Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
Fortress of the Immaculate Conception | |
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El Castillo de la Inmaculada Concepción | |
Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua (1762) San Juan Expedition (1780) | |
Garrison information | |
Past commanders | Lieutenant Colonel Don José de Herrera y Sotomayor (1762)[1] |
The Fortress of the Immaculate Conception, (Spanish: El Castillo de la Inmaculada Concepción) is a fortification located on the southern bank of the San Juan River (Río San Juan), in the village of El Castillo in southern Nicaragua. The fortress is situated approximately 6 kilometers from the border with Costa Rica, at the Raudal del Diablo rapids of the San Juan River. It was completed in 1675 as part of a series of fortifications along the San Juan River, to defend against pirate attacks upon the city of Granada (which can be reached by navigating upstream from the Caribbean Sea along the San Juan River into Lake Nicaragua). The settlement of El Castillo and its fortress continued to be strategically important to the Captaincy General of Guatemala until the late 18th century.
An important historic landmark of Nicaragua, the fortress is on a list of sites as an initial stage in achieving
History
16th century
17th century
By the late 17th century, the success of the city of Granada had made it a victim of pirate attacks, the first of which was in 1670 by the pirate Gallardino.[2] In response to this and other pirate attacks, the Spanish colonial authorities constructed the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception as a means to protect the citizens of Granada from future attacks.
18th century
On the morning of July 26, 1762, a combined British and
After Spain entered the
21st century
The Fortress of the Immaculate Conception is a historic landmark of Nicaragua, which currently houses a museum and library. Since 1995, it has been on a "tentative list" of important Nicaraguan cultural sites with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a preliminary to nomination for consideration as a World Heritage Site. The submission notes that the fortress is in a protected area, the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve.[13]
See also
Further reading
- Wendy Kramer; W. George Lovell; Christopher H. Lutz (1994). "La conquista española de Centroamérica". In Julio César Pinto Soria (ed.). Historia General de Centroamérica: El Régimen Colonial (1524–1750) (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. II (1st ed.). San José, Costa Rica: ISBN 9977-68-053-1. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ JSTOR 196656. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ISBN 0-8061-2977-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ a b c Ephraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 82, 106, 193. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ S2CID 129880025. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ Roberto Trigueros Bada (2011). "Defensas estratégicas de la Capitanía General de Guatemala Castillos de la Inmaculada Concepción y de San Carlos" (PDF). Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses (in Spanish). 34 (February): 149–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
- ^ José Dolores Gámez (1889). "Segunda mitad del siglo XVIII". Historia de Nicaragua desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta 1860 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Managua, Nicaragua: El País. pp. 255–256. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ "Efemerides Nacionales". La Trinchera de la Noticia (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Periodistas Independientes, S.A. (PINSA). 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ISBN 0-313-28803-8. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Rafaela Herrera 1762.
- ^ "Rafaela Herrera: File#201, Record#1651 (subscription required)" (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Archivo General de Centroamerica. 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ^ Carlos Viscasillas (2009). "La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada Concepción de María" (PDF) (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ^ Ephraim George Squier (1852). Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 110–1. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific; Cultural Organization (2011). "Fortress of the immaculate Conception". Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2011-04-23.