Forest Landscape Integrity Index
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.[1][2][3][4][5] Created by a team of 48 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6).
The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in
The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the
Forest Integrity
An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.[6]
Country rankings
172 countries have been ranked: [7]
Country | Mean FLII | Low integrity (km2) | Medium integrity (km2) | High integrity (km2) | Total forest area (km2) | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seychelles | 10 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 68 | |
Sudan | 9.8 | 1 | 72 | 495 | 569 | |
Guyana | 9.58 | 4,162 | 40,817 | 147,413 | 192,391 | |
South Sudan | 9.45 | 5,083 | 59,389 | 146,218 | 210,691 | |
Suriname | 9.39 | 6,796 | 25,031 | 107,954 | 139,781 | |
Mongolia | 9.36 | 520 | 11,915 | 27,407 | 39,841 | |
Central African Republic | 9.28 | 30,161 | 139,350 | 379,097 | 548,608 | |
Botswana | 9.13 | 13 | 187 | 372 | 572 | |
Gabon | 9.07 | 11,780 | 118,348 | 120,852 | 250,979 | |
Russia | 9.02 | 739,484 | 2,245,281 | 5,137,079 | 8,121,843 | |
Canada | 8.99 | 480,206 | 1,027,386 | 2,968,268 | 4,475,860 | |
Congo | 8.89 | 24,512 | 124,215 | 158,184 | 306,911 | |
Kyrgyzstan | 8.86 | 329 | 2,819 | 2,761 | 5,909 | |
Peru | 8.86 | 85,793 | 190,547 | 509,720 | 786,061 | |
Afghanistan | 8.85 | 90 | 1,475 | 977 | 2,542 | |
Bhutan | 8.85 | 1,620 | 16,769 | 10,140 | 28,529 | |
Papua New Guinea | 8.84 | 37,294 | 183,415 | 216,355 | 437,064 | |
Vanuatu | 8.82 | 734 | 5,322 | 4,448 | 10,504 | |
Venezuela | 8.78 | 64,650 | 170,792 | 351,112 | 586,554 | |
Tajikistan | 8.65 | 34 | 137 | 130 | 301 | |
Bolivia | 8.47 | 78,745 | 280,532 | 272,007 | 631,284 | |
Namibia | 8.43 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 36 | |
Angola | 8.35 | 105,487 | 284,054 | 315,895 | 705,436 | |
Fiji | 8.35 | 1,753 | 10,802 | 3,594 | 16,148 | |
Colombia | 8.26 | 150,737 | 272,442 | 428,320 | 851,499 | |
Kazakhstan | 8.23 | 6,068 | 18,926 | 15,294 | 40,288 | |
Palau | 8.09 | 45 | 333 | 9 | 387 | |
North Korea | 8.02 | 8,374 | 40,156 | 8,410 | 56,939 | |
Cameroon | 8 | 66,191 | 181,336 | 119,263 | 366,789 | |
Equatorial Guinea | 7.99 | 3,982 | 17,595 | 5,007 | 26,585 | |
Georgia | 7.79 | 6,982 | 17,803 | 9,784 | 34,570 | |
Brunei Darussalam | 7.71 | 1,102 | 2,842 | 1,498 | 5,442 | |
Comoros | 7.69 | 284 | 1,149 | 82 | 1,515 | |
Iran | 7.67 | 3,361 | 12,930 | 2,162 | 18,453 | |
Ecuador | 7.66 | 48,822 | 77,585 | 73,492 | 199,900 | |
DRC | 7.56 | 533,118 | 935,508 | 727,983 | 2,196,608 | |
Micronesia | 7.55 | 8 | 35 | 0 | 43 | |
Brazil | 7.52 | 1,374,902 | 1,354,961 | 2,338,101 | 5,067,963 | |
Zambia | 7.5 | 96,969 | 164,376 | 110,822 | 372,167 | |
North Macedonia | 7.42 | 2,034 | 7,090 | 459 | 9,583 | |
Pakistan | 7.42 | 2,090 | 7,859 | 1,139 | 11,088 | |
Lesotho | 7.4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | |
Chile | 7.37 | 56,849 | 41,971 | 93,537 | 192,357 | |
Bahamas | 7.35 | 741 | 1,935 | 399 | 3,075 | |
Nepal | 7.23 | 13,785 | 41,992 | 3,760 | 59,538 | |
Australia | 7.22 | 117,672 | 239,624 | 103,852 | 461,148 | |
Argentina | 7.21 | 98,249 | 189,966 | 72,557 | 360,772 | |
Solomon Islands | 7.19 | 6,871 | 15,310 | 3,149 | 25,329 | |
Myanmar | 7.18 | 129,745 | 220,188 | 96,924 | 446,857 | |
Ethiopia | 7.16 | 52,652 | 84,430 | 44,397 | 181,479 | |
Mali | 7.16 | 451 | 996 | 140 | 1,586 | |
Somalia | 7.16 | 347 | 1,384 | 46 | 1,777 | |
China | 7.14 | 533,800 | 974,431 | 301,051 | 1,809,282 | |
Tanzania | 7.13 | 123,997 | 159,712 | 122,812 | 406,521 | |
New Zealand | 7.12 | 34,503 | 44,155 | 35,334 | 113,992 | |
Senegal | 7.11 | 847 | 2,456 | 162 | 3,465 | |
Timor-Leste | 7.11 | 1,783 | 7,008 | 47 | 8,838 | |
India | 7.09 | 117,992 | 254,792 | 54,428 | 427,211 | |
Cyprus | 7.06 | 388 | 1,026 | 18 | 1,432 | |
Norway | 6.98 | 39,343 | 67,383 | 16,627 | 123,352 | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 6.95 | 91 | 221 | 0 | 312 | |
Mozambique | 6.93 | 150,665 | 189,362 | 115,379 | 455,406 | |
Mexico | 6.82 | 193,908 | 280,445 | 121,842 | 596,195 | |
Albania | 6.77 | 2,426 | 5,256 | 122 | 7,805 | |
Uzbekistan | 6.77 | 214 | 227 | 199 | 640 | |
Morocco | 6.74 | 2,260 | 4,076 | 451 | 6,787 | |
United States | 6.65 | 1,328,079 | 1,144,693 | 658,645 | 3,131,417 | |
Sao Tome and Principe | 6.64 | 31 | 140 | 0 | 171 | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 6.62 | 1,478 | 2,176 | 418 | 4,072 | |
Greece | 6.6 | 14,548 | 27,833 | 1,078 | 43,459 | |
Indonesia | 6.6 | 535,370 | 509,018 | 431,973 | 1,476,361 | |
Azerbaijan | 6.55 | 4,820 | 7,189 | 1,534 | 13,543 | |
Montenegro | 6.41 | 2,949 | 4,778 | 82 | 7,809 | |
Paraguay | 6.39 | 78,538 | 102,626 | 29,877 | 211,041 | |
Turkey | 6.39 | 43,043 | 68,243 | 3,516 | 114,801 | |
Taiwan | 6.38 | 8,786 | 14,547 | 1,453 | 24,786 | |
Cabo Verde | 6.37 | 27 | 38 | 0 | 65 | |
Panama | 6.37 | 25,420 | 21,310 | 14,605 | 61,336 | |
Cambodia | 6.31 | 30,143 | 31,939 | 16,349 | 78,431 | |
Turkmenistan | 6.31 | 5 | 33 | 0 | 37 | |
Zimbabwe | 6.31 | 9,450 | 14,417 | 1,644 | 25,511 | |
Nigeria | 6.2 | 64,621 | 65,355 | 24,307 | 154,283 | |
Chad | 6.18 | 5,261 | 6,016 | 1,910 | 13,187 | |
Saint Lucia | 6.17 | 235 | 316 | 0 | 551 | |
Belize | 6.15 | 7,004 | 7,957 | 2,744 | 17,705 | |
Bulgaria | 6.09 | 18,884 | 26,325 | 847 | 46,057 | |
South Korea | 6.02 | 25,060 | 32,009 | 888 | 57,956 | |
Thailand | 6 | 86,276 | 89,326 | 33,612 | 209,214 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.99 | 13,387 | 17,031 | 574 | 30,993 | |
Romania | 5.95 | 38,395 | 48,394 | 607 | 87,395 | |
Philippines | 5.91 | 91,820 | 100,831 | 8,393 | 201,044 | |
Togo | 5.88 | 5,064 | 4,522 | 1,076 | 10,662 | |
Benin | 5.86 | 4,724 | 3,698 | 1,769 | 10,191 | |
Sri Lanka | 5.83 | 20,.541 | 22,390 | 1,613 | 44,544 | |
Japan | 5.8 | 135,783 | 133,480 | 16,005 | 285,268 | |
Malawi | 5.74 | 12,514 | 12,167 | 2,396 | 27,078 | |
Guinea-Bissau | 5.7 | 9,274 | 8,702 | 855 | 18,831 | |
Laos | 5.59 | 92,986 | 80,564 | 19,252 | 192,801 | |
Armenia | 5.46 | 1,894 | 1,681 | 3 | 3,577 | |
Mauritius | 5.46 | 567 | 478 | 0 | 1,045 | |
Bangladesh | 5.45 | 10,013 | 7,251 | 1,947 | 19,211 | |
Cuba | 5.4 | 22,605 | 18,460 | 1,632 | 42,697 | |
Sweden | 5.35 | 174,415 | 109,779 | 23,494 | 307,687 | |
Vietnam | 5.35 | 82,551 | 75,353 | 9,588 | 167,492 | |
Serbia | 5.29 | 17,513 | 14,112 | 516 | 32,141 | |
Algeria | 5.22 | 7,418 | 6,044 | 81 | 13,543 | |
Kosovo | 5.19 | 2,628 | 1,775 | 47 | 4,450 | |
Tunisia | 5.14 | 1,354 | 987 | 0 | 2,340 | |
Finland | 5.08 | 144,310 | 83,572 | 9,294 | 237,176 | |
Jamaica | 5.01 | 5,362 | 3,249 | 158 | 8,770 | |
Malaysia | 5.01 | 130,825 | 91,957 | 21,499 | 244,281 | |
South Africa | 4.94 | 45,489 | 34,968 | 3,196 | 83,653 | |
Croatia | 4.92 | 15,732 | 10,522 | 379 | 26,633 | |
Guinea | 4.9 | 81,702 | 54,877 | 2,895 | 139,475 | |
Libya | 4.85 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 17 | |
Liberia | 4.79 | 51,975 | 31,162 | 11,025 | 94,163 | |
Antigua and Barbuda | 4.72 | 114 | 92 | 0 | 206 | |
Costa Rica | 4.65 | 27,164 | 12,838 | 4,164 | 44,167 | |
Madagascar | 4.63 | 120,340 | 66,584 | 11,922 | 198,846 | |
Gambia | 4.56 | 181 | 85 | 0 | 266 | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 4.55 | 95 | 50 | 0 | 145 | |
Ghana | 4.53 | 57,519 | 28,901 | 2,160 | 88,580 | |
France | 4.52 | 161,987 | 49,496 | 74,121 | 285,604 | |
Burundi | 4.5 | 6,882 | 3,841 | 46 | 10,769 | |
Liechtenstein | 4.5 | 59 | 42 | 0 | 101 | |
Honduras | 4.48 | 57,899 | 23,802 | 3,692 | 85,392 | |
Andorra | 4.45 | 170 | 49 | 0 | 219 | |
Uganda | 4.36 | 77,303 | 36,381 | 7,507 | 121,190 | |
Slovakia | 4.34 | 17,615 | 8,165 | 0 | 25,781 | |
Spain | 4.23 | 82,770 | 46,013 | 133 | 128,916 | |
Grenada | 4.22 | 221 | 86 | 0 | 308 | |
Eswatini | 4.21 | 5,054 | 2,501 | 14 | 7,569 | |
Kenya | 4.2 | 28,427 | 13,558 | 4,702 | 46,686 | |
Dominican Republic | 4.19 | 19,890 | 9,364 | 518 | 29,772 | |
Israel | 4.14 | 170 | 85 | 0 | 255 | |
El Salvador | 4.05 | 8,837 | 2,947 | 0 | 11,784 | |
Haiti | 4.01 | 7,116 | 2,831 | 12 | 9,959 | |
Guatemala | 3.85 | 58,572 | 18,764 | 5,592 | 82,928 | |
Rwanda | 3.85 | 5,665 | 2,170 | 619 | 8,454 | |
Slovenia | 3.78 | 11,065 | 3,791 | 0 | 14,856 | |
Lebanon | 3.76 | 541 | 115 | 0 | 656 | |
Italy | 3.65 | 79,403 | 26,858 | 25 | 106,286 | |
Cote d'Ivoire | 3.64 | 158,010 | 41,005 | 7,288 | 206,303 | |
Syria | 3.64 | 841 | 282 | 0 | 1,123 | |
Belarus | 3.63 | 77,870 | 20,847 | 91 | 98,808 | |
Nicaragua | 3.63 | 65,356 | 17,646 | 4,858 | 87,860 | |
Uruguay | 3.61 | 11,793 | 3,998 | 0 | 15,791 | |
Iraq | 3.59 | 104 | 9 | 0 | 113 | |
Austria | 3.55 | 36,666 | 12,422 | 21 | 49,109 | |
Switzerland | 3.53 | 13,636 | 4,412 | 10 | 18,058 | |
Ukraine | 3.3 | 89,540 | 20,183 | 176 | 109,900 | |
Estonia | 3.05 | 24,473 | 4,832 | 52 | 29,358 | |
Jordan | 2.79 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
Sierra Leone | 2.76 | 52,512 | 11,858 | 640 | 65,010 | |
Germany | 2.28 | 122,168 | 11,307 | 0 | 133,475 | |
Hungary | 2.25 | 18,729 | 2,047 | 0 | 20,776 | |
Poland | 2.24 | 101,886 | 7,103 | 0 | 108,989 | |
Moldova | 2.2 | 3,113 | 202 | 0 | 3,315 | |
Latvia | 2.09 | 38,164 | 2,137 | 0 | 40,301 | |
Czechia | 1.71 | 32,161 | 1,611 | 0 | 33,772 | |
United Kingdom | 1.65 | 29,149 | 2,917 | 35 | 32,101 | |
Lithuania | 1.62 | 24,554 | 930 | 0 | 25,484 | |
Belgium | 1.36 | 8,803 | 297 | 0 | 9,099 | |
Luxembourg | 1.12 | 1,170 | 0 | 0 | 1,170 | |
Singapore | 1.11 | 170 | 2 | 0 | 172 | |
Dominica | 1.06 | 531 | 2 | 0 | 533 | |
Ireland | 0.92 | 5,283 | 96 | 0 | 5,378 | |
Portugal | 0.82 | 25,966 | 553 | 0 | 26,519 | |
Netherlands | 0.6 | 5,250 | 72 | 0 | 5,322 | |
Egypt | 0.56 | 4,772 | 218 | 69 | 5,059 | |
Denmark | 0.5 | 5,756 | 31 | 0 | 5,787 | |
San Marino | 0.01 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)
|
Background
The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including:[1]
Institution | Author(s) |
---|---|
Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx | H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson |
University of Queensland, Brisbane | H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson |
Carleton University, Ottawa | R. Schuster |
Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto | J. C. Ray |
United Nations Development Program, Manhattan |
J. Ervin |
Washington, DC |
E. Goldman; R. Taylor |
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff | S. Goetz; P. Jantz |
Bozeman |
A. Hansen |
Rainforest Foundation Norway, Oslo | E. Hofsvang |
Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas | P. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier |
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona | P. Langhammer |
James Cook University, Cairns | W. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray |
University of Oxford, Oxford | Y. Malhi |
Arlington, Virginia |
H. Possingham |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California | S. Saatchi |
World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, Berlin | A. Shapiro |
International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro | B. Strassburg |
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia | O. Venter |
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria | P. Visconti |
See also
References
- ^ PMID 33293507.
- ^ Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" [Discover with this map where are the best forests in your country and in the world]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature-based Solutions Initiative. University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" [Direct human influence bypassed 40 percent of modern forests] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ "New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". WCS Newsroom. Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ISSN 0006-3568.
- PMID 33293507.