Fort Concho
Fort Concho Historic District | |
Texas State Antiquities Landmark | |
Location | San Angelo, Texas, United States |
---|---|
Coordinates | 31°27′15″N 100°25′40″W / 31.45417°N 100.42778°W |
Website | fortconcho |
NRHP reference No. | 66000823 |
TSAL No. | 8200000596 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
Designated NHLD | July 4, 1961 |
Designated TSAL | January 1, 1986 |
Fort Concho is a former
The fort was abandoned in June 1889, and over the next 20 years was divided into residences and businesses, with the buildings repurposed or recycled for their materials. Efforts to preserve and restore Fort Concho began in the 1900s and resulted in the foundation of the Fort Concho Museum in 1929. The property has been owned and operated by the city of San Angelo since 1935. Fort Concho was named a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961, and is one of the best-preserved examples of the military installations built by the US Army in Texas.
The Fort Concho Historic District covers the fort's original 40-acre (16 ha) grounds and 23 buildings, some of which are the oldest in San Angelo. As of August 2019[update], about 55,000 people visit the fort annually.
Operation by the US military
Fort Concho was established during the
The beginning of the
In mid-1867,
Construction
Captain David W. Porter, assistant
The first permanent military structures on the fort grounds, five of the officer's residences and the first regimental barracks, were completed by August 1869. They were followed over the next year by two more officer's residences, another barracks, and a permanent guardhouse and stables. Hatch pushed for the completion of the fort through 1870–71, directing the building of a quartermaster's corral and a wagon shed. In February 1872, however, budget cuts by the
In 1875, the
Base of the 4th Cavalry
In the first seven months of Fort Concho's existence, its garrison – numbering 129, out of a force of 3,672 in Texas, according to the 1869 reports of the War Department – were occupied by its plodding construction. This was the cause of much criticism by local Texas newspapers; the frontier continued to retreat in the remaining years of the 1860s.[32] Meanwhile, outside of building work, the garrison patrolled, scouted, and escorted cattle herds and wagon trains on the San Antonio–El Paso Road.[33] There was thus little combat in Texas, according to the US Army records. Inaction by the army, whose garrisons were poorly and irregularly supplied, and criticism of that inaction, continued into 1871. Beginning with the creation of the Department of Texas that March, however, US Army activity in Texas changed. Sheridan adopted a strategy of feinting and constant movement early in the year, and then punitive expeditions in the winter, when the tribes' ponies would be weakest. As part of Sheridan's plan, the garrisons of the Texas forts established subposts. Among these were Fort Chadbourne, which was reoccupied, and Camp Charlotte,[34] on the Middle Concho.[35]
On February 25, 1871, Colonel
After Mackenzie and Hatch met with
On June 27, 1874, more than 200 indigenous warriors attacked a group of buffalo hunters camped at Adobe Walls, beginning the Red River War. In response, Augur ordered Mackenzie and the 4th Cavalry back to Fort Concho in July. By August,[46] Sheridan, now commanding the Military Division of the Missouri,[14] ordered five expeditionary forces of more than 3,000 soldiers each into the South Plains.[37] The southern force, under Mackenzie, left Fort Concho on August 23, 1874, with eight companies of the 4th Cavalry, four of the 10th Infantry, and one from the 11th Infantry. Over the following year, Mackenzie chased the Comanche to their base of operations in the Palo Duro Canyon and destroyed it on September 28. His force continued to patrol the area over the winter, preventing the Comanche from rebuilding their supplies and forcing their return to their reservation.[47]
Base of the 10th Cavalry
By 1875, Fort Concho had become one of the main US Army bases in Texas,
In late 1879, Grierson received word that a war party of Ojo Caliente and
On June 17, 1880, Nolan and a battalion of the 10th Cavalry at Fort Sill returned to Fort Concho by Grierson's order. Ten days later, Grierson sent Nolan to patrol the Guadalupe Mountains and himself set out from Fort Concho on July 10.[55] Grierson harried Victorio over the summer until he was defeated at Rattlesnake Springs and driven into Mexico, where Victorio's band was destroyed on October 15, 1880, by the Mexican Army.[56] The 10th Cavalry transferred permanently to Fort Davis, farther to the west, in July 1882.[57]
Post-Texas Indian Wars and deactivation
On January 27, 1881, the
By the mid-1880s, ranches enclosed the surrounding plains with barbed-wire fencing; the soldiers, barred by law from cutting the wire, were reduced to patrolling roads. Many of the frontier forts, such as Forts Davis and Griffin, had either been abandoned or were awaiting deactivation. After the 16th Infantry left Fort Concho for Fort Bliss in February 1887, locals believed Fort Concho would also be abandoned. In early 1888, the 8th Cavalry gathered at Fort Concho from around Texas and then left in June for Fort Meade, South Dakota. With their departure, only the 19th Infantry's K Company was garrisoned at Fort Concho. On June 20, 1889, the men of K Company lowered the flag over the fort for the final time and left the next morning.[60]
Relationship with San Angelo, Texas
In 1870, entrepreneur Bartholomew J. DeWitt purchased a half-
Fort Concho was crucial to San Angelo's early growth. The presence of its garrison attracted traders and settlers and allowed diversification in the town's economy.
Preservation
Following the closure of the fort in 1889, it was divided into commercial and residential lots and its buildings were accordingly renovated or demolished.
In 1927, a local named Ginevra Wood Carson acquired a room in the Tom Green County Courthouse for an exhibit on local history,[70] and there established what would become the Fort Concho Museum.[30] After the museum began expanding into other rooms of the courthouse, Carson moved it into Fort Concho's headquarters building on August 8, 1930. Carson struggled to raise a sum of $6,000 ($109,434, adjusted for inflation) to purchase the building from its owner, who in 1935 relented and accepted the $3,000 ($66,670, adjusted for inflation) she had been able to raise.[70] That same year, the city of San Angelo assumed partial administrative responsibility for the museum,[72][73] to be managed by a board of directors headed by Carson until she retired in 1953. Funding for the museum was slashed during the Great Depression and World War II, though four buildings were acquired in 1939. Further acquisitions occurred in the later 1940s, until the 1950s Texas drought again strained municipal resources. The museum was made a department of the city of San Angelo in 1955, but only one property purchased in that decade; the Fort Concho Museum by this time controlled only about a quarter of the fort grounds. In the 1960s, the city of San Angelo sought to cede the Fort Concho Museum to the federal and state governments, but both were prioritizing other Texas forts.[74]
On July 4, 1961, Fort Concho was named a National Historic Landmark District,[75] and on October 15, 1966, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places,[76] by the National Park Service (NPS). A plan was prepared by the NPS in 1961,[74] and again in 1967.[71] In 1980, the Fort Concho Museum collaborated with Bell, Klein and Hoffman, an Austin-based architecture firm specializing in restorations,[77] to prepare another, three-phase plan to acquire the rest of the fort's grounds and demolish its 19th and 20th century modifications.[68] The museum began implementing that plan in 1981, spending over $900,000 ($3.02 million).[77] Those funds were raised by matched grants from the NPS via the Historic Preservation Fund.[68] The parade ground was then brought fully under the museum's control with the move of the school to a new campus.[78] An NPS survey in June 1985 found that the fort was in generally good condition, though a number of later buildings were still on its grounds.[68] On January 1, 1986, it was named a Texas State Antiquities Landmark by the Texas Historical Commission.[79] By 1989, the district consisted of 16 original buildings, six reconstructed buildings, and a stabilized ruin.[71]
In 2015, an anonymous donor gave $2,000,000 ($2.57 million, adjusted for inflation) to the Fort Concho Museum.[80] Two years later, the museum announced that it would use the donated money and other proceeds to expand its visitors center and rebuild Barracks 3 and 4 over 2018.[81] No commissions were made until December 2020, however, when the City of San Angelo announced imminent repairs to 14 buildings, and that the reconstructed Barracks 3 and the mess hall of Barracks 4 would house a research library on loan to the museum.[80] A permit was issued for the reconstruction of Barracks 3 and 4 in September 2021.[82]
Involvement in the YFZ ranch raid
On April 3, 2008, following a call from an alleged victim of abuse by members of the
Grounds and architecture
As of August 2019,[update] the Fort Concho Historic District consists of 25 buildings standing on a 40-acre (16 ha) site, with a museum collection of 40,000 items.[86] The district's boundaries are formed by East Avenue A and the railroad track to the north, South Oakes Street to the west, a fence behind Officer's Row to the south, and a service road behind the administrative buildings to the east.[87] The fort is visited annually by 55,000 people.[86]
Fort Concho, like the forts built and operated by the US Army in Texas, is not fortified. It was designed as a
Barracks Row
Barracks Row is made up by the six
Barracks 1 and 2 were built in 1869 and 1870, respectively, and each contained two cavalry companies. These barracks are unique in having sally ports at their centers for leading horses through, rather than around, the barracks to reach the stables.[92] Barracks 1 had two dining halls to Barracks 2's one, but they were demolished sometime after the fort was abandoned.[93] Barracks 1 is the visitor's center, while Barracks 2 is a display space housing wagons and replica artillery pieces.[94] Barracks 1 and 2 were acquired by the Fort Concho Museum in 1981.[77]
The other four barracks buildings were built to house infantrymen.
Administrative Row
The commissary and quartermaster's warehouse, built to the same plan in 1868 and 1869, respectively, are the oldest buildings in the city of San Angelo.[97] The commissary was purchased by the city government in 1939, but was used as a garage by the municipal transit department until 1974. It was restored in 1980 and then used as a meeting space. The quartermaster's warehouse opened in 1985 as an art museum.[74]
The headquarters building was constructed on Grierson's orders in 1876,
The original hospital was built from 1868 to 1870. After the fort's deactivation, the hospital was used as a rooming house and for storage until it was destroyed by fire in 1911. The building was rebuilt in the mid-1980s with the aid of architectural and historical records. The hospital contains a museum about frontier medicine in its north ward, a library in the south ward, and general medical exhibits in the center.[104]
Officers' Row
The Officers' Row are the ten buildings on the south side of the parade ground, comprised by Officer's Quarters 1 through 9 and the schoolhouse and chapel.[105] These houses were built in several phases from 1869 to the mid-1870s.[106] They generally follow an L-shaped plan with a primary residential building and kitchen, connected by a veranda. Interiors consisted of four equally sized rooms and a central hallway on the first floor and two more rooms on a second. The houses have three fireplaces; two in the main building and a third in the kitchen.[107]
Officer's Quarters 1 was built from 1870 to 1872 and served as the commanding officer's residence. Grierson, who lived there from 1875 to 1882,[108] added a kitchen and office onto the building, on the south and west ends, respectively, in 1881.[109] Grierson also added a carriage house and placed locks on every door in the building. The Fort Concho Museum purchased the building in 1964. In 1994, it was renovated and became the Concho Valley Pioneer Heritage Center.[108] Officer's Quarters 8 and 9 were built to the same plan as Officer's Quarters 1 and were also completed in 1872. Another room was added to the south side of Officer's Quarters 8 in 1936. Officer's Quarters 9 was restored to its original appearance in 1905.[110]
Officer's Quarters 2, 4, 5, and 6 were all built in 1870 and all follow the general plan. Their roofs extend over the verandas to cover them.[111] Officer's Quarters 2 was purchased by the Fort Concho Museum in 1952.[95] Officer's Quarters 5 is a ruin; only its foundations remain. About 90 ft (27 m) to the south of Officer's Quarters 5 is the site of a carriage house thought to be associated with the house. Officer's Quarters 6 was damaged by fire in 1961, but was repaired and turned into a living history exhibit.[112]
Officer's Quarters 3 was built in 1870,[109] possibly in March, which would make it the first of the officers' houses to be completed. The house was the fort commander's residence until Officer's Quarters 1 and 2 were finished.[106] The building has a total of five rooms, as it lacks a second floor. The two structures making up Officer's Quarters 7 were built from 1870 to 1877 to house field officers and their families. The buildings form a duplex and stand to the same height and have two fireplaces each. A porch connects the 15 ft (4.6 m) between the buildings.[111] On July 13, 1990, the E. H. Danner Museum of Telephony, part of the West Texas Collection of Angelo State University, was opened in the building.[113]
The schoolhouse and chapel was completed and dedicated on February 22, 1879, making it the last permanent structure to be completed during its military career.[114] The chapel is built like the officers' residences and it was first intended to be another duplex.[100] Funding was only sufficient for the foundation of the kitchen to be completed, so the building was finished as the present schoolhouse and chapel. After the US Army left, the building continued to function as a schoolhouse, and at one point, a private home.[114] The Fort Concho Museum purchased the schoolhouse in 1946 and restored it with funds raised by US military personnel on nearby Goodfellow Air Force Base.[95]
See also
References
- ^ Field 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Anglo-American Colonization.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Alexander & Utley 2012, pp. 32, 35.
- ^ Field 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Fort Chadbourne.
- ^ a b Handbook of Texas Online: Butterfield Overland Mail.
- ^ Aston & Taylor 1997, p. 51.
- ^ Alexander & Utley 2012, p. 32.
- ^ Alexander & Utley 2012, pp. 33, 57.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 2.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Goodnight–Loving Trail.
- ^ Uglow 2001, p. 138.
- ^ a b Handbook of Texas Online: Philip Henry Sheridan.
- ^ Chapman 1940, p. 262.
- ^ Graham 1970, p. 169.
- ^ Aston & Taylor 1997, p. 72.
- ^ Uglow 2001, pp. 131–32.
- ^ Aston & Taylor 1997, p. 73.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 2–4.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 3.
- ^ a b Chapman 1940, p. 264.
- ^ Uglow 2001, p. 132.
- ^ Chapman 1940, pp. 259, 268.
- ^ a b Field 2006, p. 22.
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- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 6–10.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 10–12, 51.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Handbook of Texas Online: Fort Concho.
- ^ Aston & Taylor 1997, p. 74.
- ^ Chapman 1940, pp. 259, 264.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 13.
- ^ Chapman 1940, pp. 265–67, 269–71.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Camp Charlotte.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell.
- ^ a b c Handbook of Texas Online: Fourth United States Cavalry.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Chapman 1940, p. 267.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Hatch, John Porter.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Christopher Columbus Augur.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 16–19.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 19–21.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 21–23.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Handbook of Texas Online: Tenth United States Cavalry.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 24.
- ^ a b Chapman 1940, p. 276.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 25.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Nolan Expedition.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 28–30.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 31.
- ^ Handbook of Texas Online: Victorio.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 34.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 34, 57.
- ^ Alexander & Utley 2012, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 58–60.
- ^ Gibson 1971, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Handbook of Texas Online: San Angelo, TX.
- ^ Gibson 1971, pp. 6, 15–16.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Uglow 2001, pp. 132–33.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 57.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 48, 51, 53–56.
- ^ a b c d e National Park Service 1985, p. 2.
- ^ Bluthardt, Robert (November 1, 2010). "Through the Centuries at Old Fort Concho". Ranch and Rural Living. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019.
- ^ a b c Bluthardt & Flynn 1997, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Handbook of Texas Online: Fort Concho National Historic Landmark.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 61.
- ^ Field 2006, p. 58.
- ^ a b c Bluthardt & Flynn 1997, pp. 12–13.
- ^ "List of NHLs by State". National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
- ^ "Fort Concho Historic District". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- ^ a b c Bluthardt & Flynn 1997, p. 13.
- ^ Bluthardt & Flynn 1997, pp. 13–14.
- ^ "Fort Concho (41TG57)". Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- ^ a b Tufts, John (December 18, 2020). "Fort Concho to use $2M from mystery donor to rebuild parts of fort missing over a century". San Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020.
- ^ McDaniel, Matthew (November 28, 2017). "Fort Concho looking forward to big things in its 151st year". San Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
- ^ Trammell, Matt (September 3, 2021). "Reconstruction of Historic Ft. Concho Barracks Gets a Significant Boost". San Angelo Live. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b "Timeline: Before and after the 2008 raid on the FLDS' Yearning for Zion Ranch". San Angelo Standard-Times. April 18, 2018. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Gaitan, Michelle (April 18, 2018). "Yearning for Zion Ranch in Texas empty 10 years after raid". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^ "Polygamist parents, children begin reunions". NBC News. June 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
- ^ a b Bluthardt, Robert (August 29, 2019). "Fort Concho a national historic landmark; no need for ranger hats". San Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Chapman 1940, p. 273.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 2–15.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 6.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 8, 37.
- ^ a b National Park Service 1985, p. 10.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Bluthardt & Flynn 1997, p. 12.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 10, 15–16.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, p. 9.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Matthews 2005, p. 10.
- ^ a b National Park Service 1985, p. 8.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 10–11.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, p. 12.
- ^ Prestiano 1984, p. 7.
- ^ Matthews 2005, pp. 7, 53.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, p. 5.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 7.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, p. 27.
- ^ a b National Park Service 1985, p. 6.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b National Park Service 1985, pp. 6–7.
- ^ National Park Service 1985, p. 7.
- ^ "E.H. Danner Museum of Telephony". Angelo State University. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
- ^ a b Matthews 2005, pp. 11, 51.
Sources
- "Fort Concho Historic District (National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination)" (pdf). National Park Service. June 1985.
Books and articles
- Alexander, Thomas E.; Utley, Dan K. (2012). Faded Glory: A Century of Forgotten Texas Military Sites, Then and Now. ISBN 978-1-60344-699-0.
- Aston, B. W.; Taylor, Ira Donathan (1997). Along the Texas Forts Trail. ISBN 978-1-57441-035-8.
- Bluthardt, Robert; Flynn, Evelyn (1997). "Fort Concho: Texas Frontier Outpost". Texas Heritage. 15 (3). Texas Historical Foundation: 10–14. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
- Chapman, John (April 1940). "Fort Concho ...". JSTOR 43466526.
- Field, Ron (2006). Forts of the American Frontier 1820–91: The Southern Plains and Southwest. Fortress. ISBN 978-1-84603-040-6.
- Gibson, Joe A. (1971). Old Angelo. The Minuteman Press. OCLC 18364477.
- Graham, Roy Eugene (October 1970). "Federal Fort Architecture in Texas during the Nineteenth Century". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 74 (2). Texas State Historical Association: 165–188. JSTOR 30238099.
- Matthews, James T. (2005). Fort Concho. ISBN 978-0-87611-205-2.
- Prestiano, Robert. "Oscar Ruffini: The Early Years". Fort Concho Report. 16 (Summer 1984).
- Uglow, Loyd (2001). Standing in the Gap: Army Outposts, Picket Stations, and the Pacification of the Texas Frontier, 1866–1886. ISBN 978-0-87565-246-7.
Texas State Historical Association
- Anderson, H. Allen (October 22, 2020) [January 1, 1995]. "Fort Concho National Historic Landmark". Handbook of Texas Online. Archivedfrom the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
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- Davis, Charles G. (January 1, 1995) [1952]. "Fort Chadbourne". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
- Davis, Charles G. (September 5, 2019) [1976]. "Camp Charlotte". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
- Dawson, Joseph G. III (August 3, 2020) [1952]. "Sheridan, Philip Henry". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- Duke, Escal F. (February 1, 1996) [1952]. "San Angelo, TX". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- Henson, Margaret S. (January 4, 2021) [July 1, 1995]. "Anglo-American Colonization". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- Leckie, William H. (March 10, 2021) [July 1, 1995]. "Tenth United States Cavalry". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
- Richardson, Rupert (November 1, 1994) [1976]. "Butterfield Overland Mail". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- Richardson, T. C. (April 18, 2017) [1976]. "Goodnight–Loving Trail". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- Rocap, Pember W. (January 1, 1995) [1976]. "Hatch, John Porter". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
- Stout, Joseph A. Jr. (February 9, 2019) [1976]. "Victorio". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
- Wallace, Ernest (November 30, 2019) [1952]. "Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
- Wallace, Ernest (October 6, 2016) [1952]. "Fourth United States Cavalry". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
- Wooster, Robert (June 16, 2020) [November 1, 1994]. "Augur, Christopher Columbus". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- "Nolan Expedition [1877]". Handbook of Texas Online. March 6, 2021 [1952]. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
External links