6 April 1992[160] Embassy (Astana)[160] Embassy, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[160] OIC, OTS; Kazakhstan–Palestine relations
 Korea, North Yes[when?] Embassy (Pyongyang)[29][161] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] —; North Korea–Palestine relations
 Korea, South Yes[when?] Office (Ramallah)[162] Palestine–South Korea relations
 Kuwait Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuwait)[29][citation needed] Arab League, GCC, OIC; Kuwait–Palestine relations
 Kyrgyzstan 12 September 1995[163] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[164] OIC, OTS
 Laos 15 May 1989[165] Embassy, non-resident (Hanoi)[165] ASEAN;
 Lebanon 17 August 2011[166] Embassy (Beirut)[167] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Lebanon–Palestine relations
 Malaysia Yes[when?] Embassy (Kuala Lumpur)[168][169] ASEAN, OIC; Malaysia–Palestine relations
 Maldives Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Colombo)[170] Embassy, non-resident (London)[171] OIC, SAARC; Maldives–Palestine relations
 Mongolia 25 April 1979[172] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed]
 Oman Yes[when?] Embassy (
Muscat)[173]
Embassy (Ramallah)[174] Arab League, GCC, OIC; Oman–Palestine relations
 Pakistan 18 January 1989[175] Embassy (Islamabad)[176] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC, SAARC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
 Philippines 4 September 1989[177] Embassy, non-resident (Kuala Lumpur)[178][29] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[178] ASEAN; Palestine–Philippines relations
 Qatar 7 January 1989[158] Embassy (Doha)[179] Embassy, non-resident[] Arab League, GCC, OIC; Palestine–Qatar relations
 Saudi Arabia 1 January 1989[180] Embassy (Riyadh)[181] Arab League, GCC, OIC;
Palestine-Saudi Arabia relations
 Singapore Yes[when?] Representative Office (Ramallah)[182][183] ASEAN;
 Sri Lanka Yes[when?] Embassy (Colombo)[184] Office (Ramallah)[185] SAARC; Palestine–Sri Lanka relations
 Syria 2006 or before[186][when?] Embassy (Damascus)[187] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–Syria relations
 Tajikistan 6 March 1992[188] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[189] OIC;
 Thailand 18 January 2012[190] Embassy, non-resident (Bangkok)[citation needed] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[citation needed] ASEAN; Palestine–Thailand relations
 Turkey 1975[191] Embassy (Ankara)[192] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[193]
NATO, OIC, OTS; Palestine–Turkey relations
 Turkmenistan 17 April 1992[194] Embassy, non-resident (Tashkent)[195] OIC
 United Arab Emirates Yes[when?] Embassy (Abu Dhabi)[196] Embassy, non-resident (Amman)[197] Arab League, GCC, OIC; Palestine–United Arab Emirates relations
 Uzbekistan 25 September 1994[198] Embassy (Tashkent)[199] OIC, OTS
 Vietnam 1968[200] Embassy (Hanoi)[201] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] ASEAN; Palestine–Vietnam relations
 Yemen Yes[when?] Embassy (
Sana'a)[202]
Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Arab League, OIC; Palestine–Yemen relations

Europe

State Relations established
Palestinian representation
Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Albania Yes[when?] Embassy (Tirana)[203] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC; Albania–Palestine relations
 Austria 13 December 1978[61][204] Ambassador mission (Vienna)[205][206] Office (Ramallah)[207] EU; Austria–Palestine relations
 Belarus 4 February 2003[208] Embassy (Minsk)[209][210] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed] Belarus–Palestine relations
 Belgium Yes[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[29][citation needed] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[211][212]
EU; Belgium–Palestine relations
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 October 1992[213] Embassy (Sarajevo)[214] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[citation needed] Bosnia and Herzegovina–Palestine relations
 Bulgaria Yes[when?] Embassy (Sofia)[215] Office (Ramallah)[216] EU; Bulgaria–Palestine relations
 Croatia 31 March 2011[217][218] Representation, non-resident (Zagreb) EU
 Cyprus Yes[when?] Embassy (Nicosia)[219] Office (Ramallah)[220] EU; Cyprus–Palestine relations
 Czech Republic 1983[221] Embassy (Prague)[222] Office (Ramallah)[223] EU
 Denmark Yes[when?] General delegation (Copenhagen)[29] Office (Ramallah)[224] EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
 Estonia 2004 or before[225][when?] Mission, non-resident (Helsinki)[225][226] EU
 European Union 1994 or before[when?] General delegation (Brussels)[29] Office (Ramallah)[227] EU; Palestine–European Union relations
 Finland 1982[228] General delegation (Helsinki)[228] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU; Finland–Palestine relations
 France Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Paris)[229][230] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[231]
EU; France–Palestine relations
 Georgia 25 April 1992[232] Georgia–Palestine relations
 Germany Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Berlin)[233] Office (Ramallah)[234] EU; Germany–Palestine relations
 Greece 1981 Representation (Athens)[235] Consulate-General (] EU; Greece–Palestine relations
 Holy See 25 October 1994[237] Representation, non-resident (London)[238][239][240] Apostolic nunciature, non-resident (Tunis)[238]
Apostolic delegation (Jerusalem)[241][242][clarification needed]
—; Holy See–Palestine relations
 Hungary Yes[when?] Embassy (Budapest)[243][244] Office (Ramallah)[245]
Honorary Consulate (Bethlehem)[246]
EU; Hungary–Palestine relations
 Iceland 15 December 2011[247] Embassy, non-resident (Oslo)[248] Embassy, non-resident (Reykjavík)[249] —; Iceland–Palestine relations
 Ireland Yes[when?] Ambassador mission (Dublin)[18][250][251] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU;
Ireland–Palestine relations
 Israel 20 August 1993 Department, non-resident (
Gaza)[252]
Department, non-resident (Tel Aviv) Israel–Palestine relations
 Italy 1974[61][when?] General delegation (Rome)[253] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[254][255]
EU; Italy–Palestine relations
 Latvia Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[228] EU
 Lithuania Yes[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Helsinki)[228] EU
 Luxembourg 2006 or before[when?] General delegation, non-resident (Brussels)[256] EU; Luxembourg–Palestine relations
 Malta Yes[when?] Embassy (Valletta)[257] Office (Ramallah)[258] EU; Malta–Palestine relations
 Moldova 7 June 1994[259]
 Montenegro 1 August 2006[260] Embassy, non-resident (Belgrade)[261] Montenegro–Palestine relations
 Netherlands Yes[when?] General delegation (The Hague)[29] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU; Netherlands–Palestine relations
 Norway Yes[262][when?] General delegation (Oslo)[263] Office (Ramallah)[264] Norway–Palestine relations
 Poland Yes[when?] Embassy (Warsaw)[265] Office (Ramallah)[266] EU; Palestine–Poland relations
 Portugal Yes[when?] General delegation (Lisbon)[29] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU; Palestine–Portugal relations
 Romania Yes[when?] Embassy (Bucharest)[267][268] Office (Ramallah)[269] EU;
Romania–Palestine relations
 Russia 1974[270] Embassy (Moscow)[271][272] Office (Ramallah)[273] —;
Russia–Palestine relations
 Serbia 5 April 1989[274] Embassy (Belgrade)[275] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[276] —; Palestine–Serbia relations
 Slovakia 1 January 1993[277] Embassy (Bratislava)[278][279] Embassy, non-resident (Damascus)[citation needed]
Office, non-resident (Tel Aviv)[280][281]
EU; Palestine–Slovakia relations
 Slovenia Yes[when?] Diplomatic Mission, non-resident (Vienna)[282] Office (Ramallah)[282] EU
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta September 2011[283][284] [284] [284]
 Spain 14 August 1986[61][when?] General delegation (Madrid)[285] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[286]
EU; Palestine–Spain relations
 Sweden 30 October 2014[287] Embassy (Stockholm)[288][289] Consulate-General (
Jerusalem)[290]
EU; Palestine–Sweden relations
  Switzerland Yes[when?] General delegation (Bern)[291][292] Office (Ramallah)[293] Palestine–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine 2 November 2001[294] Embassy (Kyiv)[295] Embassy State of Palestine was opened in Kyiv on 2 November 2001[294] Palestine–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom Yes[when?] General delegation (London)[296][297] Office (] Palestine–United Kingdom relations

Oceania / Pacific

State Relations established
Palestinian representation
Foreign mission in Palestine Notes
 Australia 23 August 2000[149][302] General delegation (Canberra)[149]
Office (Ramallah)
Australia–Palestine relations
 New Zealand Yes[149][when?] General delegation, non-resident (Canberra)[149] New Zealand–Palestine relations
 Papua New Guinea 4 October 2004[149][303] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[149]
 Vanuatu 19 October 1989[304] Embassy, non-resident (Canberra)[149]

Participation in international organisations

The State of Palestine is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date
Membership
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation [note 1] member State of Palestine 1969 [note 2]
Non-Aligned Movement member [306] Palestine[clarification needed] 1976 [307]
Arab League [note 3] member State of Palestine 1976 [note 2]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member [309] Palestine Liberation Organization[310] (as in the UNGA) 1977
Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly
member [311] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2003
International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions [note 4]
member [312] Palestinian Independent Commission for Human Rights (PNA)[note 5] 2004 [313]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
and International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
member Palestine Red Crescent Society (PLO)[314] 2006 [307]
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean member [315] Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2006 [307]
Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008
Inter-Parliamentary Union member [316] Palestinian National Council (PLO)[note 6] 1995[317] 2008 [note 6]
Asian Parliamentary Assembly member [323] Palestinian Legislative Council (PNA)
Group of 77 member [324] Palestine[clarification needed]
International Trade Union Confederation member [325]
Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions
Airports Council International member [326] Palestinian Civil Aviation Authority (PNA)
Alliance for Financial Inclusion member [327]
Palestinian Monetary Authority
(PNA)
2010
UNESCO member State of Palestine 1989[328] 2011 [note 7]
IBAN member [332] Palestinian Monetary Authority (PNA)[333] 2012
Non-member status
United Nations [note 8] observer state State of Palestine[338] 1974 [note 9]
World Health Organization observer [341] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998
International Telecommunication Union observer [342] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 1998 [343]
World Tourism Organization
special observer [344] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA)[citation needed] 1999
International Organization for Standardization correspondent [345][note 10] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[347][348] 2001 [note 11]
World Intellectual Property Organization observer [349] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UNGA) 2005 2005 [350]
Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008
Energy Charter Conference
observer [351] Palestinian National Authority 2008
International Electrotechnical Commission affiliate participant [352] Palestine Standards Institution (PNA)[348][353] 2009
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe partner for democracy Palestinian National Council (PLO) 2010 [311] 2011 [354]
Association of Caribbean States (ACS) observer 2017

Arab League

In 1964, the

League of Arab States, held in Cairo in January, resulted in a mandate for the creation of a Palestinian entity.[355][356] Subsequently, in May, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established during a meeting of the Palestinian National Congress in Arab-controlled Jerusalem.[357] The organisation's establishment was formally approved at the Arab League's second summit, held in Alexandria in October.[358] The PLO was granted full membership in 1976.[359] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[359][specify
]

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The PLO was accorded full membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC; now named Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) in 1969;[5] it attended the founding conference, held in Rabat in September 1969, as an observer.[360] Its seat was assumed by the State of Palestine following the declaration of independence in 1988.[specify] It is also a member of the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution for member states of the OIC.[361][362]

Status at the United Nations

  Countries that have recognized the State of Palestine
  Countries that have not recognized the State of Palestine

The

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.[363]

The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status at the

territory occupied since 1967".[364][365] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.[366] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."[366] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.[367][368]

Since 2011, Palestinian diplomacy has been centred around the Palestine 194 campaign, which aims to gain membership for the State of Palestine in the United Nations at its 66th Session in September 2011. It seeks to effectively gain collective recognition for a Palestinian state based on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. In September 2012, the Palestine Liberation Organization submitted a draft resolution according non-member observer state status to Palestine,[369][370] which the General Assembly approved on 29 November 2012.[339] The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine".[371]

The vote was a historic benchmark for the

the State of Palestine, against Israel in the International Criminal Court.[373]

After Palestine was granted UN observer status, the UN authorised the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as 'The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations',

Palestine National Authority'.[375] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[377] thus recognising the PLO-proclaimed State of Palestine
as being sovereign over the territories of Palestine and its citizens under international law.

International Criminal Court

On 13 June 2014, the State of Palestine became a party to the International Criminal Court, based in The Hague; the State of Palestine acceded to the Rome Statute on 2 January 2015.[378]

Before the United Nations General Assembly voting in September 2012, the

The Jerusalem Post, "had the ICC accepted the PA's recognition of its jurisdiction, it would have also tacitly accepted its statehood."[381]

International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent (ICRC)

In June 2006, a decision by the 29th International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent admitted the Palestine Red Crescent Society as a full member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Geneva Conventions

The State of Palestine has been a full member of the Geneva Conventions since 2 April 2014.

In 1989, just one year after the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the Palestine Liberation Organization had tried to accede to the Geneva Conventions back in 1989, but Switzerland, as the depositary state, had stated that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.[382]

FIFA, IOC (International Olympic Committee) and IPC (International Paralympic Committee)

The State of Palestine is a full member of the International Olympic Committee,[383] of the International Paralympic Committee,[384] and of FIFA.[385]

International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA)

On 28 September 2023, a majority of the members of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a proposal for the State of Palestine to be recognized, with that name, as an observer state to the Agency.[Note 1]

World Health Organization (WHO)

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO). It had applied for full membership status as far back as 1989, when the United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.[382] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[389] On 31 October 2011, following the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the Minister of Health Fathi Abu Moghli announced that the PNA would then seek membership at the WHO;[390] however, following reports that that would lead to the defunding of the entire organization by the United States – as the US had done to UNESCO after it admitted Palestine –, the Palestinian government announced that they would not be seeking membership at WHO at the time.[391] As of 2023, the WHO still refers to the territories claimed by the State of Palestine – the West Bank and Gaza – as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory".

World Trade Organization (WTO)

In 2022, the State of Palestine was allowed to participate, as an observer state and under the name "Palestine", of the World Trade Organization's twelfth Ministerial Conference, held in Geneva, Switzerland.[392]

International treaties and conventions

The Palestine Liberation Organization, representing the Palestinian National Authority, participates in

trade liberalisation
:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
Customs Union with Israel [note 12]
group="note">Established following the Oslo Accords and the Paris protocol.</ref>
Free Trade Agreement with the European Union[393]
1997-02-24[393] 1997-07-01[393]
Free Trade Agreement with the European Free Trade Association[394]
1998-11-30[395] 1999-07-01[395]
Bilateral Investment Treaty with Egypt[396]
1998-04-28[397] 1999-06-19[397]
Free Trade Agreement with Turkey[398]
2004-07-20[398] 2005-06-01[398]
Greater Arab Free Trade Area of the Council of Arab Economic Unity[399]
[when?] [when?]
Free trade agreement with Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela)[400] 2011-12-21[400]
Free trade agreement with Jordan[401] 2012-10-07[401]

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are jointly[note 13] accepted as party to the international agreements in the Arab Mashreq:

Treaty or convention Signature Ratification
On roads[403] 2001-05-10[403] 2006-11-28[403]
On railways[404] 2003-04-14[404] 2006-11-28[404]
On maritime transport[405] 2005-05-09[405]

Notes

  1. Islamic Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (one of the founders in 1982).[305]
  2. ^ a b The State of Palestine succeeded the seat of the Palestine Liberation Organization following the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence.
  3. Arab Inter-parliamentary Union in 1974.[308]
  4. ^ Including its regional subgroup Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF).
  5. ^ Established by 1993 decree of the President of the State of Palestine and the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization and organized according to 1997 PNA's Palestinian Legislative Council law stipulating that "The Commission shall submit its reports to the President of the National Authority, and to the Palestinian Legislative Council."[313]
  6. ^
    Palestine National Council does not fulfill the conditions for membership laid down in Article 3 of the IPU Statutes,[319] but in 1998 the rights of the observer delegation of Palestine were strengthened.[320] Following the approval of the amendment to Article 3[321] in 2008 the PNC was accepted as IPU member.[322]
  7. ^ The PLO participated in UNESCO as observer since 1974.[329] In 1989 an application was submitted for the State of Palestine to become full member.[328] In 2011 UNESCO accepted the application.[330][331]
  8. ^ a b For the purposes of United Nations Regional Groups arrangement, the Palestine Liberation Organization participates in the Asia group since 2 April 1986.[334][335][336][337]
  9. ^ Since 1974 the Palestine Liberation Organization has the status of UN non-state observer entity. Since 1988 its designation in the UN is "Palestine".[14] Since 2012 the UN observer mission of the PLO is changed into UN observer mission of the State of Palestine,[338] whose government is the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[339][340]
  10. Representation for "Occupied Palestinian Territory" equivalent to that of a state; assigned the code "ps"[346]
  11. ^ The PSI became a subscriber member of ISO in 2001 and a correspondent member in 2004.[347] It is still not a full member.[345]
  12. free trade agreement between the United States and Israel
    .
  13. PLO and the PNA.[402]
  1. ^ Palestine Liberation Organization originally granted observer status by the IAEA on 23 September 1976.[386] Designation changed to "Palestine" on 29 September 1989,[387] and "State of Palestine" on 28 September 2023.[388]

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Bibliography

External links