Formic acid
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Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Formic acid[1] | |||
Systematic IUPAC name
Methanoic acid[1] | |||
Other names
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Identifiers | |||
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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1209246 | |||
ChEBI | |||
ChEMBL | |||
ChemSpider | |||
DrugBank | |||
ECHA InfoCard
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100.000.527 | ||
EC Number |
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E number | E236 (preservatives) | ||
1008 | |||
KEGG | |||
PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |||
CH2O2 | |||
Molar mass | 46.025 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | Colorless fuming liquid | ||
Odor | Pungent, penetrating | ||
Density | 1.220 g/mL | ||
Melting point | 8.4 °C (47.1 °F; 281.5 K) | ||
Boiling point | 100.8 °C (213.4 °F; 373.9 K) | ||
Miscible | |||
Solubility | Miscible with ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol, ethanol Partially soluble in benzene, toluene, xylenes | ||
log P | −0.54 | ||
Vapor pressure | 35 mmHg (20 °C)[2] | ||
Acidity (pKa) | 3.745[3] | ||
Conjugate base
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Formate | ||
−19.90×10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD)
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1.3714 (20 °C) | ||
Viscosity | 1.57 cP at 268 °C | ||
Structure | |||
Planar | |||
1.41 D (gas) | |||
Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
131.8 J/mol K | ||
Std enthalpy of (ΔfH⦵298)formation |
−425.0 kJ/mol | ||
Std enthalpy of (ΔcH⦵298)combustion |
−254.6 kJ/mol | ||
Pharmacology | |||
QP53AG01 (WHO )
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Hazards | |||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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Corrosive; irritant; sensitizer | ||
GHS labelling: | |||
Danger | |||
H314 | |||
P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501 | |||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Flash point | 69 °C (156 °F; 342 K) | ||
601 °C (1,114 °F; 874 K) | |||
Explosive limits
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14–34%[citation needed] 18–57% (90% solution)[2] | ||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
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700 mg/kg (mouse, oral), 1100 mg/kg (rat, oral), 4000 mg/kg (dog, oral)[4] | ||
LC50 (median concentration)
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7853 ppm (rat, 15 min) 3246 ppm (mouse, 15 min)[4] | ||
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)[2] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3)[2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
30 ppm[2] | ||
Safety data sheet (SDS) | MSDS from JT Baker | ||
Related compounds | |||
Related carboxylic acids
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Acetic acid Propionic acid | ||
Related compounds
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Formaldehyde Methanol | ||
Supplementary data page | |||
Formic acid (data page) | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Formic acid (from
Natural occurrence
In nature, formic acid is found in most
History
As early as the 15th century, some
Formic acid was long considered a chemical compound of only minor interest in the chemical industry. In the late 1960s, significant quantities became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production. It now finds increasing use as a preservative and antibacterial in livestock feed.
Properties
Formic acid is a colorless liquid having a pungent, penetrating odor[12] at room temperature, comparable to the related acetic acid. Formic acid is about ten times stronger than acetic acid.
It is
Chemical reactions
Decomposition
Formic acid readily decomposes by dehydration in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to form carbon monoxide and water:
- HCO2H → H2O + CO
Treatment of formic acid with sulfuric acid is a convenient laboratory source of CO.[15][16]
In the presence of platinum, it decomposes with a release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
- HCO2H → H2 + CO2
Soluble ruthenium catalysts are also effective.[17][18] Carbon monoxide free hydrogen has been generated in a very wide pressure range (1–600 bar).[17]
Reactant
Formic acid shares most of the chemical properties of other
Formic acid is a source for a
In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion, as in the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction:
It is used as a source of hydrogen in transfer hydrogenation, as in the Leuckart reaction to make amines, and (in aqueous solution or in its azeotrope with triethylamine) for hydrogenation of ketones.[22]
Addition to alkenes
Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in its ability to participate in addition reactions with alkenes. Formic acids and alkenes readily react to form formate esters. In the presence of certain acids, including sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, however, a variant of the Koch reaction occurs instead, and formic acid adds to the alkene to produce a larger carboxylic acid.[23]
Formic acid anhydride
An unstable formic anhydride, H(C=O)−O−(C=O)H, can be obtained by dehydration of formic acid with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in ether at low temperature.[24]
Production
In 2009, the worldwide capacity for producing formic acid was 720 thousand tonnes (1.6 billion pounds) per year, roughly equally divided between Europe (350 thousand tonnes or 770 million pounds, mainly in Germany) and Asia (370 thousand tonnes or 820 million pounds, mainly in China) while production was below 1 thousand tonnes or 2.2 million pounds per year in all other continents.[25] It is commercially available in solutions of various concentrations between 85 and 99 w/w %.[13] As of 2009[update], the largest producers are BASF, Eastman Chemical Company, LC Industrial, and Feicheng Acid Chemicals, with the largest production facilities in Ludwigshafen (200 thousand tonnes or 440 million pounds per year, BASF, Germany), Oulu (105 thousand tonnes or 230 million pounds, Eastman, Finland), Nakhon Pathom (n/a, LC Industrial), and Feicheng (100 thousand tonnes or 220 million pounds, Feicheng, China). 2010 prices ranged from around €650/tonne (equivalent to around $800/tonne) in Western Europe to $1250/tonne in the United States.[25]
From methyl formate and formamide
When methanol and carbon monoxide are combined in the presence of a strong base, the result is methyl formate, according to the chemical equation:[13]
- CH3OH + CO → HCO2CH3
In industry, this reaction is performed in the liquid phase at elevated pressure. Typical reaction conditions are 80 °C and 40 atm. The most widely used base is sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid:
- HCO2CH3 + H2O → HCOOH + CH3OH
Efficient hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a large excess of water. Some routes proceed indirectly by first treating the methyl formate with ammonia to give formamide, which is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid:
- HCO2CH3 + NH3 → HC(O)NH2 + CH3OH
- 2 HC(O)NH2 + 2H2O + H2SO4 → 2HCO2H + (NH4)2SO4
A disadvantage of this approach is the need to dispose of the
Niche and obsolete chemical routes
By-product of acetic acid production
A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals. At one time, acetic acid was produced on a large scale by oxidation of alkanes, by a process that cogenerates significant formic acid.[13] This oxidative route to acetic acid has declined in importance so that the aforementioned dedicated routes to formic acid have become more important.
Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide
The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid has long been studied. This reaction can be conducted homogeneously.[26][27]
Oxidation of biomass
Formic acid can also be obtained by aqueous catalytic partial oxidation of wet biomass by the OxFA process.[28][29] A Keggin-type polyoxometalate (H5PV2Mo10O40) is used as the homogeneous catalyst to convert sugars, wood, waste paper, or cyanobacteria to formic acid and CO2 as the sole byproduct. Yields of up to 53% formic acid can be achieved.[citation needed]
Laboratory methods
In the laboratory, formic acid can be obtained by heating oxalic acid in glycerol and extraction by steam distillation.[30] Glycerol acts as a catalyst, as the reaction proceeds through a glyceryl oxalate intermediate. If the reaction mixture is heated to higher temperatures, allyl alcohol results. The net reaction is thus:
- C2O4H2 → HCO2H + CO2
Another illustrative method involves the reaction between lead formate and hydrogen sulfide, driven by the formation of lead sulfide.[31]
- Pb(HCOO)2 + H2S → 2HCOOH + PbS
Electrochemical production
It has been reported that formate can be formed by the
- HCO−
3 + H
2O + 2e− → HCO−
2 + 2OH−
or
- CO
2 + H
2O + 2e− → HCO−
2 + OH−
If the feed is CO
2 and oxygen is evolved at the anode, the total reaction is:
- CO2 + OH−
→ HCO−
2 + 1/2 O2
Artificial photosynthesis
In August 2020, researchers at Cambridge University announced a stand-alone advanced 'photosheet' technology that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and formic acid with no other inputs.[33]
Biosynthesis
Formic acid is named after ants which have high concentrations of the compound in their venom. In ants, formic acid is derived from
Uses
Agriculture
A major use of formic acid is as preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. In Europe, it is applied on silage, including fresh hay, to promote the fermentation of lactic acid and to suppress the formation of butyric acid; it also allows fermentation to occur quickly, and at a lower temperature, reducing the loss of nutritional value.[13] Formic acid arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle.[36] In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill E. coli bacteria.[37][38] Use as a preservative for silage and other animal feed constituted 30% of the global consumption in 2009.[25]
Energy
Formic acid can be used in a fuel cell. It can be used directly in formic acid fuel cells or indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells.[40][41]
Electrolytic conversion of electrical energy to chemical fuel has been proposed as a large-scale source of formate by various groups.[42] The formate could be used as feed to modified E. coli bacteria for producing biomass.[43][44] Natural microbes do exist that can feed on formic acid or formate (see Methylotroph).
Formic acid has been considered as a means of hydrogen storage.[45] The co-product of this decomposition, carbon dioxide, can be rehydrogenated back to formic acid in a second step. Formic acid contains 53 g/L hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is three and a half times as much as compressed hydrogen gas can attain at 350 bar pressure (14.7 g/L). Pure formic acid is a liquid with a flash point of 69 °C, much higher than that of gasoline (−40 °C) or ethanol (13 °C).[citation needed]
It is possible to use formic acid as an intermediary to produce isobutanol from CO2 using microbes.[46][47]
Soldering
Formic acid has a potential application in soldering. Due to its capacity to reduce oxide layers, formic acid gas can be blasted at an oxide surface to increase solder wettability.
Chromatography
Formic acid is used as a volatile pH modifier in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. Formic acid is often used as a component of mobile phase in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis and separation techniques for the separation of hydrophobic macromolecules, such as peptides, proteins and more complex structures including intact viruses. Especially when paired with mass spectrometry detection, formic acid offers several advantages over the more traditionally used phosphoric acid.[48][49]
Other uses
Formic acid is also significantly used in the production of leather, including
Formic acid is also used in place of mineral acids for various cleaning products,
Formic acid application has been reported to be an effective treatment for warts.[50]
Safety
Formic acid has low toxicity (hence its use as a food additive), with an LD50 of 1.8 g/kg (tested orally on mice). The concentrated acid is corrosive to the skin.[13]
Formic acid is readily metabolized and eliminated by the body. Nonetheless, it has specific
Concentrated formic acid slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and water, leading to pressure buildup in the containing vessel. For this reason, 98% formic acid is shipped in plastic bottles with self-venting caps.
The hazards of solutions of formic acid depend on the concentration. The following table lists the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals for formic acid solutions:[citation needed]
weight percent )
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Pictogram | H-Phrases
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2–10% | H315 | |
10–90% | H313 | |
>90% | H314 |
Formic acid in 85% concentration is flammable, and diluted formic acid is on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration list of food additives.
See also
References
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