François Hollande
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: little information is included pertaining to his activities after he left the presidency in 2017.(February 2023) |
First Secretary of the Socialist Party | |
---|---|
In office 27 November 1997 – 27 November 2008 | |
Preceded by | Lionel Jospin |
Succeeded by | Martine Aubry |
Mayor of Tulle | |
In office 17 March 2001 – 17 March 2008 | |
Preceded by | Raymond-Max Aubert |
Succeeded by | Bernard Combes |
Member of the National Assembly for Corrèze's 1st constituency | |
In office 12 June 1997 – 14 May 2012 | |
Preceded by | Lucien Renaudie |
Succeeded by | Sophie Dessus |
In office 23 June 1988 – 1 April 1993 | |
Preceded by | Constituency re-established |
Succeeded by | Raymond-Max Aubert |
Member of the European Parliament | |
In office 20 July 1999 – 17 December 1999 | |
Constituency | France |
Personal details | |
Born | François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande 12 August 1954 Rouen, France |
Political party | Socialist Party |
Spouse |
|
Signature | |
Military service | |
Branch/service | French Army |
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:
Born in
During his tenure, Hollande legalized
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to the city were successful. However, with domestic troubles – in particular due to Islamic terrorism – over the course of his tenure, and unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval rates, ultimately making him the most unpopular head of state under the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was born on 12 August 1954 in
When Hollande was thirteen, the family moved to
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 while he was a university student.
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to work for
He went on to become a special advisor to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a staffer for
First Secretary of the Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for the party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to run for the French presidency in 1995. Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party spokesman. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the National Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the
The immediate resignation of Jospin from politics following his shock defeat by far-right candidate
After the triumph of the Left in the
Hollande was widely blamed for the poor performances of the Socialist Party in the
2012 presidential campaign
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a candidate in the upcoming
The second ballot took place on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became the official Socialist and Radical Left Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, a member of Parliament and Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially with a rally and major speech at Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] The main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of finance, both of which he promised to make a key part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on big corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the official retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high unemployment for the young; promoting more industry in France by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in a major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would run for a second and final term, strongly criticising the Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster within two days of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race between the two men in the first round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place with 28.63% of the vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] In the second round of voting on 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
President of France (2012–2017)
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in France to show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, and each member was required to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that of existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting the creation of a European credit rating agency, the separation of lending and investment in banks, reducing the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy sources, merging income tax and the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10,000 per year, and questioning the relief solidarity tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros per year, to generate the provision of development funds for deprived suburbs, and to return to a deficit of zero per cent of GDP by 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take the opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60,000 new teachers, to create a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set up a mutually beneficial contract that would allow a generation of experienced employees and craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the promise of aid to
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, including 150,000 social houses, funded by a doubling of the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making available its local government land within five years. In accordance with long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the retirement age will revert to 60, for those who have contributed for more than 41 years.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Hollande has also announced his personal support for
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make France more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for this, introduced in late 2012, after much debate passed the French lower and upper house in May 2013. The bill included measures such as making it easier for workers to change jobs and for companies to fire employees. One of the main measures of the bill allowed companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during times of economic difficulty. This measure took its inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged in courts and the cases can take years to resolve. Many companies cite the threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial cost – as the most difficult part of doing business in France. The law shortens the time that employees have to contest a layoff and also lays out a scheme for severance pay. The government hopes this will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right to take a leave of absence to work at another company. The law will also require all companies to offer and partially pay for supplemental health insurance. Lastly, the law also reforms unemployment insurance, so that someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits when taking a job that might pay less than previous work or end up only being temporary. Under the new law, workers will be able to essentially put benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead of seeing their benefits recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued reform to the pension system in France. The process proved to be very contentious, with members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all opposed. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the opposition, the French Parliament did pass a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be done. Rather than raising the mandatory retirement age, as many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leaving the retirement age untouched. The reform had a rough ride in parliament, being rejected twice by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before it won sufficient backing in a final vote before the lower house of parliament. French private sector workers will see the size and duration of their pension contributions increase only modestly under the reform while their retirement benefits are largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal of French combat troops present in Afghanistan in 2012.
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities of Islamist extremists in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, as Hollande promised that his government would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it was "the most important day in [his] political life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and spread them over the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in an effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President
In September 2015, Hollande warned former
Hollande supported the
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval rating had dropped five points since the previous month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier low of 20% in February during the same year.[68] In November 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande is the most unpopular president of the French Fifth Republic. In September 2014, his approval rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey, making him the first French leader in modern times to ever break the 20% threshold.[72] One year before the end of his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were to run for a second term, he would be defeated in the first round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] By November 2016, Hollande's approval rating was just 4%.[74]
Transfer of power
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of the Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council announced the official results of the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of power took place.[76]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his
A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website published details of a relationship between Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on political stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[78]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler[79] after the tabloid magazine Closer revealed his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[80] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed the president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in reality disliked the poor. The claim brought an angry reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent his life dedicated to the under-privileged.[81]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[82]
Hollande was raised
Honours and decorations
National honours
Ribbon bar | Honour | Date & Comment |
---|---|---|
Order of the Legion of Honour
|
15 May 2012 – automatic upon taking presidential office | |
National Order of Merit
|
15 May 2012 – automatic upon taking presidential office |
Foreign honours
Ribbon bar | Country | Honour | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Holy See | Holy See | St. John Lateran (2012–2017; the post is held ex officio by the French Head of State) |
15 May 2012 - 14 May 2017[86] |
Poland | Knight of the Order of the White Eagle | 16 November 2012[87][88] | |
Italy | Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | 21 November 2012[89] | |
Senegal | Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion | 27 November 2012[90] | |
Brazil | Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross | 12 December 2012[90] | |
UAE |
Collar of the Order of Zayed | 15 January 2013[91] | |
Morocco | Grand Collar of the Order of Muhammad | 3 April 2013[92] | |
Panama | Grand Cross of the Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa | 24 May 2013[90] | |
Japan | Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum | 13 June 2013[93] | |
Tunisia | Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia |
4 July 2013[94] | |
Finland | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland | 9 July 2013[90] | |
Germany | Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | 3 September 2013[90] | |
Palestine | Grand Collar of the State of Palestine | 13 September 2013[95] | |
Mali | Grand Cordon of the National Order of Mali of Mali | 20 September 2013[96] | |
Slovakia | Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross | 29 October 2013[90] | |
Austria | Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria | 5 November 2013[90] | |
Monaco | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles |
14 November 2013[97] | |
KSA |
Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud |
30 December 2013[98] | |
Netherlands | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | 20 January 2014[99] | |
Belgium | Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold | 3 February 2014[90] | |
Mexico | Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle | 10 April 2014[100] | |
United Kingdom | Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath | 5 June 2014[101] | |
Niger | Grand Cross of the National Order of Niger | 15 July 2014[90] | |
Ivory Coast | Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast | 17 July 2014[90] | |
Armenia | Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory
|
12 October 2014[90] | |
Canada | Grand officier of the National Order of Quebec | 3 November 2014[102] | |
Guinea | Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit | 26 November 2014 | |
Sweden | Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim |
2 December 2014[103] | |
Luxembourg | Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau | 6 March 2015[90] | |
Spain | Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | 23 March 2015[104] | |
Benin | Grand Cross of the National Order of Benin | 30 June 2015[90] | |
Greece | Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer | 22 October 2015[105] | |
Kazakhstan | Member 1st class of the Order of Friendship | 6 November 2015[106] | |
Peru | Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru | 25 February 2016 | |
Argentina | Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín | 25 February 2016[107] | |
Central African Republic | Grand Cross of the Order of Central African recognition | 13 May 2016[108] | |
Uruguay | Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay | 30 May 2016[109] | |
Portugal | Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty | 19 June 2016[110] | |
Romania | Grand Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania | 13 September 2016[111] | |
Colombia | Grand Cross of the Order of Boyaca |
25 January 2017[112] | |
Ukraine | Member of the Order of Liberty | 1 October 2018[113] |
Key to the City
Manila: Freedom of the City of Manila (26 February 2015).
Works
Hollande has had a number of books and academic works published, including:
- L'Heure des choix. Pour une économie politique (The hour of choices. For a political economy), with ISBN 2-7381-0146-1
- L'Idée socialiste aujourd'hui (The Socialist Idea Today), Omnibus, 2001. ISBN 978-2-259-19584-3
- Devoirs de vérité (Duties of truth), interviews with ISBN 978-2-234-05934-4
- Droit d'inventaires (Rights of inventory), interviews with Pierre Favier, Le Seuil, 2009. ISBN 978-2-02-097913-9
- Le rêve français (The French Dream), Privat, August 2011. ISBN 978-2-7089-4441-1
- Un destin pour la France (A Destiny for France), Fayard, January 2012. ISBN 978-2-213-66283-1
- Changer de destin (Changing destiny), Robert Laffont, February 2012. ISBN 978-2-221-13117-6
- Les leçons du pouvoir (The lessons of power), Stock, 2018. EAN 9782234084971
- Bouleversements: Pour comprendre la nouvelle donne mondiale, September, 2022. ISBN 978-2-234-09399-7
- Affronter (clash), stock, October 2021. EAN 9782234087262
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[Socialist party leader Martine] Aubry has presidential ambitions... Her rivals included the former leader of the party, François Hollande....
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Binet, Laurent. Rien ne se passe comme prévu. Paris: Grasset (2012). About Hollande's presidential campaign.
- Chafer, Tony. "Hollande and Africa Policy". Modern & Contemporary France (2014) 22#4 pp: 513–531.
- Clift, Ben, and Raymond Kuhn. "The Hollande Presidency, 2012–14". Modern & Contemporary France (2014) 22#4 pp: 425–434; Online free
- Gaffney, John. France in the Hollande presidency: The unhappy republic (Springer, 2015).
- Goodliffe, Gabriel, and Riccardo Brizzi. France after 2012 (2015).
- Kuhn, Raymond. "Mister unpopular: François Hollande and the exercise of presidential leadership, 2012–14". Modern & Contemporary France 22.4 (2014): 435-457. online
- Kuhn, Raymond. "The mediatization of presidential leadership in France: The contrasting cases of Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande". French Politics 15.1 (2017): 57-74.
- Merle, Patrick, and Dennis Patterson. "The French parliamentary and presidential elections of 2012". Electoral Studies 34 (2014): 303–309.
- Wall, Irwin. France Votes: The Election of François Hollande (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.)
- Weinstein, Kenneth R. "Hollande the hawk?". World Affairs 177.1 (2014): 87–96.
In French
- Michel, Richard (2011). François Hollande: L'inattendu (in French). Paris: Archipel. ISBN 978-2-8098-0600-7.
- Raffy, Serge (2011). François Hollande: Itinéraire Secret (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-63520-0.
External links
- François Hollande, 11 années à la tête du Parti socialiste, Politique.net
- Statement of President Hollande to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly, 25 September 2012 (dubbed in English; official United Nations video)
- Collected Articles at the Guardian
- Appearances on C-SPAN