Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne | ||
---|---|---|
Downtown Fort Wayne Historic Fort Wayne Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Bridge | ||
Townships Aboite, Adams, Perry, Pleasant, St. Joseph, Washington, Wayne | | |
Founding | October 22, 1794 | |
Incorporated (town) | January 3, 1829 | |
Incorporated (city) | February 22, 1840 | |
Founded by | Jean François Hamtramck | |
Named for | Anthony Wayne | |
Government | ||
• Type | Mayor–council | |
• Mayor | Karl Bandemer (acting) | |
• Body | Fort Wayne City Council | |
• State House | Representatives | |
• State Senate | Senators | |
Area EDT) | ||
ZIP Codes | ZIP codes
| |
FIPS code | 18-25000 | |
GNIS feature ID | 2394798[8] | |
Website | cityoffortwayne.org |
Fort Wayne is a city in and the
Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the
Fort Wayne was an All-America City Award recipient in 1983, 1998, 2009, and 2021.[21] The city also received an Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award by the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1999.[22]
History
Early history
The Native Americans and New France
Original settlement and French control (1706-1760)
This area here on the river
In 1696,
From the British back to the Miami (1760-1776)
Increasing tension between France and Great Britain developed over control of the territory. In 1760, France ceded the area to Britain after its forces in North America surrendered during the
In 1772, the British regained influence over the village after Sir William Johnson suggested to the government that the fort be reoccupied.[17] The mixed population of the Kekionga area had moved past antipathy with the British by this point, and accepted their friendship. In 1776, Officer Jacques LaSalle moved into the village to conduct strict supervision on behalf of the British government, ensuring that the natives remained loyal to the British, and to check passports with travelers coming down from Fort Detroit.[29]
American Revolution to the Old Northwest
The British continued to monitor Kekionga and
American land speculators and pioneers began flooding down the
In 1790, President
The following year, Wayne negotiated a peace accord, the Treaty of Greenville with tribal leaders, in which they agreed to stop fighting, end support of the British, and ceded most of what is now Ohio along with certain tracts further west, including the area around Fort Wayne encompassing Kekionga and the land portage. Wayne promised the remainder would remain Indian lands, which is why the territory west of Ohio was named Indiana. Wayne would die one year later and a Spanish spy James Wilkinson would assume his role as General. In subsequent years, the government used Fort Wayne to hand out annual payments under the treaty. But in a recurring cycle, the tribes ran up debts to white traders who came there to sell them alcohol and manufactured goods, and the government pushed tribal leaders—including through bribes—to sell more reservation land to pay off those debts and, when the land was gone, then to agree to have the tribe removed to the Far West. [31]
In 1802, a United States fur trade factory was established in Fort Wayne. It was burned by the local Indians at the beginning of the War of 1812.[32]
Settlement permitted by Treaty of St. Mary's
The first settlement started in 1815.
Pioneer newspaperman George W. Wood was elected the city's first mayor. Fort Wayne's "Summit City" nickname dates from this period, referring to the city's position at the highest elevation along the canal's route.[18] As influential as the canal was to the city's earliest development, it quickly became obsolete after briefly competing with the city's first railroad, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, completed in 1854.[38]
Modern history
At the turn of the 20th century, the population of Fort Wayne nearly reached 50,000, attributed to a large influx of
As the automobile's prevalence grew, Fort Wayne became a fixture on the Lincoln Highway.[43] Aviation arrived in 1919 with the opening of the city's first airport, Smith Field. The airport served as Fort Wayne's primary commercial airfield until Baer Field (now Fort Wayne International Airport) was transferred to the city in 1947 after serving as a military base during World War II.[44]
Fort Wayne was hit by the Great Depression beginning in 1929, with most factories cutting their workforce.[45] The stock market crash did not discourage plans to build the city's first skyscraper and Indiana's tallest building at the time, the Lincoln Bank Tower.[46] By 1935, the New Deal's WPA put over 7,000 residents back to work through local infrastructure improvements, including the construction of new parks, bridges, viaducts, and a $5.2 million sewage treatment facility.[47]
The
Like many cities in the
In the 1990s, the city began a turnaround. Local leaders focused on crime reduction, economic diversification, and downtown redevelopment. By 1999, Fort Wayne's crime rate decreased to the lowest levels since 1974, and the city's economy recovered, with the unemployment rate hovering at 2.4 percent in 1998.[56] Clearing blighted buildings downtown resulted in new public greenspaces, including Headwaters Park, which has become the premier community gathering space and centerpiece in the city's $50 million flood control project. Fort Wayne celebrated its bicentennial in 1994.[57][58]
The city continued to concentrate on downtown redevelopment and investment in the 2000s.
Geography
Fort Wayne is in the
Topography
For a regional
Fort Wayne is situated on the
The most important geographical feature of the area is the short distance over land between the Three Rivers system, which eventually flows to the Atlantic, and the Wabash system, which eventually flows to the Gulf of Mexico. This came to be the "portage" or carrying place, over which travelers could transport their cargoes from one system to the next. This natural crossroads attracted the Native Americans for thousands of years. It later attracted the European explorers and traders and the American pioneer settlers who continued to develop the area as a transportation and communications center. Chief Little Turtle of the Miami Nation expressed its importance eloquently at the treaty of Greenville in 1795 when he called it "that glorious gate...through which all the words of our chiefs had to pass through from north to south and from east to west".
Fort Wayne's urban tree canopy is 29 percent, double the state average of 14.5 percent
Cityscape
Historically, Fort Wayne has been divided into four unofficial quadrants: northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. Calhoun Street divides the southwest and southeast, while the
Fort Wayne's early-20th century development was influenced by the City Beautiful movement and centered on a park and boulevard plan conceived by urban planner Charles Mulford Robinson in 1909 and finalized by landscape architect George Kessler in 1912. The master plan proposed a network of parkways and boulevards connecting the city's three rivers and Spy Run Creek to dozens of neighborhoods and parks. Several parks were designed by noted landscape architect Arthur Asahel Shurcliff. Much of the original plan was implemented by 1955. In 2010, the Fort Wayne Park and Boulevard System was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, consisting of 11 public parks, four parkways, and ten boulevards, covering 1,883 acres (762 ha).[68][69]
Architecture
During the 19th century, Fort Wayne was dominated by
Popular early-20th century architectural styles found in the city include
The Allen County Courthouse is one of two National Historic Landmarks in the city. The
Modern and Postmodern architecture can be found in buildings constructed during the second half of the 20th century in Fort Wayne. The John D. Haynes House (1952) was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, while the campus of Concordia Theological Seminary (1953) was designed by Eero Saarinen. Postmodern architect Michael Graves' first commissions were built in the city, including Hanselmann House (1967) and Snyderman House (1972, now demolished).[72] Louis Kahn's design for the Arts United Center (1973) was inspired by a violin and its case.[73] Other notable buildings include Indiana Michigan Power Center (1982), the tallest building in the city and tallest building in Indiana outside of Indianapolis, at 442 feet (135 m).[74]
The 1970s characterized an era in Fort Wayne that saw substantial changes to the downtown area in accommodation of increasing suburbanization and urban sprawl that began in the city during the early 50s,[75] of which resulted in the demolition of a number of both prominent and historical buildings and homes around the downtown area.[76][77] This included several hotels, such as the historic thirteen-floor Hotel Anthony.[78] Most of which, were demolished for surface-level parking lots. One example was the Ewing Homestead, built by William Ewing in 1838, it once stood at the northwest corner of Berry street:
This three-story brick mansion was one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture in Fort Wayne until it was destroyed in 1970 to make way for a parking lot.[79]
Rivers
Since at least the early 20th century, Fort Wayne has maintained a
Climate
Fort Wayne lies in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), experiencing four distinct seasons.[89] The city is located in USDA hardiness zones 5b and 6a.[90] Typically, summers are hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The average annual precipitation is 38.34 in (974 mm), recorded at Fort Wayne International Airport. During the winter season, snowfall accumulation averages 33.5 in (85 cm) per year. Lake-effect snow is not uncommon to the region, but usually appears in the form of light snow flurries.
The National Weather Service reports the highest recorded temperature in the city at 106 °F (41 °C), most recently on June 28, 2012, and the lowest recorded temperature at −24 °F (−31 °C) on January 12, 1918.[91] The wettest month on record was June 2015, with 11.98 in (304 mm) of precipitation.[92] The greatest 24-hour rainfall was 4.93 in (125 mm) on August 1, 1926. The snowiest month on record was January 2014, with 30.3 in (77 cm) of snowfall.[93] The greatest calendar-day snowfall was 18.0 in (46 cm) on February 28, 1900.[94]
Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months; the city experiences an average of 39 thunderstorm days and about 10 severe weather days annually.[95] An F2 tornado struck northern Fort Wayne on May 26, 2001, injuring three and causing damage along the Coliseum Boulevard corridor and a subdivision.[96] Fort Wayne experienced 91 mph (146 km/h) wind gusts in the June 2012 North American derecho, knocking out power to 78,000, uprooting approximately 500 trees,[97] and costing $2.5 million.[98]
Climate data for Fort Wayne, Indiana (Fort Wayne Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1897–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 69 (21) |
73 (23) |
87 (31) |
90 (32) |
97 (36) |
106 (41) |
106 (41) |
102 (39) |
100 (38) |
91 (33) |
79 (26) |
71 (22) |
106 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 54.9 (12.7) |
58.2 (14.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
80.4 (26.9) |
88.2 (31.2) |
93.5 (34.2) |
93.0 (33.9) |
91.3 (32.9) |
89.5 (31.9) |
82.6 (28.1) |
68.1 (20.1) |
57.8 (14.3) |
95.1 (35.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.6 (0.3) |
36.5 (2.5) |
47.8 (8.8) |
60.9 (16.1) |
72.2 (22.3) |
81.0 (27.2) |
84.1 (28.9) |
82.0 (27.8) |
76.1 (24.5) |
63.7 (17.6) |
49.4 (9.7) |
37.5 (3.1) |
60.3 (15.7) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.5 (−3.6) |
28.7 (−1.8) |
38.6 (3.7) |
50.2 (10.1) |
61.3 (16.3) |
70.7 (21.5) |
73.8 (23.2) |
71.6 (22.0) |
64.8 (18.2) |
53.2 (11.8) |
41.1 (5.1) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
50.9 (10.5) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.4 (−7.6) |
21.0 (−6.1) |
29.4 (−1.4) |
39.4 (4.1) |
50.4 (10.2) |
60.3 (15.7) |
63.5 (17.5) |
61.2 (16.2) |
53.4 (11.9) |
42.8 (6.0) |
32.8 (0.4) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
41.4 (5.2) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.1 (−20.1) |
1.0 (−17.2) |
11.4 (−11.4) |
24.0 (−4.4) |
35.1 (1.7) |
46.6 (8.1) |
52.4 (11.3) |
49.9 (9.9) |
39.3 (4.1) |
28.5 (−1.9) |
18.1 (−7.7) |
4.9 (−15.1) |
−7.1 (−21.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | −24 (−31) |
−19 (−28) |
−10 (−23) |
7 (−14) |
23 (−5) |
36 (2) |
38 (3) |
38 (3) |
29 (−2) |
19 (−7) |
−1 (−18) |
−18 (−28) |
−24 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.54 (65) |
2.06 (52) |
2.81 (71) |
3.74 (95) |
4.58 (116) |
4.48 (114) |
4.05 (103) |
3.80 (97) |
3.04 (77) |
2.95 (75) |
2.96 (75) |
2.47 (63) |
39.48 (1,003) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 10.8 (27) |
7.8 (20) |
4.6 (12) |
0.8 (2.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.9 (4.8) |
7.6 (19) |
33.6 (85) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 13.2 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 135.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 10.1 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 7.7 | 34.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.7 | 74.3 | 71.7 | 66.2 | 65.5 | 66.3 | 69.4 | 73.3 | 73.2 | 71.5 | 76.0 | 78.9 | 71.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.5 | 158.5 | 206.3 | 251.4 | 311.9 | 340.0 | 347.0 | 318.2 | 258.1 | 207.6 | 124.2 | 108.2 | 2,779.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 50 | 53 | 56 | 63 | 69 | 75 | 76 | 75 | 69 | 60 | 42 | 38 | 62 |
Source: |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 4,282 | — | |
1860 | 7,000 | [102][c] | 63.5% |
1870 | 17,718 | 153.1% | |
1880 | 26,880 | 51.7% | |
1890 | 35,393 | 31.7% | |
1900 | 45,115 | 27.5% | |
1910 | 63,933 | 41.7% | |
1920 | 86,549 | 35.4% | |
1930 | 114,946 | 32.8% | |
1940 | 118,410 | 3.0% | |
1950 | 133,607 | 12.8% | |
1960 | 161,776 | 21.1% | |
1970 | 178,269 | 10.2% | |
1980 | 172,196 | −3.4% | |
1990 | 173,072 | 0.5% | |
2000 | 205,727 | 18.9% | |
2010 | 253,691 | 23.3% | |
2020 | 263,886 | 4.0% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[104] 2010-2020[105] |
2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[106] | Pop 2010[107] | Pop 2020[105] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 | Change 2010–2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
150,368 | 178,436 | 165,865 | 73.09% | 70.34% | 62.85% | -7.49% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
35,391 | 38,514 | 39,560 | 17.20% | 15.18% | 14.99% | -.19% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
653 | 730 | 627 | 0.32% | 0.29% | 0.24% | -.05% |
Asian alone (NH) | 3,156 | 8,279 | 15,229 | 1.53% | 3.26% | 5.77% | +2.51% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 73 | 91 | 108 | 0.04% | 0.04% | 0.04% | - |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 470 | 542 | 1,517 | 0.23% | 0.21% | 0.57% | +.36% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 3,732 | 6,899 | 13,084 | 1.81% | 2.72% | 4.96% | +2.24% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 11,884 | 20,200 | 27,896 | 5.78% | 7.96% | 10.57% | +2.61% |
Total | 205,727 | 253,691 | 263,886 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | - |
2010 census
According to the
There were 101,585 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.0% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.09.
The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
Fort Wayne has one of the largest
Religion
Fort Wayne is sometimes referred to as the "City of Churches", an unofficial moniker dating to the late-19th century when the city was the regional hub of
Major churches include the
As of December 2012, four national Christian denominations were headquartered in the city: the
Economy
In 2017, the
Manufacturing is deeply rooted in Fort Wayne's economic history, dating to the earliest days of the city's growth as an important trade stop along the
Companies that had a significant presence in the city include
The 1970s and 1980s were times of economic depression in Fort Wayne, when much of the city's manufacturing foundation eroded and the
Through the 1990s and into the 2000s, the city diversified its economy; manufacturing now employs 16.9 percent of Allen County's workforce.
Despite economic diversification, the city was significantly impacted by the
Companies based in Fort Wayne include
Culture
Performing arts
The Embassy Theatre is a 2,471-seat performing arts theater, which hosts over 200,000 patrons annually.[138] Since its founding in 1944, the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra has often been hosted at the Embassy.[139] The University of Saint Francis Robert Goldstine Performing Arts Center, located on its Downtown Campus, contains a 2,086-seat auditorium.[140]
Since its establishment in 2010, Arts Campus Fort Wayne has been home to several of the city's cultural institutions, including the Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Auer Center for Arts and Culture, Arts United Center, and Hall Community Arts Center.[141] Arts United Center houses the Fort Wayne Civic Theater, Fort Wayne Dance Collective, and Fort Wayne Youtheatre. Auer Center for Arts and Culture houses Fort Wayne Ballet. Hall Community Arts Center houses Cinema Center, an independent film venue.
Though used mainly for exhibitions and conventions, the
Attractions
The
Established in 1921, the Fort Wayne Museum of Art (FWMoA) is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, specializing in the collection and exhibition of American art.[151] The FWMoA annually receives 100,000 visitors.[152]
The History Center, located in Fort Wayne's
The
Festivals and events
The city hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events annually. Festivals commemorating ethnic food, dance, music, and art include Germanfest,
Fort4Fitness is a certified half marathon, 4-mile (6.4 km) run/walk, and health fair. Over 9,000 participated in the 2011 half marathon.[164] In 2012, Fort4Fitness debuted a spring cycle, Bike-the-Fort, which included three bicycling tours with over 1,000 participants.[165] HolidayFest begins with the Night of Lights on Thanksgiving eve, with the lighting of the PNC Santa and Reindeer, Wells Fargo Holiday Display, and Indiana Michigan Power Christmas Wreath, ending with a fireworks finale at Parkview Field.[166]
The largest annual events in the city are the
Sports
Fort Wayne is home to two
The city has been home to other
Intercollegiate sports in the city include the
Some notable events in sports history occurred in Fort Wayne. On June 2, 1883, Fort Wayne hosted the Quincy Professionals for one of the first lighted evening baseball games ever recorded.[175] Fort Wayne is also credited as the birthplace of the NBA, as Pistons' coach Carl Bennett brokered the merger of the BAA and the NBL in 1948 from his Alexander Street home.[176][177][178] On March 10, 1961, Wilt Chamberlain became the first player in the NBA to reach 3,000 points in a single season while competing at the War Memorial Coliseum.[176][179]
Parks and recreation
Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation maintains 86 public parks totaling 2,805 acres (1,135 ha).[115] Three public and 20 private golf courses are located in Allen County.[180] Franke Park is the most extensive city park, covering 339.24 acres (137.3 ha).[181] Franke is home to the Foellinger Theatre, Shoaff Lake, and the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo.
Starting in the 1970s, the city developed a system of recreational trails along the riverbanks, known as the
Several notable parks include Johnny Appleseed Park (home to a campground and John Chapman's grave), McCulloch Park (home to Samuel Bigger's grave), and the Old Fort Park (The first and oldest park in Fort Wayne, site of the original well used in this fort). Downtown, there are a number of parks including Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory, Headwaters Park, Promenade Park, Swinney Park, and Lawton Skatepark.
Hurshtown Reservoir, near
According to the Trust for Public Land's 2017 ParkScore Index, some 56% of Fort Wayne residents are underserved.[190]
Government
Fort Wayne has a mayor–council government.[191] The mayor, city clerk, and city council members serve four-year terms.
As of late March 2024, Fort Wayne's acting mayor is Karl Bandemer, who was deputy mayor under
The city is represented in the
Under the Unigov provision of Indiana Law, Fort Wayne would have automatically consolidated with Allen County when its population exceeded 250,000, previously the minimum population for a first class city in Indiana.[193] Fort Wayne nearly met the state requirements for first class city designation on January 1, 2006, when 12.8 square miles (33 km2) of neighboring Aboite Township (and a small section of Wayne Township) including 25,094 people were annexed.[194] However, a 2004 legislative change raised the population threshold for first-class status from 250,000 to 600,000, which ensured Indianapolis' status as the only first class city in Indiana.[195]
Fort Wayne's
Public safety
Municipal and state laws are enforced by the Fort Wayne Police Department, an organization of 460 officers.[196] In 2006, Fort Wayne's crime rate was 5104.1 per 100,000 people, slightly above the national average of 4479.3.[197] There were 18 murders, 404 robberies, and 2,128 burglaries in 2006.[197] Steve Reed was appointed to the position of police chief in 2016.[198] In 2014, former police chief Rusty York was appointed to the position of director of public safety. York previously served as police chief from 2000 to 2014.[199]
The city is currently served by the Allen County Jail in downtown Fort Wayne, controlled by the Allen County Sheriff's department. In January 2020, a class action lawsuit was filed by Vincent Morris, an inmate at the jail, and the ACLU of Indiana against the Sheriff of Allen County.[200] The lawsuit alleges understaffing of the jail, as well as overpopulation, among other complaints resulting in dangerous housing conditions.[201] In March 2022, Judge Damon Leichty of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana ruled that conditions in the jail were in violation of the 8th Amendment and 14th Amendment. In his injunction, Judge Leichty ruled that there needed to be substantial progress in the construction of a new jail with expanding capacity. Since this injunction there have been 8 proposed sites for the new jail to be constructed, with the most prominent being at the Allen County Sheriffs department training facility land off of Paulding and Adams Center Roads, which the county already owns.[202] However, this location is being heavily contested for being on the Southeast side of Fort Wayne, as another negative for an already disadvantaged area.[203] At its current location, the jail also sits on what is very valuable land given the city's recent riverfront development, right in between some hallmark developments for the revitalization of the downtown area.[204]
As of 2010, the Fort Wayne Fire Department included 375 uniformed firefighters and 18 fire stations.[205] Eric Lahey was appointed fire chief in 2014.[206]
Politics
Voter registration and Partisan Primary Participation[207] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Number of voters | Percentage | ||||
Democratic | 31,798 | 20.61% | ||||
Republican | 35,452 | 22.97% | ||||
Unaffiliated | 86,154 | 55.83% | ||||
Other | 917 | 0.59% | ||||
Total | 154,321 | 100% |
Education
Primary and secondary education
Higher education
Fort Wayne hosts institutions affiliated with both of Indiana's major
Libraries
Composed of 14 branches, the Allen County Public Library is among the 20 largest public libraries in the U.S., and ranks 89th factoring in academic libraries, with 3.4 million volumes.[217] The library's foundation is also among the nation's largest, with $14 million in assets.[218] The entire library system underwent an $84.1 million overhaul from 2002 to 2007.[219] In 2009, over 7.4 million materials were borrowed by patrons, with over 3 million visits made throughout the library system.[220] The library houses the second largest genealogy research collection in the United States, and the largest in a public library.
Media
Major broadcasting network affiliates include
Fort Wayne is served by two primary newspapers, the
Infrastructure
Transportation
Fort Wayne includes two municipal airports, both managed by the Fort Wayne–Allen County Airport Authority.
Fort Wayne is served by a single Interstate, (
.Five
Unlike most cities comparable to its size, Fort Wayne does not have an urban freeway system. In 1946, planners proposed a $27 million federally funded freeway, crossing east–west and north–south through downtown.[227] Opponents successfully campaigned against the proposal, objecting to the demolition of nearly 1,500 homes at the time of the post-World War II housing shortage, while playing on fears that the project would force displaced minorities into white neighborhoods.[228][229] In 1947, Fort Wayne residents voted down the referendum that would have allowed for its construction, dubbed the 'Anthony Wayne Parkway.'[230] Beginning in 1962, construction commenced for I-69 in suburban Fort Wayne.[231][51]
The I-469 beltway around the southern and eastern fringes of Fort Wayne and New Haven was constructed between 1988 and 1995 as the largest public works project in Allen County history, at $207 million.[230]
Amtrak's
There has been a movement to bring direct passenger rail service back in the form of Amtrak or
In 2016, the city introduced its first
Healthcare
Fort Wayne is served by ten medical centers belonging to one of two regional healthcare providers in the city:
Utilities
City Utilities is the largest municipally owned water utility in Indiana, supplying residents with 72 million US gallons (270,000 m3) of water per day from the
Notable people
Sister cities
Fort Wayne has four sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:[247]
- Takaoka, Toyama, Japan (1977)
- Płock, Masovian, Poland (1990)
- Gera, Thuringia, Germany (1992)
- Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (2012)
Friendship city
- Mawlamyine, Mon State, Burma (Myanmar) (2015)[248]
See also
- Fort Wayne (fort)
- Kekionga
- Fort Miami
- List of public art in Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Northern Indiana
- Siege of Fort Wayne
Notes
- ^ According to J. Dunn, Jr., this name was "usually said to mean "blackberry patch," or "blackberry bush," this plant being considered an emblem of antiquity because it sprang up on the sites of old villages. This theory rests on the testimony of Barron, a longtime French trader on the Wabash. It is more probable that Kekionga is a corruption or dialect form of Kiskakon, or Kikakon, which was the original name of the place." J. P. Dunn.[25] But, Michael McCafferty, an Algonquian and Uto-Aztecan linguist professor at Indiana University, exhaustively examined the etymology of 'Kekionga' and dismissed Dunn's explanation and several others. See the chapter "Trails to Kekionga" in the relevantly titled Native American Place Names of Indiana (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), esp. p. 76. In the 1680s, French traders established a post near Kekionga due to its location on a portage between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River.[26]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ The commonly-cited figure of 10,388 was the count for Wayne Township rather than the city of Fort Wayne, which did not have a separate population figure reported in 1860.[103]
References
- ^ "Fort Wayne History". Retrieved April 27, 2015.
- ^ Salter Rodriguez, Rosa (June 22, 2007). "Census stats can't back up old moniker". The Journal Gazette.
- ^ Lohrmann, Shannon. "Flood brought out our best". The News-Sentinel.
- ^ Olson, Eric (February 29, 2012). "30th anniversary of the Great Flood of 1982: Where were you?". WPTA-TV. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
- ^ Crothers, Julie (August 16, 2013). "Righting a toppled icon". fortwayne.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
- ^ "Phelps Dodge Magnet Wire to consolidate operations to Fort Wayne". Inside Indiana Business. February 16, 2004. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fort Wayne, Indiana
- ^ "U.S. Census website". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "Fort Wayne, IN to S State Line Rd & State Road 14, Woodburn, 46797 – Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
- ^ "Fort Wayne, IN to Windy Shore Dr, Coldwater, MI 49036 – Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Fort Wayne city, Indiana". www.census.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
- ^ "Census profile: Fort Wayne, IN Metro Area". Census Reporter. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ^ Brice, Wallace A. (1868) History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of this Point to the Present Period. D.W. Jones & Son.
- ^ a b c d Poinsatte, 18
- ^ a b c "Fort Wayne History". City of Fort Wayne. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Annual Labor Force". Greater Fort Wayne Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
- ^ a b "Communications & Defense". Fort Wayne–Allen County Economic Development Alliance. 2012. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
- ^ Filchak, Devan (June 10, 2021). "City again chosen 'All-America'". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ "The U.S. Conference of Mayors/Waste Management 1999 City Livability Awards Program". U.S. Conference of Mayors. 1999. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
- ^ "Kekionga Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
- ^ "Miami Indians". project.geo.msu.edu. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ INDIANA: A REDEMPTION FROM SLAVERY New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1888, 48, Note 1.
- ^ Goodrich, De Witt C. and Charles Richard Tuttle (1875) An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. (NP:R. S. Peale & Co., ND).
- ISBN 0-252-07146-8.
- ^ Poinsatte, 33
- ^ Poinsatte, 34
- LCCN 2016052193.
- ^ Savage, Charlie (July 31, 2020). "When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne". Politico Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- ^ Wesley, Edgar Bruce (1935). Guarding the frontier. The University of Minnesota Press, p. 38.
- ^ "Pioneer Settlement in Indiana (1790-1849)". Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ Poinsatte, Charles R. (1969). Fort Wayne During the Canal Era 1828–1855. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historic Bureau. pp. 2–4.
- ^ "The Landing". Architecture & Community Heritage · Fort Wayne, Indiana. October 28, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 28.
- ^ Fort Wayne: History: County Seat Becomes Industrial Center. Retrieved on May 4, 2008.
- ^ Stover, John F. (1982). Transportation and the Early Nation. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indianapolis Historic Society. pp. 141–142.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 73.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 350–355.
- ^ USDOJ: US Attorney's Office - Northern District of Indiana. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
- ^ Jarosh, Andrew. "Heroism, tragedy color story of Fort Wayne's worst flood in 1913". The News-Sentinel. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 192.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 198, 202.
- ^ Iwan Morgan, "Fort Wayne and the Great Depression: The Early Years 1929–1933", Indiana Magazine of History, June 1984, Vol. 80 Issue 2, pp. 122–145 online
- ^ Haas Zuber, Connie (November 30, 2010). "Lincoln Tower rises above its times". Fort Wayne Monthly. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ^ U.S. Writers' Program, Indiana, a Guide to the Hoosier State (1941) p. 193
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 107.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 107, 109.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 117, 119.
- ^ a b Beatty 2006, p. 119.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 136.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 132.
- ^ Leininger, Kevin (1982). "The Fort Wayne flood of 1982". The News-Sentinel. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
- ^ "Inflation Calculator". US Inflation Calculator. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ^ "Economy at a Glance". Bureau of Labor Statistics. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 138–142.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 418.
- ^ Leininger, Kevin (December 16, 2008). "Could nonprofit revitalize downtown?". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ Lanka, Benjamin (January 4, 2009). "Delays encircle Harrison Square". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ Smith, Ashley (October 1, 2008). "Dirt turned on $536M Parkview Regional Medical Center". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
- ^ a b Hill, Christopher (2006). Geological Framework and Glaciation of the Eastern Area. Boise State University.
- ^ a b "Assessing and Addressing Indiana Urban Tree Canopy" (PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources. October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ "Tree Cover % – How Does Your City Measure Up?". Deeproot.com. April 25, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ "Awards & Accomplishments". Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ "Neighborhood Quadrant Map" (PDF). City of Fort Wayne. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Parks and Boulevard System" (PDF). City of Fort Wayne. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
- ^ "Parks, boulevard system now on National Historic Register". City of Fort Wayne. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Architectural Styles" (PDF). City of Fort Wayne. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ "Williams Woodland Park Historic District". City of Fort Wayne. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ Larson, Cindy (May 14, 2011). "Live inside a work of art". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ "Arts United Center". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ "One Summit Square". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ "About Us - Fort Wayne Community Development". www.fwcommunitydevelopment.org. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
- ^ "History Journal: Pieces of Fort Wayne's past". Fort Wayne Journal Gazette. January 26, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
- ^ Gazette, Corey McMaken | The Journal (July 25, 2019). "Jan. 13, 1974: Explosive demolition of Van Orman Hotel". Fort Wayne Journal Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
- ^ "News-Sentinel.com". egen.fortwayne.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
- ^ "More People: Suburbanization, not Studebaker". West.SB. August 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
- ^ "Combined Sewers | Fort Wayne City Utilities". January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "CSO Notification | Fort Wayne City Utilities". January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "Re: 2022 CSO Great Lakes Public Notification Plan Annual Report" (PDF).
- ^ "What are raingardens? Here's why Fort Wayne has them across the city". WANE 15. April 18, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ Sandleben, Tony (November 15, 2022). "Fort Wayne sewer overflow project nearing its end". Northeast Indiana Public Radio. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "Riverfront Fort Wayne". Riverfront Fort Wayne. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Riverfront Masterplan". DAVID RUBIN Land Collective. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "City of Fort Wayne to buy house 'integral' to riverfront development for $300,000". WANE 15. June 27, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- ^ "Preparations for Riverfront Phase II construction continue - Fort Wayne Community Development". www.fwcommunitydevelopment.org. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
- .
- ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- ^ Fort Wayne, Indiana Climate – Heat / Cold – NWS Northern Indiana. Retrieved on April 30, 2008.
- ^ Gong, Dave (July 1, 2015). "Outages linger; storm rivals '12 derecho". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ Sade, Vivian (February 1, 2014). "January's endless snow, bitter cold set records". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
- ^ Fort Wayne, Indiana Climate – Winter Weather – NWS Northern Indiana. Retrieved on April 30, 2008.
- ^ "Fort Wayne, Indiana Climate–Tornadoes". NWS Northern Indiana. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
- ^ NOAA – A Summary of the May 26, 2001 Tornado Event Over Northern Indiana and Extreme Northwest Ohio. Retrieved on April 25, 2008.
- ^ "Saturday marks one year anniversary of June 29 storm". WANE-TV. June 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
- ^ (2013-01-01). Year in review: Top Fort Wayne news stories Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. The News-Sentinel. Retrieved on May 8, 2013.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ "Station: FT Wayne INTL AP, IN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Fort Wayne/Municipal, IN 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
- ^ Griswold, B.J. (1917). The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne Indiana. Vol. II, Biographical. Chicago: Robert O. Law Company. p. 490. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Walker, Francis A. (1872). The Statistics of the Population of the United States (PDF). Vol. I. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 122. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2017.
- US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
- ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Fort Wayne city, Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Fort Wayne city, Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Fort Wayne city, Indiana". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- ^ "Fort Wayne (city), Indiana". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 13, 2012.
- ^ "Indiana - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
- ^ NW, 1615 L. St; Suite 800Washington; Inquiries, DC 20036USA202-419-4300 | Main202-857-8562 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media. "Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Burmese population, 2019". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Leininger, Kevin (March 13, 2010). "Assimilation crucial for Fort Wayne's Burmese". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ Keen, Judy (February 21, 2011). "Burmese try to adapt to America's bigger 'village'". USA Today. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ Salter Rodriguez, Rosa (June 22, 2007). "'City of Churches' hard to prove: Census stats can't back up old moniker". The Journal Gazette.
- ^ a b "Fort Wayne Facts". City of Fort Wayne. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
- ^ "Religion in Fort Wayne, Indiana". Sperling's Best Places. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
- ^ Linsenmayer, Steve (September 24, 2007). "Monks here support boycott". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
- ^ Congregation Achduth Vesholom Retrieved on August 29, 2012.
- ^ Bogue, Ellie (September 10, 2013). "Burmese Muslims building new mosque in Fort Wayne". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
- ^ Wyche, Paul (March 29, 2015). "Future unsure for GE's crowded campus". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ^ Leininger, Kevin (June 17, 2018). "FOCUS 2018: Even in a robust Fort Wayne economy, some segments are growing faster than others". The News-Sentinel. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
- ^ a b Beatty 2006, p. 89.
- ^ "Falstaff Brewery closing in Ft. Wayne". Chicago Tribune. November 9, 1989. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
- ^ WPA Writers' Program, Indiana, a Guide to the Hoosier State (1941) p. 195.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 352-353.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 116.
- ^ Leininger, Kevin (May 6, 2014). "GE looking to demolish some of old Broadway campus". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 135.
- ^ "Major Employers: Top Employers in Fort Wayne and Allen County". Greater Fort Wayne Inc. 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ Goldsborough, Jaclyn (February 5, 2015). "Tourism in Fort Wayne, Allen County increases". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
- ^ "America's Shrinking Middle Class: A Close Look at Changes Within Metropolitan Areas". Pew Research Center. 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
- ^ "Allen County, Indiana". STATS Indiana. 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
- ^ Wyche, Paul (July 1, 2013). "Frontier reorganizes region, with Fort Wayne HQ". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
- ^ "Steel Dynamics – Fortune 500". Fortune. 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
- ^ Cole, Ryan (February 24, 2010). "Lincoln brought to life". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ "Major Employers". Greater Fort Wayne Inc. 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ "About Us". The Embassy Theatre. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
- ^ "The History of the Phil". Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
- ^ "USF Performing Arts Center Full History". University of Saint Francis. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Cultural District". Arts United of Greater Fort Wayne. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
- ^ "FAME's Impact". The Foundation for Art and Music Education. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
- ^ "About Foellinger Theatre". Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ^ "About Us". Arena Dinner Theatre. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
- ^ Cicero, Karen (April 4, 2009). "10 Best Zoos for Kids: 5. Fort Wayne Children's Zoo". Parents magazine. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "Zoo named one of country's best". WANE-TV NewsChannel 15. July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
- ^ "2013 attendance second-highest ever". Fort Wayne Children's Zoo. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Children's Zoo to hold job fair March 9". The News-Sentinel. February 26, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- ^ "About the Conservatory". Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "Fact Sheet 2013". Science Central. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
- ^ "About the Museum". Fort Wayne Museum of Art. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ Krieg, Sheryl (June 6, 2013). "Artlink, Fort Wayne Museum of Art thrive after move downtown". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ^ "Collections". Allen County–Fort Wayne Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Home". Historic Fort Wayne, Inc. Archived from the original on September 24, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ "History of the Museum". African/African–American Historical Museum. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Home". Fort Wayne Firefighters Museum. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Aviation Museum". Fort Wayne–Allen County Airport Authority. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
- ^ West, Nick (October 9, 2009). "Genealogy gathering; 420 expected for conference, library's largest yet". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "The Genealogy Center" (PDF). Allen County Public Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
- ^ "History". Germanfest. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Culture & Entertainment". JapanInFortWayne.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
- ^ "About us". Fort Wayne Pride. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "About". BBQ RibFest. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
- ^ Lanka, Benjamin (September 24, 2011). "More than 9,000 participate in Fort4Fitness". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
- ^ "Inaugural F4F Spring Cycle a huge success!" (PDF). Fort4Fitness, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ Swanson, Andrew (November 27, 2008). "Lights wow crowds". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Johnny Appelseed Park". City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
- ^ Todd, Deb (September 16, 2009). "Fall's favorite festival: Johnny Appleseed weekend has been an area fixture for 35 years". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
- ^ Organ, Aaron (July 22, 2010). "TRF chief happy with this year's numbers". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Allen County Fair". Visit Fort Wayne. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
- ^ "About". National Soccer Festival. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
- ^ WANE Staff Reports (August 10, 2014). "Thousands coming to Fort Wayne for soccer festival". Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
- ^ Goldsborough, Jaclyn (April 9, 2014). "Vera Bradley sale is about more than just purses; economic impact on Fort Wayne economy sizable". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ^ "Purdue Fort Wayne Branding Released" (Press release). Purdue University Fort Wayne. June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
- ^ Miklich, Eric, Night Baseball in the 19th century. Retrieved on May 16, 2008.
- ^ a b (2008-01-19). Fort Wayne Sports Moments Archived May 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. The News-Sentinel. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
- ^ Sebring, Blake (May 17, 2013). "Carl Bennett built part of Fort Wayne history Fort Wayne Sports History: Time to vote for the all-time best". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
- ^ Rushin, Steve, (February 5, 2007). Storming The Fort (wayne). Sports Illustrated. Retrieved on May 16, 2008.
- NBA.com. Archived from the originalon October 22, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
- ^ "By the numbers". Fort Wayne Monthly's City Guide 2014. 13. Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc.: 10 2014.
- ^ "Franke Park" (PDF). Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 122-23.
- ^ "Verbatim: Rivergreenway earns national designation". The Journal Gazette. May 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ^ LeBlanc, Matthew (March 16, 2018). "Ground broken on segment of trail". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- ^ Wiehe, Jeff (April 28, 2015). "Mayor unveils plans for 3 bicycle lanes". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
- ^ "Pedal plan, paths win prestigious award". City of Fort Wayne. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- ^ "BFC Spring 2016 Report Card Fort Wayne, IN" (PDF). 2016 Bicycle Friendly Communities. League of American Bicyclists. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
- ^ "The Fort Wayne Community". Visit Fort Wayne. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
- ^ Todd, Deb (May 29, 2013). "Take a hike (or bike ride) Saturday on National Trails Day". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ^ "Fort Wayne, IN" (PDF). 2017 ParkScore Index. Trust for Public Land. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- ^ a b "City Council". City of Fort Wayne. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Dave, Gong (November 4, 2015). "Henry wins 3rd straight term". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
- ^ "Indiana Code 36-3-1". State of Indiana. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ State of Indiana, Southwest Extended Annexation, accessed May 28, 2015
- ^ "Senate Bill No. 225". State of Indiana. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ "About the Fort Wayne Police Department". Fort Wayne Police Department. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ a b "Fort Wayne IN Crime Statistics (2006 Crime Data)". AreaConnect Fort Wayne. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Gong, Dave (August 1, 2016). "Reed sworn in as Fort Wayne police chief". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
- ^ Bogue, Ellie (January 2, 2014). "New Fort Wayne police chief and director of public safey sworn in". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014.
- ^ "Immediate changes ordered for Allen Co. Jail, Federal judge rules".
- ^ "Morris v. Sheriff of Allen Cnty., 1:20-CV-34 DRL | Casetext Search + Citator".
- ^ "Peters: no possible Allen County jail sites 'off the table'". WANE 15. August 24, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ "'Not on our watch': Officials reject plan to build new jail in southeast Fort Wayne". WANE 15. July 19, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ "What's the Allen County Jail worth?". WANE 15. August 1, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Fire Department Annual Report 2010" (PDF). Fort Wayne Fire Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
- ^ Meyers, Chris (May 28, 2014). "Firefighter to follow Biggs as new chief". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
- ^ "Fort Wayne, Indiana Registered Voters - Overview Statistics and Quick Facts". CensusViewer.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
- ^ "FWCS Becomes Largest School System in Indiana". 21Alive. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012.
- ^ "District Profile" (PDF). Fort Wayne Community Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ "East Allen County Schools". NCES. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- ^ "2013 Reports" (PDF). Northwest Allen County Schools. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ "Our Schools". Southwest Allen County Schools. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ "MSD Southwest Allen County Schools". Indiana Department of Education. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ The Amish Schools of Indiana: Faith in Education, by Stephen Bowers; p. 40 Harroff. Retrieved on July 25, 2009.
- ^ "IPFW: By the Numbers" (PDF). IPFW. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
- WOWO. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ "The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held". American Library Association. July 7, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
- ^ "After 28 years' leadership, Allen County Public Library director will retire". The News-Sentinel. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
- ^ Checca, Carey (November 27, 2001). "Library petition counts due today". The Journal Gazette.
- ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Allen County Public Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes | Awards". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
- ^ "Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ "Home of the Blacksnakes". 122nd Fighter Wing. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ "Airport History". Smith Field Airport. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
- ^ "Commissioners OK extra money for road extension". The Journal Gazette. July 7, 2000.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 190.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 108.
- ^ Leininger, Kevin (December 3, 2011). "Fort Wayne: Fat, stupid... and melancholy?". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^ a b Lanka, Benjamin (May 1, 2015). "Bypassing the bypass". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
- ^ Beatty 2006, p. 117.
- ^ 'Official Guide of the Railways,' June 1961, Index of Railroad Stations
- ^ Wabash Railroad, 1959 timetable, Table 11 http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf
- ^ Caylor, Bob (April 4, 2009). "Rally for Fort Wayne train service draws hundreds". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ "Northern Indiana/Ohio Passenger Rail Corridor Feasibility Study and Business Plan Executive Summary" (PDF) (Press release). Transportation Economic and Management Systems, Inc. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
- ^ a b "Rail System". Greater Fort Wayne, Inc. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
- ^ "Citilink service routes map" (PDF). Fort Wayne Public Transportation Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 22, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
- ^ a b Leininger, Kevin (April 25, 2009). "Free bus service to link 2 campuses to dorms, city". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
- ^ Sade, Vivian (December 15, 2012). "Parkview subsidy helps transit system add Medlink". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
- ^ "Lakefront Lines Scheduled Intercity Bus Service". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ Gong, Dave (April 15, 2016). "Fort Wayne announces bike-share program". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Healthcare". Greater Fort Wayne Inc. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ "Fort Wayne Campus". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
- ^ "Three Rivers Filtration Plant" (PDF). City of Fort Wayne. October 23, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Rex. "Saturday marks 1 year since GFL took over trash and recycling pickups in Fort Wayne". wane.com. WANE TV. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
- ^ "2016 Community Profile" (PDF). Greater Fort Wayne Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ "About FWSCI". Fort Wayne Sister Cities International, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ Bogue, Ellie (February 12, 2015). "Fort Wayne has new "friendship" city in Myanmar". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Bibliography
- Beatty, John D. (2006). History of Fort Wayne & Allen County, Indiana, 1700–2005. M.T. Publishing Company. ISBN 1-932439-44-7.
- Brice, Wallace. History of Fort Wayne (Applewood Books, 2009) online.
- Brown, Nancy Eileen. "The 1901 Fort Wayne, Indiana City Election: A Political Dialogue of Ethnic Tension" (IUPUI Diss. 2013)
- Bushnell, Scott M. (2007). Historic Photos of Fort Wayne. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-59652-377-7.
- Griswold, Bert J. (1973). Fort Wayne, Gateway of the West. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-07133-3.
- Griswold, Bert Joseph. The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana: A Review of Two Centuries of Occupation of the Region about the Head of the Maumee River (1917) online
- Hawfield, Michael C. (1988). Fort Wayne Cityscapes: Highlights of a Community's History. Windsor Publications. ISBN 0-89781-244-1.
- Miller, Dodie Marie (2000). African-Americans in Fort Wayne: The First 200 Years. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0715-6. online
- Morgan, Iwan. "Fort Wayne and the Great Depression: The Early Years, 1929-1933." Indiana Magazine of History (1984): 122–145. online
- Murphey, Kathleen A. "Schooling, Teaching, and Change in Nineteenth-Century Fort Wayne, Indiana." Indiana Magazine of History (1998): 1-28. online
- Paddock, Geoff (2002). Headwaters Park: Fort Wayne's Lasting Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-1971-5.
- Robertson, Nellie A. "John Hays and the Fort Wayne Indian Agency." Indiana Magazine of History (1943): 221–236.
- Scott, Clifford H. "Hoosier Kulturkampf: Anglo-German Cultural Conflicts in Fort Wayne, 1840-1920." Journal of German-American Studies 15.1 (1980): 9–18. online
- Seigel, Peggy. "Pushing the Color Line: Race and Employment in Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1933-1963." Indiana Magazine of History (2008): 241–276. online
- Seigel, Peggy. "Winning the Vote in Fort Wayne, Indiana: The Long, Cautious Journey in a German American City." Indiana Magazine of History (2006): 220–257. online
- Violette, Ralph (1999). Fort Wayne, Indiana. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1309-0.