Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 48°12′N 108°36′W / 48.2°N 108.6°W | |
Tribes | Fort Belknap Indian Community: Assiniboine (Nakoda) Gros Ventre (Aaniiih) |
Country | United States |
State | Montana |
Counties | Blaine Phillips |
Established | June 1, 1888 |
Tribal Council | 1904 |
Headquarters | Fort Belknap Agency |
Government | |
• Body | Andrew Werk Jr. |
• President | Gerald Healy |
Area | |
• Total | 1,014.064 sq mi (2,626.41 km2) |
Population (2017)[2] | |
• Total | 3,182 |
• Density | 3.1/sq mi (1.2/km2) |
Website | ftbelknap.org |
The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (
In 2013, the tribes received some bison and have reintroduced them to the local range. In June 2015, the
History
In October 1855, near the confluence of the Judith and Missouri Rivers, the Blackfoot Confederacy signed an agreement to remain at peace with other Native American tribes and with citizens of the United States. The Nakoda Nation, along with the Lakota, Dakota, Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, had signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 with the United States government in what is now North Dakota. These treaties established the tribes' sacred territories within the continental United States.
The Fort Belknap Reservation was established in 1888 in north-central Montana. It comprises a small portion of the vast ancestral territory of the Blackfoot Confederacy, which consisted of the Northern and Southern Piegan ("Poorly Tanned Robe" or "Spotted Robe"), Blood or Kainai ("Many Chiefs"), and Siksika ("Black Foot") tribes and their historical allies, the Atsina or Aaniiih Nation ("Gros Ventre"). Their former territory extended across all of north-central and eastern Montana and portions of eastern North Dakota. Fort Belknap Reservation was named after William W. Belknap, the secretary of war in President Ulysses S. Grant's administration. Belknap was later impeached for corruption.
The origins of the name Aaniiih, (meaning the White Clay People) is unclear. Many believe that they painted themselves with white clay found along the Saskatchewan River for ceremony, like the northern
The Nakoda (meaning the Generous Ones) split with the
The Aaniiih and Nakoda were nomadic hunters and warriors. They followed the bison, commonly called buffalo, for seasonal hunting; they made use of all parts of the massive animals, for food, clothing, cord, tools, etc. Their food, clothing, and teepees were all derived from the buffalo. The buffalo was the Indian "staff of life", supporting the nomadic cultures of the Nakoda, Aaniih, and other Plains tribes. The last wild herd of buffalo in the continental United States in the 19th century roamed between the Bear Paw Mountains and the Little Rocky Mountains in the lush Milk River valley of Montana.
Economy and landholdings
The two tribes are united as one federally recognized government called the Fort Belknap Indian Community. Together, the tribes have formed and maintained a community that has deep respect for its land, its culture, and its heritage. Fort Belknap derives its name from the original military and trading post established on the Milk River. The town of Harlem, Montana, developed about 1 mi (2 km) northeast of the fort.
Land Buy-Back Program
Generations after allotment was made of communal lands 94 years ago to individual tribal households under the Dawes Act, control has become split up among thousands of descendants of original allottees in many federally recognized tribes. The Fort Belknap Reservation has been described as one of the most fractionated in the country in terms of its landholdings, with an estimated 75% of land on the reservation being fractionated under individual owners.[4]
As part of the 2009 settlement of the Cobell v. Salazar class-action suit, the Department of Interior has set up the Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations to buy back such fractionated land from descendants, on a purely voluntary basis, with market value being offered. The land portions of those who accept the offers will be put in federal trust under control of the tribe, so it can increase the communal land base and improve its ability to manage resources for its members. In 2015, "[m]ore than 3,500 buy-back offers were mailed to tribal landowners at the beginning of June. Some amounted to less than $100, others total tens or even hundreds of thousands [of dollars]."[4] In June 2015, Interior employees came to the reservation to discuss the program in more detail. They reviewed up to $54 million in offers with landowners who may be interested in selling their portions. These offers apply to 26,000 tracts of land, most very small, within the boundaries of the Fort Belknap reservation.[4]
Margey Azure, tribal coordinator of the program, believes it can help both individuals and the tribe. She said, "We're in a position where we can consolidate these lands, and maybe even help some young Indian operators get started in the cattle ranching business or something like that."[4]
Bison and grasslands restoration
In March 2012, the Fort Belknap community received a herd of pure-bred
Communities
Notable Aaniiih
- George Horse-Capture (1937 – 2013), an anthropologist and author, became a curator at the Plains Indian Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian.
- Theresa Lamebull (1896 – August 2007), a supercentenarian, was believed to have been be the oldest living member of the A'aninin Tribe of Montana and possibly the oldest Native American ever recorded.
- James Welch (1940 – August 4, 2003) was an award-winning author and poet. He wrote the novel Winter in the Blood
References
- ^ "Tribal Council Members". Retrieved July 24, 2019.
- ^ 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. "My Tribal Area". United States Census Bureau.
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - S2CID 151520012.
- ^ a b c d e David Murray, "$54 million offered for tribal land on Fort Belknap Reservation", Great Falls Tribune, 10 June 2015; accessed 18 January 2017
- ^ "DOI sends over $230M in offers to Indian landowners in Montana", Indianz.com, 8 June 2015; accessed 28 October 2016
- ^ "Yellowstone bison return to tribal land". Great Falls Tribune. March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
- ^ "Genetically Pure Bison Returned to Fort Belknap After a Century Away". Indian Country Today. August 23, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016.
- ^ Williams, Florence (January 15, 2001). "Plains sense". High Country News.
- ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
- ^ "Watch: Translocation effort returns swift foxes to reservation". The Wildlife Society. December 17, 2021.
- ^ "US Native American tribes seek to reintroduce indigenous wildlife". Aljazeera. Associated Press. December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.