Fort Wayne, Indiana

Coordinates: 41°05′20″N 85°09′41″W / 41.08889°N 85.16139°W / 41.08889; -85.16139
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Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne skyline
Downtown Fort Wayne
Historic Fort Wayne
Historic Fort Wayne
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Bridge
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Bridge
Townships
Aboite, Adams, Perry, Pleasant, St. Joseph, Washington, Wayne
FoundingOctober 22, 1794
Incorporated (town)January 3, 1829
Incorporated (city)February 22, 1840
Founded byJean François Hamtramck
Named forAnthony Wayne
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorKarl Bandemer (acting)
 • BodyFort Wayne City Council
 • State House
Representatives
 • 
State Senate
Senators
Area
EDT)
ZIP Codes
ZIP codes
  • 46802–46809, 46814–46816, 46818, 46819, 46825, 46835, 46845, 46850
FIPS code
18-25000
GNIS feature ID2394798[8]
Websitecityoffortwayne.org

Fort Wayne is a city in and the

Fort Wayne metropolitan area, consisting of Allen and Whitley counties which had an estimated population of 423,038 as of 2021.[14] Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana. In addition to the two core counties, the combined statistical area (CSA) includes Adams, DeKalb, Huntington, Noble, Steuben, and Wells counties, with an estimated population of 649,105 in 2021.[15]

platted in 1823 following its revitalization after the War of 1812 and its siege. It underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad.[18]

Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the

defense industry which employs 1-2% of the population.[20]

Fort Wayne was an All-America City Award recipient in 1983, 1998, 2009, and 2021.[21] The city also received an Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award by the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1999.[22]

History

Early history

The Native Americans and New France

An illustrated 1789 map of Kekionga
Little Turtle
Anthony Wayne

Original settlement and French control (1706-1760)

This area here on the river

St. Joseph, and St. Marys rivers in the late stages of the Beaver Wars in the 1690s.[17][24] It was the capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes.[a]

In 1696,

Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, who began visiting Kekionga in 1702, and would later build the original Fort Miami here in the wilderness and pays d'en Haut of New France around 1706; Initially, a small trading outpost.[17] It was part of a group of forts and trading posts built between Quebec and St. Louis. The first census in 1744 recorded a population of approximately 40 Frenchmen and 1,000 Miamians.[27]

From the British back to the Miami (1760-1776)

Increasing tension between France and Great Britain developed over control of the territory. In 1760, France ceded the area to Britain after its forces in North America surrendered during the

Pontiac's Rebellion. From this point forward in 1763, no active fort existed at Kekionga for the next three decades until American General Anthony Wayne established Fort Wayne in 1794, following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The fort throughout this period was described as a, "Defiant mixture of Indian warriors and lawless renegades of the frontier, such as the Girties. It was also the home of a heterogeneous population of English and French traders and their families, French 'engages", and Miami, Delaware and Shawnee tribes."[28]

In 1772, the British regained influence over the village after Sir William Johnson suggested to the government that the fort be reoccupied.[17] The mixed population of the Kekionga area had moved past antipathy with the British by this point, and accepted their friendship. In 1776, Officer Jacques LaSalle moved into the village to conduct strict supervision on behalf of the British government, ensuring that the natives remained loyal to the British, and to check passports with travelers coming down from Fort Detroit.[29]

American Revolution to the Old Northwest

The British continued to monitor Kekionga and

Western Confederacy
of Native American nations were not party to these treaties and did not cede their ownership of those lands.

American land speculators and pioneers began flooding down the

Western Confederacy. It was headquartered at Kekionga, where the Miami had permitted two refugee tribes dislodged by white homesteaders, the Delaware and the Shawnee, to resettle. The confederacy—which included other Great Lakes and Algonquin tribes as well—began sending war parties to raid settlers, hoping to drive them back across the Appalachian Mountains, and refused to meet for negotiations over a possible treaty to instead cede land for white settlement. The growing violence led to the Northwest Indian War
.

In 1790, President

Fort Wayne, he ordered a fort that could withstand heavy British artillery, especially a 24-pound cannon, along with attacks from their army or native allies.[30]

The following year, Wayne negotiated a peace accord, the Treaty of Greenville with tribal leaders, in which they agreed to stop fighting, end support of the British, and ceded most of what is now Ohio along with certain tracts further west, including the area around Fort Wayne encompassing Kekionga and the land portage. Wayne promised the remainder would remain Indian lands, which is why the territory west of Ohio was named Indiana. Wayne would die one year later and a Spanish spy James Wilkinson would assume his role as General. In subsequent years, the government used Fort Wayne to hand out annual payments under the treaty. But in a recurring cycle, the tribes ran up debts to white traders who came there to sell them alcohol and manufactured goods, and the government pushed tribal leaders—including through bribes—to sell more reservation land to pay off those debts and, when the land was gone, then to agree to have the tribe removed to the Far West. [31]

In 1802, a United States fur trade factory was established in Fort Wayne. It was burned by the local Indians at the beginning of the War of 1812.[32]

Settlement permitted by Treaty of St. Mary's

An illustration depicting the 1812 military garrison

The first settlement started in 1815.

Platted in 1823 at the Ewing Tavern, the village became an important frontier outpost and was incorporated as the Town of Fort Wayne in 1829, with a population of 300.[35][36] The Wabash and Erie Canal's opening improved travel conditions to the Great Lakes and Mississippi River, exposing Fort Wayne to expanded economic opportunities. The population topped 2,000 when the town was incorporated as the City of Fort Wayne on February 22, 1840.[37]

Pioneer newspaperman George W. Wood was elected the city's first mayor. Fort Wayne's "Summit City" nickname dates from this period, referring to the city's position at the highest elevation along the canal's route.[18] As influential as the canal was to the city's earliest development, it quickly became obsolete after briefly competing with the city's first railroad, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, completed in 1854.[38]

Modern history

A lithograph of Fort Wayne (1868)

At the turn of the 20th century, the population of Fort Wayne nearly reached 50,000, attributed to a large influx of

gasoline pumps (1885), the refrigerator (1913), and in 1972, the first home video game console.[40][41] The Great Flood of 1913 caused seven deaths, left 15,000 homeless, and damaged over 5,500 buildings in the worst natural disaster in the city's history.[42]

As the automobile's prevalence grew, Fort Wayne became a fixture on the Lincoln Highway.[43] Aviation arrived in 1919 with the opening of the city's first airport, Smith Field. The airport served as Fort Wayne's primary commercial airfield until Baer Field (now Fort Wayne International Airport) was transferred to the city in 1947 after serving as a military base during World War II.[44]

Lincoln Bank Tower, completed as Indiana's tallest building, in 1930

Fort Wayne was hit by the Great Depression beginning in 1929, with most factories cutting their workforce.[45] The stock market crash did not discourage plans to build the city's first skyscraper and Indiana's tallest building at the time, the Lincoln Bank Tower.[46] By 1935, the New Deal's WPA put over 7,000 residents back to work through local infrastructure improvements, including the construction of new parks, bridges, viaducts, and a $5.2 million sewage treatment facility.[47]

The

War Memorial Coliseum, bringing new opportunities for suburban expansion.[49] The Coliseum was home to the NBA's Fort Wayne Pistons from 1952 to 1957. The opening of enclosed shopping malls and the construction of Interstate 69 through rural areas north and west of the city proper further drove the exodus of retail from downtown through the 1960s.[50] According to the Fort Wayne Home Builders Association estimates, more than 80 percent of new home construction occurred outside the city proper in the 1970s.[51]

Like many cities in the

blue-collar manufacturing jobs.[52] Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods continued declining as residents and businesses sprawled further into rural Allen County.[53] A 1982 flood forced an evacuation of 9,000 residents, damaging 2,000 buildings, and costing $56.1 million (1982 USD, $137 million 2015 USD), prompting a visit from then president of the United States, Ronald Reagan.[54][55]

In the 1990s, the city began a turnaround. Local leaders focused on crime reduction, economic diversification, and downtown redevelopment. By 1999, Fort Wayne's crime rate decreased to the lowest levels since 1974, and the city's economy recovered, with the unemployment rate hovering at 2.4 percent in 1998.[56] Clearing blighted buildings downtown resulted in new public greenspaces, including Headwaters Park, which has become the premier community gathering space and centerpiece in the city's $50 million flood control project. Fort Wayne celebrated its bicentennial in 1994.[57][58]

The city continued to concentrate on downtown redevelopment and investment in the 2000s.

lifestyle center, Jefferson Pointe, and the half-billion dollar Parkview Regional Medical Center in 2012.[61]

Geography

Fort Wayne is in the

East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, in northeastern Indiana, 18 miles (29 km) west of Ohio and 50 miles (80 km) south of Michigan. According to the 2010 census, Fort Wayne has a total area of 110.834 square miles (287.06 km2), of which 110.62 square miles (286.50 km2) (or 99.81%) is land and 0.214 square miles (0.55 km2) (or 0.19%) is water.[62]

Topography

Aerial of Fort Wayne in 2019
The St. Marys River (left) and St. Joseph River (right) converge to form the Maumee River (foreground).
A flooded Superior Street in 1982
A flood gauge along the St. Mary's Pathway

For a regional

Glacial Lake Maumee. The Little River flows southwest of Fort Wayne, a tributary of the Wabash River, and remnant of the Maumee Torrent
.

Fort Wayne is situated on the

watershed.

The most important geographical feature of the area is the short distance over land between the Three Rivers system, which eventually flows to the Atlantic, and the Wabash system, which eventually flows to the Gulf of Mexico. This came to be the "portage" or carrying place, over which travelers could transport their cargoes from one system to the next. This natural crossroads attracted the Native Americans for thousands of years. It later attracted the European explorers and traders and the American pioneer settlers who continued to develop the area as a transportation and communications center. Chief Little Turtle of the Miami Nation expressed its importance eloquently at the treaty of Greenville in 1795 when he called it "that glorious gate...through which all the words of our chiefs had to pass through from north to south and from east to west".

Fort Wayne's urban tree canopy is 29 percent, double the state average of 14.5 percent

Tree City USA since 1990.[66]

Cityscape

Downtown Fort Wayne, looking south from the St. Marys River

Historically, Fort Wayne has been divided into four unofficial quadrants: northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. Calhoun Street divides the southwest and southeast, while the

St. Marys River and Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad separate the northwest and southwest quadrants.[67]

Fort Wayne's early-20th century development was influenced by the City Beautiful movement and centered on a park and boulevard plan conceived by urban planner Charles Mulford Robinson in 1909 and finalized by landscape architect George Kessler in 1912. The master plan proposed a network of parkways and boulevards connecting the city's three rivers and Spy Run Creek to dozens of neighborhoods and parks. Several parks were designed by noted landscape architect Arthur Asahel Shurcliff. Much of the original plan was implemented by 1955. In 2010, the Fort Wayne Park and Boulevard System was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, consisting of 11 public parks, four parkways, and ten boulevards, covering 1,883 acres (762 ha).[68][69]

Architecture

The Allen County Courthouse was completed in 1902 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003.

During the 19th century, Fort Wayne was dominated by

Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1889).[70]

Popular early-20th century architectural styles found in the city include

Tudor Revival, Prairie, American Craftsman, American Foursquare, and Art Deco. Richardsonian Romanesque buildings include Fort Wayne City Hall (1893) and John H. Bass Mansion (1902), each designed by Wing & Mahurin. Notable examples of Neoclassical architecture include the Masonic Temple (1926) and North Side High School (1927). Beaux-Arts, an architectural style closely related to Neoclassical, gained popularity during the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s and early 1900s, which is reflected in the Allen County Courthouse (1902).[70]

The Allen County Courthouse is one of two National Historic Landmarks in the city. The

Pennsylvania Railroad Station, also known as Baker Street Station (1914), was designed in American Craftsman style. At 312 feet (95 m), the Art Deco-style Lincoln Bank Tower was Fort Wayne's first high-rise and Indiana's tallest building from 1930 to 1962.[70] The E. Ross Adair Federal Building and United States Courthouse (1932) is another example of Art Deco architecture. Williams–Woodland Park Historic District includes examples of Queen Anne and Colonial Revival residential homes,[71] while the Forest Park Boulevard Historic District includes Tudor Revival homes.[70]

Modern and Postmodern architecture can be found in buildings constructed during the second half of the 20th century in Fort Wayne. The John D. Haynes House (1952) was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, while the campus of Concordia Theological Seminary (1953) was designed by Eero Saarinen. Postmodern architect Michael Graves' first commissions were built in the city, including Hanselmann House (1967) and Snyderman House (1972, now demolished).[72] Louis Kahn's design for the Arts United Center (1973) was inspired by a violin and its case.[73] Other notable buildings include Indiana Michigan Power Center (1982), the tallest building in the city and tallest building in Indiana outside of Indianapolis, at 442 feet (135 m).[74]

The 1970s characterized an era in Fort Wayne that saw substantial changes to the downtown area in accommodation of increasing suburbanization and urban sprawl that began in the city during the early 50s,[75] of which resulted in the demolition of a number of both prominent and historical buildings and homes around the downtown area.[76][77] This included several hotels, such as the historic thirteen-floor Hotel Anthony.[78] Most of which, were demolished for surface-level parking lots. One example was the Ewing Homestead, built by William Ewing in 1838, it once stood at the northwest corner of Berry street:

This three-story brick mansion was one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture in Fort Wayne until it was destroyed in 1970 to make way for a parking lot.[79]

Rivers

Since at least the early 20th century, Fort Wayne has maintained a

combined sewage overflow program, which has resulted in the city routinely discharging untreated human waste, raw sewage from businesses and homes, toxic waste from industrial sites, and agricultural runoff into all three rivers in a number of locations, particularly when it rains.[80][81][82] However, as of 2023, a several million dollar citywide sewage overflow tunnel project is set to be completed, among additional efforts, such as a $135 million investment from the city into rain gardens, to prevent further discharge into the rivers.[83][84] There has been growing investment and development along the riverfront since at least 2019.[85][86][87][88]

Climate

The Oakdale neighborhood after a January snow

Fort Wayne lies in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), experiencing four distinct seasons.[89] The city is located in USDA hardiness zones 5b and 6a.[90] Typically, summers are hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The average annual precipitation is 38.34 in (974 mm), recorded at Fort Wayne International Airport. During the winter season, snowfall accumulation averages 33.5 in (85 cm) per year. Lake-effect snow is not uncommon to the region, but usually appears in the form of light snow flurries.

The National Weather Service reports the highest recorded temperature in the city at 106 °F (41 °C), most recently on June 28, 2012, and the lowest recorded temperature at −24 °F (−31 °C) on January 12, 1918.[91] The wettest month on record was June 2015, with 11.98 in (304 mm) of precipitation.[92] The greatest 24-hour rainfall was 4.93 in (125 mm) on August 1, 1926. The snowiest month on record was January 2014, with 30.3 in (77 cm) of snowfall.[93] The greatest calendar-day snowfall was 18.0 in (46 cm) on February 28, 1900.[94]

Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months; the city experiences an average of 39 thunderstorm days and about 10 severe weather days annually.[95] An F2 tornado struck northern Fort Wayne on May 26, 2001, injuring three and causing damage along the Coliseum Boulevard corridor and a subdivision.[96] Fort Wayne experienced 91 mph (146 km/h) wind gusts in the June 2012 North American derecho, knocking out power to 78,000, uprooting approximately 500 trees,[97] and costing $2.5 million.[98]

Climate data for Fort Wayne, Indiana (Fort Wayne Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1897–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 69
(21)
73
(23)
87
(31)
90
(32)
97
(36)
106
(41)
106
(41)
102
(39)
100
(38)
91
(33)
79
(26)
71
(22)
106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 54.9
(12.7)
58.2
(14.6)
70.9
(21.6)
80.4
(26.9)
88.2
(31.2)
93.5
(34.2)
93.0
(33.9)
91.3
(32.9)
89.5
(31.9)
82.6
(28.1)
68.1
(20.1)
57.8
(14.3)
95.1
(35.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.6
(0.3)
36.5
(2.5)
47.8
(8.8)
60.9
(16.1)
72.2
(22.3)
81.0
(27.2)
84.1
(28.9)
82.0
(27.8)
76.1
(24.5)
63.7
(17.6)
49.4
(9.7)
37.5
(3.1)
60.3
(15.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.5
(−3.6)
28.7
(−1.8)
38.6
(3.7)
50.2
(10.1)
61.3
(16.3)
70.7
(21.5)
73.8
(23.2)
71.6
(22.0)
64.8
(18.2)
53.2
(11.8)
41.1
(5.1)
30.9
(−0.6)
50.9
(10.5)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.4
(−7.6)
21.0
(−6.1)
29.4
(−1.4)
39.4
(4.1)
50.4
(10.2)
60.3
(15.7)
63.5
(17.5)
61.2
(16.2)
53.4
(11.9)
42.8
(6.0)
32.8
(0.4)
24.2
(−4.3)
41.4
(5.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −4.1
(−20.1)
1.0
(−17.2)
11.4
(−11.4)
24.0
(−4.4)
35.1
(1.7)
46.6
(8.1)
52.4
(11.3)
49.9
(9.9)
39.3
(4.1)
28.5
(−1.9)
18.1
(−7.7)
4.9
(−15.1)
−7.1
(−21.7)
Record low °F (°C) −24
(−31)
−19
(−28)
−10
(−23)
7
(−14)
23
(−5)
36
(2)
38
(3)
38
(3)
29
(−2)
19
(−7)
−1
(−18)
−18
(−28)
−24
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.54
(65)
2.06
(52)
2.81
(71)
3.74
(95)
4.58
(116)
4.48
(114)
4.05
(103)
3.80
(97)
3.04
(77)
2.95
(75)
2.96
(75)
2.47
(63)
39.48
(1,003)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 10.8
(27)
7.8
(20)
4.6
(12)
0.8
(2.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.25)
1.9
(4.8)
7.6
(19)
33.6
(85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.2 10.7 11.7 13.2 13.7 11.9 9.7 9.2 9.1 10.1 10.5 12.4 135.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.1 7.5 4.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.8 7.7 34.0
Average
relative humidity
(%)
75.7 74.3 71.7 66.2 65.5 66.3 69.4 73.3 73.2 71.5 76.0 78.9 71.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.5 158.5 206.3 251.4 311.9 340.0 347.0 318.2 258.1 207.6 124.2 108.2 2,779.9
Percent possible sunshine 50 53 56 63 69 75 76 75 69 60 42 38 62
Source:
NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[99][100][101]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18504,282
18607,000[102][c]63.5%
187017,718153.1%
188026,88051.7%
189035,39331.7%
190045,11527.5%
191063,93341.7%
192086,54935.4%
1930114,94632.8%
1940118,4103.0%
1950133,60712.8%
1960161,77621.1%
1970178,26910.2%
1980172,196−3.4%
1990173,0720.5%
2000205,72718.9%
2010253,69123.3%
2020263,8864.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[104] 2010-2020[105]

2020 census

Fort Wayne city, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[106] Pop 2010[107] Pop 2020[105] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020 Change
2010–2020
White
alone (NH)
150,368 178,436 165,865 73.09% 70.34% 62.85% -7.49%
Black or African American
alone (NH)
35,391 38,514 39,560 17.20% 15.18% 14.99% -.19%
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
653 730 627 0.32% 0.29% 0.24% -.05%
Asian alone (NH) 3,156 8,279 15,229 1.53% 3.26% 5.77% +2.51%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 73 91 108 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% -
Some Other Race alone (NH) 470 542 1,517 0.23% 0.21% 0.57% +.36%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 3,732 6,899 13,084 1.81% 2.72% 4.96% +2.24%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 11,884 20,200 27,896 5.78% 7.96% 10.57% +2.61%
Total 205,727 253,691 263,886 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% -

2010 census

Map of racial distribution in Fort Wayne, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:  White  Black  Asian  Hispanic  Other

According to the

Non-Hispanic Whites were 70.3% of the population in 2010,[109] down from 87.7% in 1970.[110]

There were 101,585 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.0% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

Fort Wayne has one of the largest

Burmese American population in the U.S., estimated at 8,000.[111][112] Burmese refugee settlement and "secondary migrants" doubled the city's Asian population between 2000 and 2010.[113]

Religion

Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend

Fort Wayne is sometimes referred to as the "City of Churches", an unofficial moniker dating to the late-19th century when the city was the regional hub of

Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopal faiths.[114] Today, there are 360 churches in the city.[115] 54 percent of Fort Wayne residents identify as religious, where 16 percent are Catholic, 9 percent are Lutheran, 6.5 percent are Baptist, 5 percent are Methodist, and 0.14 percent are Jewish, with 16.5 percent adhering to other Christian faiths.[116] Increasing religious minorities are found among the city's immigrant communities, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.[117]

Major churches include the

Burmese Muslim mosque to be built worldwide since the mid-1970s.[119]

As of December 2012, four national Christian denominations were headquartered in the city: the

Indiana District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, encompassing all of Indiana and north central Kentucky
.

Economy

The vacant General Electric complex consists of 30 acres (12 ha) and 12 buildings.[120]

In 2017, the

Fort Wayne metropolitan area had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $25.7 billion. The top four industries were manufacturing ($8.1B), health care ($2.54B), retail trade ($1.4B), and finance and insurance ($1.3B) Government, if it had been a private industry, would have tied for third, generating $1.4 billion.[121]

Manufacturing is deeply rooted in Fort Wayne's economic history, dating to the earliest days of the city's growth as an important trade stop along the

Cleveland. Throughout the early and mid-20th century, manufacturing dominated the city's economic landscape. From 1900 to 1930, Fort Wayne's industrial output expanded by 747 percent, with total production valued at $95 million in 1929, up from $11 million in 1899.[122] The total workforce also increased from 18,000 in 1900 to nearly 50,000 in 1930.[122]

Companies that had a significant presence in the city include

Rea Magnet Wire, Superior Essex, and an operation at General Electric, producing nearly 90 percent of North America's magnet wire.[125]

Lincoln Financial Group
's downtown offices.

The 1970s and 1980s were times of economic depression in Fort Wayne, when much of the city's manufacturing foundation eroded and the

blue-collar workforce shrank. Fort Wayne joined several other cities reeling economically within the Rust Belt.[126] At the same time, General Electric also downsized much of its more than 10,000-person workforce.[127] Amid other area plant closures and downsizing, coupled with the early 1980s recession, the city lost 30,000 jobs and reached a 12.1 percent unemployment rate.[128] The arrival of General Motors in 1987 helped fill the void from shuttered manufacturers and aided in the area's recovery, employing 3,000 at its Fort Wayne Assembly.[129] In 2017, General Motors was the largest manufacturer in the city, employing 4,100 assembling Chevrolet Silverado regular and double cab light- and heavy-duty pickup trucks.[130]

Through the 1990s and into the 2000s, the city diversified its economy; manufacturing now employs 16.9 percent of Allen County's workforce.

Despite economic diversification, the city was significantly impacted by the

ZIP codes. As of 2017, Allen County's labor force was 180,637 with an unemployment rate of 2.5 percent.[19][133]

Companies based in Fort Wayne include

Lincoln Financial Group was based in Fort Wayne until its move to suburban Philadelphia in 1999.[136] The company maintains a large presence in the city, employing nearly 2,000.[137]

Culture

Performing arts

The Embassy Theatre opened in 1928 as a movie palace.

The Embassy Theatre is a 2,471-seat performing arts theater, which hosts over 200,000 patrons annually.[138] Since its founding in 1944, the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra has often been hosted at the Embassy.[139] The University of Saint Francis Robert Goldstine Performing Arts Center, located on its Downtown Campus, contains a 2,086-seat auditorium.[140]

Since its establishment in 2010, Arts Campus Fort Wayne has been home to several of the city's cultural institutions, including the Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Auer Center for Arts and Culture, Arts United Center, and Hall Community Arts Center.[141] Arts United Center houses the Fort Wayne Civic Theater, Fort Wayne Dance Collective, and Fort Wayne Youtheatre. Auer Center for Arts and Culture houses Fort Wayne Ballet. Hall Community Arts Center houses Cinema Center, an independent film venue.

Though used mainly for exhibitions and conventions, the

nonprofit community arts corporation with a focus on live theater production, annually hosting seven full-length theatrical productions.[144]

Attractions

Science Central opened in the city's former municipal power plant in 1995.

The

cacti.[149] Science Central, an interactive science center, contains permanent displays and temporary exhibits, drawing 130,000 visitors annually.[150]

Established in 1921, the Fort Wayne Museum of Art (FWMoA) is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, specializing in the collection and exhibition of American art.[151] The FWMoA annually receives 100,000 visitors.[152]

The History Center, located in Fort Wayne's

National Historic Landmarks in the city. Historic Fort Wayne, a replica of the 1815 fortification, hosts scheduled tours and historical reenactments throughout the year.[154] Other cultural museums include the African/African–American Historical Museum,[155] Fort Wayne Firefighters Museum,[156] Greater Fort Wayne Aviation Museum,[157]
and Baer Field Heritage Air Park.

The

Festivals and events

A concert during the 42nd Three Rivers Festival in 2010

The city hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events annually. Festivals commemorating ethnic food, dance, music, and art include Germanfest,

LGBTQ community.[162] BBQ RibFest showcases barbecue rib cooks and live entertainment, attracting 40,000 visitors annually.[163]

Fort4Fitness is a certified half marathon, 4-mile (6.4 km) run/walk, and health fair. Over 9,000 participated in the 2011 half marathon.[164] In 2012, Fort4Fitness debuted a spring cycle, Bike-the-Fort, which included three bicycling tours with over 1,000 participants.[165] HolidayFest begins with the Night of Lights on Thanksgiving eve, with the lighting of the PNC Santa and Reindeer, Wells Fargo Holiday Display, and Indiana Michigan Power Christmas Wreath, ending with a fireworks finale at Parkview Field.[166]

Fort Wayne style Coney Island hot dogs, developed in 1914 by Macedonian immigrants in the city

The largest annual events in the city are the

Johnny Appleseed Festival, Taste of the Arts, Middlewaves and the Three Rivers Festival. The Johnny Appleseed Festival draws 300,000 visitors. The festival is held at Johnny Appleseed Park, where American folklore legend John Chapman is believed to be buried.[167] Apple-themed cuisine, crafts, and historical demonstrations recalling 19th century American pioneering are among some of the festival's events.[168] Three Rivers Festival, a celebration of Fort Wayne, spans nine days each July, attracting 400,000 visitors.[169] Three Rivers features over 200 events, including a parade, midway, hot dog eating contest, bed race, raft race, arts fair, and fireworks spectacular. Other annual events include the Allen County Fair,[170] BAALS Music Festival, National Soccer Festival,[171][172] and the Vera Bradley Outlet Sale.[173]

Sports

Fort Wayne is home to two

High-A Central's Fort Wayne TinCaps
. Fort Wayne also hosts the is home to the TinCaps.

The city has been home to other

).

Intercollegiate sports in the city include the

Indiana Tech (Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference) and University of Saint Francis (Crossroads League and Mid-States Football Association). The Mastodons had represented Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) prior to its 2018 split into two separate institutions (see below), and from 2016 to 2018 were branded as the Fort Wayne Mastodons, but the athletic brand was changed to "Purdue Fort Wayne" shortly before the split took effect.[174]

Some notable events in sports history occurred in Fort Wayne. On June 2, 1883, Fort Wayne hosted the Quincy Professionals for one of the first lighted evening baseball games ever recorded.[175] Fort Wayne is also credited as the birthplace of the NBA, as Pistons' coach Carl Bennett brokered the merger of the BAA and the NBL in 1948 from his Alexander Street home.[176][177][178] On March 10, 1961, Wilt Chamberlain became the first player in the NBA to reach 3,000 points in a single season while competing at the War Memorial Coliseum.[176][179]

Parks and recreation

Tulips bloom in Foster Park

Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation maintains 86 public parks totaling 2,805 acres (1,135 ha).[115] Three public and 20 private golf courses are located in Allen County.[180] Franke Park is the most extensive city park, covering 339.24 acres (137.3 ha).[181] Franke is home to the Foellinger Theatre, Shoaff Lake, and the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo.

Starting in the 1970s, the city developed a system of recreational trails along the riverbanks, known as the

bicycle lanes were established[185] with the installation of 250 bike parking places.[186] In 2016, Fort Wayne was designated a Bronze Level bicycle friendly community by the League of American Bicyclists.[187]

Several notable parks include Johnny Appleseed Park (home to a campground and John Chapman's grave), McCulloch Park (home to Samuel Bigger's grave), and the Old Fort Park (The first and oldest park in Fort Wayne, site of the original well used in this fort). Downtown, there are a number of parks including Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory, Headwaters Park, Promenade Park, Swinney Park, and Lawton Skatepark.

Hurshtown Reservoir, near

watersports enthusiasts for sailing and fishing. Some 300 lakes are located within 50 miles (80 km) of the city.[188] Located downtown along the St. Marys River, Fort Wayne Outfitters offers canoe, kayak, stand-up paddle board, and pontoon boat rentals for recreation along the three rivers.[189]

Canoeing on the St. Marys River

According to the Trust for Public Land's 2017 ParkScore Index, some 56% of Fort Wayne residents are underserved.[190]

Government

A statue of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, namesake of the city, stands in Freimann Square.
The Allen County Courthouse (center) and the Rousseau Centre (right), home to city and county offices

Fort Wayne has a mayor–council government.[191] The mayor, city clerk, and city council members serve four-year terms.

As of late March 2024, Fort Wayne's acting mayor is Karl Bandemer, who was deputy mayor under

Democrat who was elected in 2007 and died on March 28, 2024, after a short battle with stomach cancer. Bandemer was set to serve as acting mayor for 30 days from the vacancy; he declined to run in a county party caucus to select a replacement to finish Henry's term. Henry succeeded Democrat Graham Richard who chose not to run for re-election after two terms as mayor. Henry was re-elected to a third term in 2015 and a fourth term in 2019.[192] Fort Wayne City Council has nine elected members, one representative from each of the city's six council districts and three at-large members, serving four-year terms.[191]

The city is represented in the

, who was first elected in 2016.

Under the Unigov provision of Indiana Law, Fort Wayne would have automatically consolidated with Allen County when its population exceeded 250,000, previously the minimum population for a first class city in Indiana.[193] Fort Wayne nearly met the state requirements for first class city designation on January 1, 2006, when 12.8 square miles (33 km2) of neighboring Aboite Township (and a small section of Wayne Township) including 25,094 people were annexed.[194] However, a 2004 legislative change raised the population threshold for first-class status from 250,000 to 600,000, which ensured Indianapolis' status as the only first class city in Indiana.[195]

Fort Wayne's

Congress
in 1928.

Public safety

Municipal and state laws are enforced by the Fort Wayne Police Department, an organization of 460 officers.[196] In 2006, Fort Wayne's crime rate was 5104.1 per 100,000 people, slightly above the national average of 4479.3.[197] There were 18 murders, 404 robberies, and 2,128 burglaries in 2006.[197] Steve Reed was appointed to the position of police chief in 2016.[198] In 2014, former police chief Rusty York was appointed to the position of director of public safety. York previously served as police chief from 2000 to 2014.[199]

The city is currently served by the Allen County Jail in downtown Fort Wayne, controlled by the Allen County Sheriff's department. In January 2020, a class action lawsuit was filed by Vincent Morris, an inmate at the jail, and the ACLU of Indiana against the Sheriff of Allen County.[200] The lawsuit alleges understaffing of the jail, as well as overpopulation, among other complaints resulting in dangerous housing conditions.[201] In March 2022, Judge Damon Leichty of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana ruled that conditions in the jail were in violation of the 8th Amendment and 14th Amendment. In his injunction, Judge Leichty ruled that there needed to be substantial progress in the construction of a new jail with expanding capacity. Since this injunction there have been 8 proposed sites for the new jail to be constructed, with the most prominent being at the Allen County Sheriffs department training facility land off of Paulding and Adams Center Roads, which the county already owns.[202] However, this location is being heavily contested for being on the Southeast side of Fort Wayne, as another negative for an already disadvantaged area.[203] At its current location, the jail also sits on what is very valuable land given the city's recent riverfront development, right in between some hallmark developments for the revitalization of the downtown area.[204]

As of 2010, the Fort Wayne Fire Department included 375 uniformed firefighters and 18 fire stations.[205] Eric Lahey was appointed fire chief in 2014.[206]

Politics

Voter registration and Partisan Primary Participation[207]
Party Number of voters Percentage
Democratic 31,798 20.61%
Republican 35,452 22.97%
Unaffiliated 86,154 55.83%
Other 917 0.59%
Total 154,321 100%

Education

Primary and secondary education

Allen County public school districts: FWCS (pink), EACS (yellow), NACS (blue), SACS (green)

Lutheran Schools of Indiana and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend. Amish Parochial Schools of Indiana has schools through eighth grade in rural eastern Allen County.[214]

Higher education

Fort Wayne hosts institutions affiliated with both of Indiana's major

Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), which had enrolled over 13,000 students prior to its closure and was the state's fifth-largest public university.[215] IPFW's degree programs in health sciences are now operated by IU Fort Wayne; as such, that institution is now home to the Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education, a branch of the Indiana University School of Medicine. All remaining IPFW degree programs were taken over by PFW.[216]

.

Libraries

Composed of 14 branches, the Allen County Public Library is among the 20 largest public libraries in the U.S., and ranks 89th factoring in academic libraries, with 3.4 million volumes.[217] The library's foundation is also among the nation's largest, with $14 million in assets.[218] The entire library system underwent an $84.1 million overhaul from 2002 to 2007.[219] In 2009, over 7.4 million materials were borrowed by patrons, with over 3 million visits made throughout the library system.[220] The library houses the second largest genealogy research collection in the United States, and the largest in a public library.

Media

Major broadcasting network affiliates include

National Public Radio station is based in the city, WBOI
, with the new WELT Community Radio Station transmitting from the Allen County Public Library.

Fort Wayne is served by two primary newspapers, the

joint operating agreement, printing, advertising, and circulation are handled by Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc. The News-Sentinel
announced that it would cease printing operations in favor of digital publishing in August 2017.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station

Fort Wayne includes two municipal airports, both managed by the Fort Wayne–Allen County Airport Authority.

Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station.[223] Smith Field, in northern Fort Wayne, is used primarily for general aviation.[224]

Fort Wayne is served by a single Interstate, (

U.S. Routes bisect the city, including US 24, US 27, US 30, and US 33
.

Five

Airport Expressway, a four-lane divided highway, links Fort Wayne International Airport directly to I-69.[225] About 85 percent of residents commute alone by personal vehicle, while another eight percent carpool.[226]

Unlike most cities comparable to its size, Fort Wayne does not have an urban freeway system. In 1946, planners proposed a $27 million federally funded freeway, crossing east–west and north–south through downtown.[227] Opponents successfully campaigned against the proposal, objecting to the demolition of nearly 1,500 homes at the time of the post-World War II housing shortage, while playing on fears that the project would force displaced minorities into white neighborhoods.[228][229] In 1947, Fort Wayne residents voted down the referendum that would have allowed for its construction, dubbed the 'Anthony Wayne Parkway.'[230] Beginning in 1962, construction commenced for I-69 in suburban Fort Wayne.[231][51]

The I-469 beltway around the southern and eastern fringes of Fort Wayne and New Haven was constructed between 1988 and 1995 as the largest public works project in Allen County history, at $207 million.[230]

Pennsylvania Railroad Station
has stood as a landmark to the city's railroad heritage since 1914.

Amtrak's

Chicago, Indianapolis, and Louisville Railway ('Monon Railroad') and the Wabash Railroad (hosting the east–west Wabash Cannon Ball).[232][233]

There has been a movement to bring direct passenger rail service back in the form of Amtrak or

class III railroads.[236] Fort Wayne is headquarters and main operations hub of Norfolk Southern's Triple Crown Services subsidiary, the largest truckload shipper in the U.S.[236]

Lakefront Lines (Chicago—Columbus—Akron).[240]

In 2016, the city introduced its first

bike-sharing program, including five stations and 25 bicycles.[241]

Healthcare

Fort Wayne is served by ten medical centers belonging to one of two regional healthcare providers in the city:

Parkview Hospital Randallia, and St. Joseph Hospital. Over 1,600 patient beds are available throughout the city's healthcare system.[242] As of 2017, both healthcare systems were the city's first and second largest employers, respectively, and contribute to a total healthcare workforce in Allen County of 34,000.[242] VA Northern Indiana Health Care System's Fort Wayne Campus provides medical services through the Department of Veterans Affairs.[243]

Utilities

City Utilities is the largest municipally owned water utility in Indiana, supplying residents with 72 million US gallons (270,000 m3) of water per day from the

St. Joseph River via the Three Rivers Water Filtration Plant.[244] Sanitary sewer treatment is also managed by City Utilities. The city of Fort Wayne offers full curbside recycling and solid waste collection services for residents, currently contracted through GFL Environmental.[245] Electricity is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power, while natural gas is supplied by Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of NiSource. All tier 1 networks and several additional telecommunication service providers cover the Fort Wayne rate area.[246]

Notable people

Sister cities

Fort Wayne has four sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:[247]

Friendship city

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to J. Dunn, Jr., this name was "usually said to mean "blackberry patch," or "blackberry bush," this plant being considered an emblem of antiquity because it sprang up on the sites of old villages. This theory rests on the testimony of Barron, a longtime French trader on the Wabash. It is more probable that Kekionga is a corruption or dialect form of Kiskakon, or Kikakon, which was the original name of the place." J. P. Dunn.[25] But, Michael McCafferty, an Algonquian and Uto-Aztecan linguist professor at Indiana University, exhaustively examined the etymology of 'Kekionga' and dismissed Dunn's explanation and several others. See the chapter "Trails to Kekionga" in the relevantly titled Native American Place Names of Indiana (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), esp. p. 76. In the 1680s, French traders established a post near Kekionga due to its location on a portage between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River.[26]
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ The commonly-cited figure of 10,388 was the count for Wayne Township rather than the city of Fort Wayne, which did not have a separate population figure reported in 1860.[103]

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Bibliography

External links