Frame story

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A frame story (also known as a frame tale, frame narrative, sandwich narrative, or intercalation) is a

narrative structure.[1][2][3] A notable example is The Decameron
.

Origins

One of the earliest frame stories is in the Odyssey, which begins with Odysseus telling stories to King Alcinous on the island of Scheria.[2] Painting of Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous by Francesco Hayez, 1814-1815

Some of the earliest frame stories are from ancient Egypt, including one in the

Canterbury Tales, in which each pilgrim tells his own kind of tale, and whose frame story "was once the most admired part of Chaucer's work".[3][8]

The use of a frame story in which a single narrative is set in the context of the telling of a story is also a technique with a long history, dating back at least to the beginning section of Homer's Odyssey, in which the narrator Odysseus tells of his wandering in the court of King Alcinous.[2][9]

A set of stories

Sindbad the Sailor. Illustration Sindbad the sailor and Ali Baba and the forty thieves by William Strang
, 1896

A frame story is a

conceit to organize a set of smaller narratives, either devised by the author or taken from a previous stock of popular tales, slightly altered by the author for the purpose of the longer narrative. Sometimes a story within the main narrative encapsulates some aspect of the framing story, in which case it is called a mise en abyme.[10]

A typical frame story is

Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman, a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman.[7]

Metamorphoses makes extensive use of framing, with the stories nested several deep, allowing the inclusion of many different tales in one work.[11] Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights uses this literary device to tell the story of Heathcliff and Catherine, along with the subplots.[2] Her sister Anne uses this device in her epistolary novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The main heroine's diary is framed by the narrator's story and letters.[12]

Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein has multiple framed narratives. In the book, Robert Walton writes letters to his sister, describing the story told to him by the scientist Victor Frankenstein. Frankenstein's story contains the monster's story, and its story even briefly contains the tale of a family whom he had been observing.[2][13]

Frame stories have appeared in

The Sandman featured a story arc called Worlds End which consisted of frame stories, and sometimes even featured stories within stories within stories.[14]

The Return of Rip Van Winkle, painting by John Quidor, 1849

Sometimes, as in Washington Irving's Sketch Book, which contains "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" among others, the conceit is that the author of the book is not the real author but a fictional character, in this case a man named Crayon. Here the frame includes the world of the imagined Crayon, his stories, and the reader who is assumed to play along and "know" who Crayon is.[15]

Single story

When there is a single story, the frame story is used for other purposes – chiefly to position the reader's attitude toward the tale. This can be done in a variety of ways.

Casting doubt on the narrator

A common reason to frame a single story is to draw attention to the narrator's unreliability. By explicitly making the narrator a character within the frame story, the writer distances him or herself from the narrator. The writer may characterize the narrator to cast doubt on the narrator's truthfulness, as when in P. G. Wodehouse's stories of Mr. Mulliner, Mulliner is made a fly fisherman, a person who is expected to tell tales of unbelievably large fish.[citation needed] The movie Amadeus is framed as a story that an old Antonio Salieri tells to a young priest, because the movie is based more on stories Salieri told about Mozart than on historical fact.[16]

Procatalepsis

Another use is a form of procatalepsis, where the writer puts the readers' possible reactions to the story in the characters listening to it. In The Princess Bride the frame of a grandfather reading the story to his reluctant grandson puts the cynical reaction a viewer might have to the romantic fairytale into the story in the grandson's persona, and helps defuse it. This is the use when the frame tells a story that lacks a strong narrative hook in its opening; the narrator can engage the reader's interest by telling the story to answer the curiosity of his listeners, or by warning them that the story began in an ordinary seeming way, but they must follow it to understand later actions, thereby identifying the reader's wondering whether the story is worth reading to the listeners'.[17] Such an approach was used, too, by Edith Wharton in her novella Ethan Frome, in which a nameless narrator hears from many characters in the town of Starkfield about the main character Ethan's story.[18]

Dream vision

A specialized form of the frame is a

Pilgrim's Progress and its sequel, explaining that they were dreams he had while he was in prison and felt God wanted him to write down. This worked because it made what might have been seen as a fantasy more like a divine revelation to others who believed as he did.[21]

Still, even as the story proceeds realistically, the dream frame casts doubt on the events. In the book

the movie detracts from the validity of the fantasy.[22]

Use

To be a frame narrative, the story must act primarily as an occasion for the telling of other stories. For example, Odysseus narrates much of the Odyssey to the Phaeacians, but, even though this recollection forms a great part of the poem, the events after and before the interpolated recollection are of greater interest than the memory.[2]

A film that plays with frame narrative is the 1994 Forrest Gump. Most of it is narrated by Forrest to various companions on the bus-stop bench. However, in the last fifth or so of the film, Forrest gets up and leaves the bench, and we follow him as he meets with Jenny and her son. This final segment suddenly has no narrator unlike the rest of the film that came before it, but is instead told through Forrest and Jenny's dialogues.[23]

This approach is also demonstrated in the 2008 film

framing device, as Jamal sees flashbacks of his past as each question is asked. The last portion of the film then unfolds without any narrator.[24]

Compared to reprise

In musical sonata form or rondo, a reprised theme occurs at the beginning and end of the work, or returns periodically.[25] A framing device may take the form of a recurrent element at the beginning and end of the narrative. For example, a story may begin with a character visiting a park under one set of circumstances, then returning at the end to the same park under a different set of circumstances, having undergone a change that allows him or her to see the park in a new light.[26]

A framing device might simply be a defining image of the narrative or art that is used at the beginning and end of the work, as in the film Chariots of Fire which begins and ends with the characters running along a beach, accompanied at both times by the movie's famous theme music. This scene, although chronologically in the middle of the film and unimportant to the straightforward plot, serves to convey a defining emotion and tone that sets the context for the main story.[27]

See also

  • Fan fiction – Type of fiction created by fans of the original subject
  • Fictional universe – Self-consistent fictional setting with elements that may differ from the real world
  • Parallel novel – Pastiche novel with in universe continuity
  • Spin-off (media) – Narrative work derived from existing works

References

  1. ^ "What is a Frame Story? Oregon State Guide to Literary Terms". College of Liberal Arts. 6 September 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Frame Story - Examples and Definition of Frame Story". Literary Devices. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "The Frame Narrative". Harvard University. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ISBN 3-925270-01-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  7. ^ a b Hoh, Anchi (26 October 2017). "A Thousand and One Nights: Arabian Story-telling in World Literature". Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  8. ^ Coulton, George Gordon (1908). Chaucer and His England. Putnam. p. 126.
  9. JSTOR 1773187
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  10. ^ Hayward, Susan (2006). "Mise-en-abime". Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (third ed.). Routledge. pp. 252–253.
  11. JSTOR 3297921
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  12. .
  13. ^ Shelley, Mary Godwin. "Frankenstein". Gutenberg. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  14. .
  15. ^ Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Wolf's Mount. 2013. p. 11, notes by editor. GGKEY:GH4HD41JQT1.
  16. JSTOR 26844631
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  17. ^ Martinelli, Marissa (21 November 2018). "The Princess Bride You Don't Know". Slate. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  18. S2CID 170215022
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  19. .
  20. .
  21. ^ Bertsch, Janet (August 2000). The Whole Story Language, Narrative and Salvation in Bunyan, Defoe, Grimmelshausen and Schnabel (PDF). University College London, PhD Thesis. pp. 217–218.
  22. .
  23. ^ "A Frame Story". Wholesale Frame Company. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  24. ^ Miguel, Andres (14 January 2009). ""Slumdog Millionaire" is well done but a bit hollow". The Pitt News. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  25. OCLC 54752753
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  27. ^ "Chariots of Fire: The flame of conviction". David Puttnam. Retrieved 30 June 2021.