Fort Snelling
This article has an unclear citation style. (November 2020) |
Fort Snelling | |
Minnesota State Register of Historic Places
| |
Mendota Heights. | |
Coordinates | 44°53′34″N 93°10′50″W / 44.89278°N 93.18056°W |
---|---|
Built | 1819 |
Architect | Colonel Josiah Snelling |
Website | Historic Fort Snelling |
NRHP reference No. | 66000401 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | 15 October 1966[1] |
Designated NHL | 19 December 1960[2] |
Fort Snelling is a former military fortification and National Historic Landmark in the U.S. state of Minnesota on the bluffs overlooking the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers. The military site was initially named Fort Saint Anthony, but it was renamed Fort Snelling once its construction was completed in 1825.
Before the
The fort served as the primary center for U.S. government forces during the
The historic fort is in the unorganized territory of
counties.There are now multiple government agencies that own portions of the former fort with the Minnesota Historical Society administering the Historic Fort Snelling site. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources administers Fort Snelling State Park at the bottom of the bluff. Fort Snelling once encompassed the park's land. It has been cited as a "National Treasure" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[5] The historic fort is in the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, a National Park Service unit.
History
Bdóte
Bdóte ('meeting of waters' or 'where two rivers meet')[6] is considered a place of spiritual importance to the Dakota.[7] A Dakota-English Dictionary (1852) edited by missionary Stephen Return Riggs originally recorded the word as mdóte, noting that it was also "a name commonly applied to the country about Fort Snelling, or mouth of the Saint Peters,"[8] now known as the Minnesota River. According to Riggs, "The Mdewakantonwan think that the mouth of the Minnesota River is precisely over the center of the Earth and that they occupy the gate that opens into the western world.".[9]
The confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers also became a place where Native Americans would sign treaties with the United States: the 1805 Treaty of St. Peters signed by the Mdewakanton Dakota, the 1837 White Pine Treaty signed by several Ojibwe bands, and the 1851 Treaty of Mendota signed by representatives of the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Dakota.
Land cession treaty
In 1805, Lieutenant
Article One — That the Sioux nation grants unto the United States for the purpose of establishment of military posts, nine miles square at the mouth of river St. Croix, also from below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peters, up the Mississippi to Include the falls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river.[11]
Legal scholars, historians, and the Dakota have long raised questions about the validity of the 1805 treaty.[12][13] Although Pike was an army officer, he was not authorized to sign a treaty on behalf of the United States, nor were there any formal witnesses.[12] Pike represented the treaty as having been agreed with the entire Sioux nation, but in reality it was only signed by representatives of two Mdewakanton villages.[10]
From a legal point of view, there was insufficient description of the land the signers intended to convey.[12] Furthermore, there was no consideration, or payment terms, stated in the treaty.[12] Pike wrote in his journal he thought the land was worth US$200,000, but within the treaty itself he left the payment amount blank,[14] deferring to Congress to determine the final amount to be paid.[15] On April 16, 1808, when the U.S. Senate finally ratified the treaty, it approved payment to the Dakota in the amount of only $2,000.[14] Payment for the ceded lands only arrived in 1819, when the United States Department of War sent Major Thomas Forsyth to distribute approximately $2,000 worth of goods.[16] In 1838, Indian agent Lawrence Taliaferro paid a further $4,000 to try to settle the matter with other Dakota band. The issue would was raised in subsequent treaty negotiations in the 1850s.[12] In 1863, the US Congress passed an act which "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota people.[17] The moral legitimacy of the land title is still disputed.[18]
Pike Island, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, was later named after Zebulon Pike.[19]
Frontier post
Following the
From construction in 1820 to closure in 1858, four army units would garrison the fort, the 1st,[26] 5th,[27] 6th,[28] 10th Regiments.[29] plus a company from the 1st Dragoons. In 1827 the 5th Infantry would be replaced by the 1st Infantry for ten years with the 5th returning in 1837.[23] The 5th would garrison the fort until the 1st relieved them again in 1840. In 1848 the 6th Infantry became the garrison.[23] The garrison would change again in November 1855. The 10th commanded by Col. C.F. Smith assumed duty. Smith would go on to become a major general.
Colonel Snelling was recalled to Washington leaving Fort Snelling in September 1827. He died the next summer from complications of dysentery and a "brain fever".
In 1827 the first post office in Minnesota started at Fort Snelling with most mail forwarded from Prairie du Chien.[30]
Colonel
After the second he sent troops to evict Pigs-eye Parrant from Fountain Cave down river. Pigseye's tavern there was the first commercial venture in what became St. Paul. Parrant gained notoriety for his
From 1833 to 1836 Dr. Nathan Sturges Jarvis (surgeon) was stationed at Fort Snelling.[43] During that time he acquired a notable collection of northern plains Native American artifacts now housed at the Brooklyn Museum.[43]
- In 1848 A Co of the 6th U.S. Infantry was dispatched from Fort Snelling to build Fort Ripley.[28]
- In 1848 the Fort's Military Reservation was declared too big, with the lands east of the Mississippi detached and sold. That land created much of what became St. Paul.[44]
- In the summer of 1849, D Company 1st Dragoons escorted Maj. Woods of the 6th Infantry at Fort Snelling, to mark a northern boundary line and select a site for a future fortification near Pembina.[45]
- In 1850 E Co of the 6th Infantry was sent south to build Fort Dodge and would garrison the fort until the army closed it and sent E Co. to help construct Fort Ridgely.[28]
- In 1850 Alexander Ramsey requested Congress fund five military roads in the Territory. Two ran from Mendota at Fort Snelling. One followed the Mississippi to Wabasha and the Iowa border. The other headed west to the Big Sioux River confluence with the Missouri.
- In 1853 C, E, and K Companies of the 6th Infantry were tasked with the construction of Fort Ridgely.[46]
- Also in 1853, congress authorized money specifically to "mount" E Company of the 3rd Artillery to be stationed at Fort Snelling and Fort Ridgely until May 1861.[47]
- 1856 Major Edward Canby was fort commander. He became a general. The only one killed in the Indian wars. The town of Canby is named for him.
- 1857–1861 G, I, and L Companies 2nd Artillery were variously posted to northern forts Snelling, Ridgely, Ripley.
- 1864–65 The Minnesota Valley Railroad completed line from St. Paul to Minneapolis crossing the river at Mendota that passed beneath the Fort. Pilings remain of the line's river crossing.
As the towns of
- Fort Snelling watercolor by Lt. Sully October 1855.[52]
Slavery at the fort
When Fort Snelling was built in 1820, fur traders and officers at the post, including Colonel Snelling, employed slave labor for cooking, cleaning, and other domestic chores. Although slavery was a violation of both the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820, an estimated 15–30 Africans worked as slaves at the fort.[53] US Army officers submitted pay vouchers to cover the expenses of retaining slaves. From 1855 to 1857, nine individuals were enslaved at Fort Snelling. The last slave-holding unit was the 10th Infantry. Slavery was made unconstitutional in Minnesota when the state constitution was ratified in 1858.[54]
Two women that had lived as slaves at Fort Snelling sued for their freedom and were set free in 1836. One, named Rachel, was a slave to a Lieutenant Thomas Stockton at Fort Snelling from 1830 to 1831, then at Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien until 1834. When Rachel and her son were sold in St. Louis, she sued, claiming that she had been illegally enslaved in the Minnesota Territory. In 1836 the Missouri Supreme Court ruled in her favor making her a free person.[54] The second woman, Courtney, also sued for freedom in St. Louis. When the Missouri Supreme Court ruled in Rachel's favor, Courtney's slaveowner conceded her case as well, and freed Courtney and her son William.[54][55] Courtney had another son named Godfrey that remained in Minnesota when she was sent to a slave market in St. Louis.[56] He is the only known "Minnesota runaway slave" that ran away from the fort and was taken in by the Dakota.[56] He was involved in the Dakota War and was the first defendant on the docket of the military tribunal for hanging.[56]
The fort surgeon, Dr. John Emerson, purchased Dred Scott at a slave market in Saint Louis, Missouri, where slavery was legal. Emerson was posted to Fort Snelling during the 1830s and brought Dred north with him.[53] There Dred meet and married Harriet and had two children as slaves at Fort Snelling from 1836 to 1840. Dr. Emerson's wife Irene, returned to St. Louis taking the Scotts and their children in 1840. In 1843 Dred sued for his family's freedom for illegally being indentured in free territory. Although he lost that first trial, he appealed and in 1850 his family was given their freedom. In 1852, Emerson appealed and the Scotts were again enslaved. Dred Scott appealed that decision and in 1857 the US Supreme Court decided that the Scotts would stay enslaved. Dred Scott v. Sandford was a landmark case that held that neither enslaved nor free Africans were meant to hold the privileges or constitutional rights of United States citizens. This case garnered national attention and pushed political tensions towards the Civil War.[54][53]
A longstanding precedent in
Civil War
When the
Minnesota units mustered in at Fort Snelling:
- 1st Minnesota April 1861 (lineage today: 2nd Battalion 135th Infantry)
- 2nd Minnesota June–July 1861 (lineage today: 136th Infantry Regiment)
- 3rd MinnesotaOct–Nov 1861
- 4th Minnesota Oct–Nov 1861
- 5th Minnesota Mar–Apr 1862
- 6th Minnesota Sep–Nov 1862
- 7th Minnesota Aug–Oct 1862
- 8th Minnesota Jun–Sep 1862
- 9th Minnesota Aug–Oct 1862
- 10th Minnesota Aug–Nov 1862
- 11th Minnesota Aug–Sep 1864
- 1st Minnesota Infantry Battalion Aug–Sep 1864
- 1st Minnesota Sharpshooters Company Apr 1864
- 2nd Minnesota Sharpshooters Company Jan 1862
- 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Nov 1864 (today 151st Field Artillery)
- 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery Nov 1861
- 2nd Minnesota Light Artillery Battery Mar 1862
- 3rd Minnesota Light Artillery Battery Feb 1863
- 1st Minnesota Cavalry Oct–Dec 1862
- 2nd Minnesota Cavalry Regiment Dec 1863
- 1st Minnesota Light Cavalry(Bracket's Battalion) Sep–Nov 1861
- Minnesota Independent Cavalry Battalion (Hatch's Battalion) Jul 1863
- During the civil war, slightly over 100 African Americans approached Fort Snelling to volunteer for military service.[57] Minnesota did not have an African American population large enough to field a "colored" unit as US Infantry units were segregated. Those volunteers were put on riverboats to Iowa and Missouri, states that had "colored" units: 1st Iowa Infantry Colored, 18th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, and the 68th United States Colored Infantry.[57] The navy had a few volunteers also.[58]
- In 1830 Fort Snelling was the birthplace of John Taylor Wood. He served on the Merrimack at the Battle of Hampton Roads during the civil war.[59]
In 1860 and 1863 the Minnesota State Fair was held at the fort.[60]
- In 1865 the Minnesota Central Railroad completed rail line from Northfield to Mendota. There the line crossed the river to Fort Snelling, continuing on to Minneapolis.[61][62]
- In June 1865 the 10th US Infantry Hq, D, and F Companies returned to the 10th's pre-war post at Fort Snelling.[29] B and H Companies went to Fort Ridgely while A and I Companies went to Fort Ripley.
With the war over Steele submitted a claim of $162,000 for the forts use during the war. He hoped to gain the money's he still owed from the 1857 purchase. In 1873 an agreement was reached giving the Army the fort. In exchange, his debt was cleared and Steele was given title to 6,395 acres of the original Fort Snelling Reservation.[44]
Dakota War
On 19 August 1862, after hearing of attacks at the Lower Sioux Agency the day before, Governor Alexander Ramsey immediately went from St. Paul to Fort Snelling to assess military preparedness. Ramsey immediately ordered troops training at or near the fort to be detained from being sent east to fight in the American Civil War. On the same day, he asked his long-time friend and political rival, former Governor Henry Hastings Sibley, to lead an expedition up the Minnesota River to end the siege at Fort Ridgely. Ramsey gave him a commission as colonel and turned over four companies of the newly organized 6th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment to Sibley at Fort Snelling.[63][64]
The fort became the rendezvous point for the state and federal military forces during the Dakota War of 1862.[65] During the war, the 6th, 7th, and 10th Minnesota Regiments did garrison duty at Fort Snelling.[citation needed]
To deal with the uprising, the
In November 1862, 1,658 Dakota, all innocent non-combatants, were moved from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling, escorted by 300 soldiers under Lieutenant Colonel William Rainey Marshall.[66][67] They were mostly Dakota women and children, but also included 22 Franco-Dakota and Anglo-Dakota men who had not been tried, as well as Christian and farmer Dakota such as Taopi, Chief Wabasha, Joseph Kawanke, Paul Mazakutemani, Lorenzo Lawrence, John Other Day and Snana who had opposed Chief Little Crow III and the "hostile" faction during the war.[63][68]
An encampment was created below the fort on Pike Island. The Dakota had brought their own tipis and household goods with them, and set up more than 200 tipis.[67] The military leaders had a palisade erected around the encampment to protect the Dakota from angry settlers, some of whom had attacked the women and children as they passed through Henderson en route to Fort Snelling.[69][66] Shortly after they arrived, soldiers raped one of the Dakota women.[69] The Dakota wintered there in 1862–63. An estimated 102 to 300 Dakota died due to the harsh conditions, lack of food, measles and cholera.[70][67]
In October 1863 Major E.A.C. Hatch and his Battalion were ordered from Fort Snelling to retrieve Dakota leaders who had crossed into Canada.[74] Winter set in before they reached Pembina in Dakota Territory. Hatch made an encampment at Pembina, sending 20 men across the border. They encountered and killed Minnesota Dakota at St. Joseph in the Northwest Territory.[74] At Fort Gerry two Dakota leaders were drugged, kidnapped and taken to Major Hatch for a bounty. The killings at St. Joseph caused almost 400 Dakota to turn themselves in to Hatch as well.[74]
When conditions allowed, his Cavalry took the prisoners back to Fort Snelling. The two chiefs were hanged at the fort.[75] They were Little Six (Sakpedan) and Medicine Bottle (Wakanozanzan).[76] Chief Little Leaf managed to evade capture.[74]
The next year four companies of the 30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment arrived at Fort Snelling with three of them moving forward to Camp Ridgely en route to Sulley's Dakota campaign.[77]
Indian Wars and Spanish–American War
Steele had made plans and plotted his purchase to build the City of Fort Snelling.[78] Steele, however, failed to make payments as agreed causing the government to revoke the sale and repossess the fort lands.[79] Placing the Department of the Northwest at Fort Snelling led to the fort's further development in 1866 when the department transitioned to the Department of Dakota.[79] The next year the headquarters of the department moved to St. Paul. The HQ returned to the fort in 1879 and would remain until 1886 when it went back to St. Paul.[79] After the Civil war Minneapolis began to expand into the fort's surroundings.[80]
In March 1869 the 20th Regiment was transferred from Louisiana to the Department of Dakota. Headquarters, band and E Company were posted to Fort Snelling.
The
In 1895 General E. C. Mason, post commandant, called for the preservation of what remained of the old fort, having realized something had been lost with the dismantling of the walls. Nothing came of the preservation proposal, but from 1901 through 1905 Congress would spend $2,000,000 on the Fort Snelling upper post.[79]
In 1901 the 14th Infantry became the garrison followed by the 28th in 1904.[79] From 1905 to 1911 squadrons of the 3rd, 2nd, and 4th Cavalry Regiments were the occupants of the new cavalry barracks on the upper post.[86]
In June 1916
- Sgt. Charles H. Welch was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Little Big Horn in 1876. His award lists his home as Fort Snelling. Welch enlisted in the Army on June 8, 1873, at Fort Snelling, and was assigned to D Company 7th U.S. Cavalry.[88]
World War I
Once the United States entered the war the fort became a recruit processing station. For WWI the
In 1921 the 3rd Infantry was in Ohio and ordered to report to Fort Snelling with no designated transport. They marched the 940 miles only to have the 2nd and 3rd Battalions inactivated upon arriving at Fort Snelling. The following June the 1st Battalion was inactivated only for a short time. The regiment would remain at Fort Snelling until 1941. Also in 1921 the US Army created the
Civilian Conservation Corps
In 1933 the
World War II
During WWII the Fort Snelling military reservation served both the army and navy. The army had an enlistment center there that processed 300,000 enlistees. The
In 1944 the
In 1943 the navy opened an air station on the north side of Wold-Chamberlain Field that existed until 1970. That area is now used by reserve units and the Minnesota Air National Guard. WWII Fort Snelling facilities covered 1,521 acres at war's end.
Post-war 20th century
The War Department decommissioned Fort Snelling a second time on 14 October 1946. Various federal agencies were allowed to request land parcels from the land that made up Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory. Since the army departed, the majority of the structures fell into disrepair. In 1960, the fort itself was listed as a National Historic Landmark, citing its importance as the first major military post in the region, and its later history in the development of the United States Army.[2][96]
Many acres of fort land have been lost to roads. Construction of the Mendota Bridge ran a state highway across old fort land. More fort land was lost when an Interstate 494 interchange was added as well as access roads to the International Airport, National Cemetery, VA Hospital and bridge into St. Paul.
In 1963 Fort Snelling became headquarters of United States Army Reserve 205th Infantry Brigade, that had units throughout the upper Midwest. In 1994 that ended as a part of force-structure eliminations.
The fort has been reconstructed to replicate its original appearance starting in 1965.
21st century
In May 2006, the National Trust for Historic Preservation added Upper Post of Fort Snelling to its list of "America's Most Endangered Places". Some restoration on historic Fort Snelling continues. Crews removed the flagpole from the iconic round tower and installed it in the ground, a change since its opening as a historic fort.
Legacy
USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30)
USS Fort Snelling (LSD-30) was a Thomaston-class dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Fort Snelling at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, for many years the northernmost military post in the land of the Dakota and Ojibwe. She was the second ship assigned that name, but the construction of Fort Snelling (LSD-23) was canceled on 17 August 1945.
Fort Snelling (LSD-30) was laid down on 17 August 1953 by Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Miss.; launched on 16 July 1954, sponsored by Mrs. Robert P. Briscoe, wife of Vice Admiral Briscoe; and commissioned on 24 January 1955, Commander H. Marvin-Smith in command.
Gallery
-
Neglected barracks in the Upper Post last used during World War II
-
The round tower at Fort Snelling with US flag.
-
Minnesota Historical Society Historic Interpreters firing a cannon at the fort.
See also
- Army on the Frontier
- Fort Snelling and the establishment of Minneapolis and Saint Paul
- Lawrence Taliaferro
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
- List of the oldest buildings in Minnesota
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
- Slavery at Fort Snelling
References
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- ^ The US-Dakota War of 1862, Historic Fort Snelling, MNHS
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- ^ Riggs, Stephen Return (1852). A Dakota–English Dictionary.Originally published by the Smithsonian Institution. Expanded versions published by the Minnesota Historical Society Press (1890, 1992), and by Ross & Haines (1968), p. 313.
- ^ Riggs, S.R.; Dorsey, J.O. (1893). Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography. Contributions to North American ethnology. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 164. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9780803281097.
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- ^ Forsyth, Thomas (1908). "Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819". Wisconsin Historical Collections. 6: 188–189 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Vogel, Howard (2013). "Rethinking the Effect of the Abrogation of the Dakota Treaties and the Authority for the Removal of the Dakota People from their Homeland". William Mitchell Law Review. 39 (2): 538–581.
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- ^ "Fort Snelling in the Expansionist Era, 1819–1858 | MNopedia". www.mnopedia.org. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
- ^ a b "Historic Fort Snelling: A Brief History of Fort Snelling". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
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- ^ History of Weather Observations, Fort Ripley Minnesota, 1849–1990, Minnesota State Climatology Office DNR-Division of Waters, St Paul, Mn, Peter Boulay, 2006, pp. 9–10 [4] Archived 2020-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ The Fifth Regiment of Infantry, The Army of the US Historical Sketches of the Line and Staff with Portraits of the Generals in Chief, Lt. Charles Byrne, New York Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1896, p. 480, U.S Army Center of Military History website [7]
- ^ a b c The Sixth Regiment of Infantry, The Army of the US Historical Sketches of the Line and Staff with Portraits of the Generals in Chief, Lt. Charles Byrne, New York Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1896, p. 466, U.S Army Center of Military History website [8]
- ^ a b c The Tenth Regiment of Infantry, The Army of the US Historical Sketches of the Line and Staff with Portraits of the Generals in Chief, Lt. S.Y. Seyburn, New York Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1896, p. 531, U.S Army Center of Military History website [9]
- ^ The Post Office in Early Minnesota, Minnesota History Vol. 40 No.2, Summer 1966, J. W. Patterson, p. 78, MHS website [10]
- ^ a b Zachary Taylor and Minnesota, Minnesota History Vol. 30, June 1949, Holman Hamilton p. 101, MHS website [11]
- ^ 1834, A Fort Snelling Calendar, Minnesota History, Fall 1970, Marilyn Ziebarth, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Mn [12]
- ^ Sibley, Henry H. (1880). "Reminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota". Retrieved August 18, 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b The Original Saint Paul Jail, Saint Paul Police Historical Society webpage, Edward J. Steenberg, 2020 [13]
- ^ "List of slaves owned by Lawrence Taliaferro, 1813". Collections Online. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- ^ Colbruno, Michael "Lives of the Dead: Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland." December 12, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
- ^ This date in Minnesota History, Pigs-eye Parrant, Minnesota Historical Society Society Archives, St Paul, Mn [14]
- ^ a b Pierre Bottineau, GENi, Joe Eickhoff, July 2020
- ^ Patricia Condon Johnston, "Seth Eastman: The Soldier Artist", PBS, accessed 11 December 2008
- ^ "Seth Eastman". United States Army Center of Military History. December 1, 2009. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Seth Eastman", Library: History Topics, Minnesota Historical Society, 2011, accessed 3 February 2011
- ^ "West Point, New York by Seth Eastman", with bio, US Senate, accessed 29 September 2009
- ^ a b The Jarvis Collection of Native American Plains Art, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn New York,[15]
- ^ a b c d Sale of Fort Snelling Reservation. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting papers relative to the sale of the Fort Snelling Reservation, 12-10-1868, University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons, American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817–1899, p. 107, University of Oklahoma, 300 Timberdell Road, Norman, OK [16]
- ^ A DRAGOON ON THE MARCH TO PEMBINA IN 1849, Minnesota Pioneer (St. Paul), March 6, 1850, Minnesota Historical Society website, Minnesota History, March 1927, p. 63 [17] Archived 2020-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ On Duty at Fort Ridgely Minnesota, South Dakota History, South Dakota State Historical Society, Paul L. Hedren, 1977, p. 169 [18]
- ^ The Army of the US, Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief, Third Regiment of Artillery, New York Maynard, Merrill, & CO, Lieut. WM. E. Birkhimer, Adjutant 3D U. S. Artillery, 1896, pp. 328, 341, 345 [19]
- ^ "Franklin Steele". History of Hennepin County and The City of Minneapolis, 1881. North Star Publishing. p. 635. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
- ^ a b "Fort Snelling State Park Upper Bluff Reuse Study" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. November 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) () - ^ Our History, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, June 2015 [20]
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- ^ Sully: Alfred, Fort Ridgely (1855, Minnesota). 021338.1955. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum,[22]
- ^ a b c "Dred and Harriet Scott in Minnesota | MNopedia". www.mnopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ a b c d "Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ Woltman, Nick (May 4, 2019). "Dred Scott is Fort Snelling's best-known slave, but there were many others". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c Slavery and Freedom on the Minnesota Territory Frontier: The Strange Saga of Joseph Godfrey, Black Past web site, Walt Bachman, August 2013 [23]
- ^ a b c "The Civil War". Historic Fort Snelling. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
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- ^ a b Neighbors to the Rescue: Wisconsin and Iowa, Minnesota History Winter 1979, Edward Noyes, Minnesota Historical Society, St Paul, Mn, p. 312 [26] Archived 2022-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ ISBN 0-9772718-2-X.
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- ^ a b U.S.-Dakota War's aftermath a ‘dark moment’ in Fort Snelling history, Pioneer Press, Nick Woltman, May 2019 [27]
- ^ "Forced Marches and Imprisonment". The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. Minnesota Historical Society. 23 August 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
- ^ Survival At Crow Creek, 1863–66, Minnesota History 61:4, Winter 2008–9 Colette A. Hyman, Minnesota Historical Society website, pp. 148–60 [28]
- ^ Referenced from the photo Wokiksuye K'a Woyuonihan on the right hand side of the page
- ^ The REMOVAL from MINNESOTA of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians, The Record(Mankato), William E. Lass, November 8, 1862, Minnesota State Historical Society web site, St. Paul, Mn, Minnesota History [29].
- ^ a b c d History of Fort Pembina 1870–1875, University of North Dakota Thesis, 8–1968, William D. Thomson [30]
- ^ This Week in History, March 3, 1968, Manitoba Provincial Historical Society, newsgov.mb.ca
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- ^ 30th Wisconsin Infantry, Wisconsin in the Civil War, Wisconsin Historical Society Historical essay, Charles E. Estabrook (1914), pp. 789–792 [32]
- ^ City at Fort Snelling, Minnesota Historical Society web site, MHS
- ^ a b c d e Lost Frontier: Fort Snelling in the Nineteenth Century, Fort Snelling's Buildings 17, 18, 22, and 30: Their Evolution and Context, Charlene Roise, Historian and Penny Petersen, Researcher, Hess, Roise and Company, The Foster House, 100 N. 1st Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 2008, p. 4 [33]
- ^ "Urban Connections – Minneapolis". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
- ^ a b The Seventh Regiment of Infantry, The Army of the US Historical Sketches of the Line and Staff with Portraits of the Generals in Chief, Lt. A.B. Johnson, New York Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1896, p. 498, U.S Army Center of Military History website [34]
- ^ a b New fort Snelling Visitor Center, prepared by Minnesota Historical Society, Nov 2009, p. 9 [35]
- ^ The Twenty Fifth Regiment of Infantry, The Army of the US Historical Sketches of the Line and Staff with Portraits of the Generals in Chief, Lt. Charles Byrne, New York Maynard, Merrill and Company, 1896, p. 698, U.S Army Center of Military History website [36]
- ^ Obituaries, St Paul Globe October 9, 1898. p. 3: Wilkinson [Section A-25/Site 6705]; Lowe [Section A-5/Site 607]; Onstead [Section A-25/6618]; Schwalenstocker [Section A-5/Site 644] and Ziebel [Section A-5/Site 648] in the National Cemetery. Butler was reburied at Palmyra, Michigan, Minnesota Historical Society, St Paul, Mn
- ^ See Holbrook, Franklin F., Minnesota War Records, 1923 & The Deteriorating Upper Post of Ft. Snelling, http://celticfringe.net/history/upper_post.htm Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cavalry Barracks, Buildings 17 & 18 Study, State Historic Preservation Office, Thomas R. Zahn, 1993 [37]
- ^ Johnson, Jack K. "1916: Trial Run on the Mexican Border" (PDF). Military Historical Society of Minnesota: 13.
- ^ Charles H. Welch, Find a Grave bio, 2020
- ^ a b c Fort Snelling, Minnesota Historical Society website, 2020
- ^ a b c Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota, 1933–1942, MNopedia, Minnesota Historical Society, Linda A. Cameron, July 2016 [38]
- ^ a b c d "Railway Grand Divisions".[self-published source]
- ^ American Rails in 8 Countries, The story of the 1st Railroad Service, Transportation Corps, Special and Information Section, Headquarters, Southern Line of Communication, European Theater of Operations, United States Army, p. 33 [39]
- ^ Railroaders in Olive Drab: The Military Railway Service in WWII, The Army Historical Foundation, National Museum of the United States Army, 1775 Liberty Dr, Fort Belvoir, VA [40]
- ^ a b c d The Saga of the 732nd Railway Operation Battalion Subject Report Activity Feb–Apr 1945:, Angelfire website [41][self-published source]
- ^ Yamashita, Jeffrey T. "Fort Snelling" Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved on July 3, 2014.
- ^ Marilynn Larew (March 15, 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fort Snelling" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-21. and Accompanying 29 images, including photos from late-1880s to 1977. (6.55 MB)
- ^ a b Reconstructing old Fort Snelling, Loren Johnson. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Mn [42]
Other sources
- Winstead, Tim (2009). "John Taylor Wood: Man of Action, Man of Honor".
Wilmington, North Carolina: The Cape Fear Civil War Round Table. Retrieved Oct 7, 2013.
Further reading
- Anfinson, John O.; et al. (2003). "River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area" (PDF). St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
- DeCarlo, Peter. Fort Snelling at Bdote: A Brief History (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2017). 96 pp.
External links
- Round Tower, Fort Snelling in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
- Three Score Years and Ten – Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and other parts of the West, by Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve. Published in 1888, from Project Gutenberg
- Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Department of Veterans Affairs Official webpage
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine Official webpage
- Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport Official website
- NHL summary
- National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form – includes description and details on buildings
- Historic Fort Snelling page of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area's website