François Hanriot
François Hanriot (French pronunciation:
Life
Early years
François Hanriot was born in
Not a man of any specific profession, Hanriot held a variety of different jobs. He took his first employment with a
Role in the first years of the Revolution
After generating a more substantial fortune he moved around the corner to Rue du Battoir, now Rue de Quatrefages. In January 1792, Hanriot became well known for his anti-aristocratic outlook and for attacking Lafayette. He became an
As a member of the
The Fall of the Girondists
The Spring of 1793 was a period of great political tension in Paris as the radical voices in the
During the night of 30-31 May, the city gates were closed and at 3 the tocsin (in the Notre-Dame) was rung.
The Convention (about 100 deputies) decided to allow men to carry arms on days of crisis and pay them for each day. It also promised to indemnify the workers for the interruptions over the past four days. It postponed any other decisions regarding the accused deputies for three days.[16] On Saturday 1 June the Commune gathered almost all day and was devoted to the preparation of a "great movement". In the evening 40,000 men surrounded the building to force the arrests. Hanriot's first care was to seize the key positions—the Arsenal, the Place Royale, and the Pont Neuf. Next, the barriers were closed and prominent suspects arrested.[17] At midnight the commune decided the men should take a rest and go home. The next morning the Convention invited Hanriot, who told them all his men were prepared and posts occupied.
Hanriot ordered the National Guard to march from the town hall to the National Palace.[18] In the early evening of 2 June, a large force of armed citizens; estimated by some sources as 80,000, but spoken of by Danton as 30,000 souls,[19][20] surrounded the convention with 63 pieces of artillery.[15] "The armed force", Hanriot said, "will retire only when the Convention has delivered to the people the deputies denounced by the Commune."[21] Attempting to exit, the accused Girondins walked around the palace in a theatrical procession. Confronted on all sides by bayonets and pikes, they returned to the meeting hall and submitted to the inevitable. Twenty-two Girondins were seized one by one after some juggling with names.[22] They finally decided that 31 deputies were not to be imprisoned,[b] but only subject to house arrest.[23]
On 2 June 1793 at 11 in the morning, women gathered in front of the Convention. Then Hanriot's troops surrounded the Convention with thousands of armed volunteers, cannons, and pikes while it was in session, and throngs of sans-culotte soldiers entered the building and disrupted the sessions.
On 4 September, the sans-culottes again invaded the convention. Supported by Hanriot they demanded tougher measures against rising prices and the setting up of a system of terror to root out the counter-revolution.
End of the Reign of Terror
During the spring of 1794, there were increasing tensions between Robespierre and the Committees on the one hand, and the Paris Commune and the sans-culottes on the other. On 6 March Hanriot appeared in front of the Convention with 1,200 men. This culminated in the arrest of Hebert, Momoro, Vincent, Ronsin and their associates on 13 March. Hanriot, a Hébertist, was protected by Robespierre.[30] On 27 March the sans-culotte Revolutionary Army was disbanded and its artillery units brought under Hanriot's control.[31] Although he was broadly supportive of the radical ideas of Hébert and his associates, Hanriot remained loyal to Robespierre.[32] On 2 April 1794 - the first day of the interrogation of Danton - he was informed not to arrest the president and the public prosecutor of Revolutionary Tribunal.[33]
Hanriot opposed Lazare Carnot who stripped Paris of its gunners. Hanriot managed to prevent the queues in front of the butchers and bakeries from turning into a riot. On 5 June François Hanriot ordered the detaining of every baker in Paris who either sold his bread to people without (distribution) cards or who came from other sections.[34]
On
At around 3 p.m. Hanriot was ordered to appear in the Convention. Hanriot, or someone else, suggested that he would only show up if accompanied by a crowd. Dumas had already been arrested at noon and at 4p.m. taken to Sainte-Pélagie Prison; as well as members of the family Duplay.[37]) On horseback, Hanriot warned the sections that there would be an attempt to murder Robespierre and mobilized 2,400 National Guards in front of the town hall.[38][39][40][41][15] What had happened was not very clear to their officers; either the Convention was closed down or the Paris Commune. Nobody explained anything.[42]
When the Paris Commune heard of the arrests it began mobilising forces to free Robespierre and his allies and to take control of the Convention. The mayor
When Hanriot appeared at the Place du Carrousel in front of the Convention, he was taken prisoner by the oldest deputy present Philippe Rühl. (He seems to have been taken prisoner earlier that day by fr:Louis Antoine Joseph Robin near the Palais-Royal.[39]) To avoid communication with Hanriot the five deputies were given a meal and it was decided they had to leave the Tuileries.[45] According to Eric Hazan: "Now came the turning-point of this journée: instead of taking advantage of its superiority, in both guns and men, to invade the nearby hall where the Convention was sitting, the column, lacking orders or leaders, returned to the Maison-Commune."[38] According to Bertrand Barère Hanriot fled to the town hall after being threatened by some deputies that he could be regarded as an outlaw.[46] The Convention did not gather before nine.[47] The Convention declared the five deputies (plus the supporting members) to be outlaws. On hearing this, the insurgents and their commander were seized with fright and fled helter-skelter to the Commune.[48] When the Paris' militants heard this news, order began to break down, they became divided.
In the evening Robespierre, Hanriot, and the other liberated prisoners had gathered at the Hotel de Ville which was now their headquarters. The Convention responded by declaring them outlaws to be taken dead or alive, and ordering troops of its own under Barras to suppress them. Henriot ordered his men to light the entire square with torches. Within an hour, the forces of the Commune quietly deserted the square. Around two in the morning, troops of the Convention under the command of Barras arrived. Robespierre and a number of others were arrested. Hanriot fell from a side window,[c] and was found later in the day, unconscious, in a neighbouring courtyard.[50] Hanriot was taken to the guillotine in the same cart as Robespierre and his brother[51] and was executed just before Robespierre on 28 July 1794, only semi-conscious when led to the platform.[52]
According to Merda Hanriot tried to escape by a concealed staircase to the third floor.[53] He lodged in an apartment there.[54] Most sources say that Hanriot was thrown out of a window by Coffinhal after being accused of the disaster.[54] (According to Ernest Hamel it is one of the many legends spread by Barère.[55]) At any rate, Hanriot landed in a small courtyard on a heap of glass.[42] He had strength enough to crawl into a drain where he was found twelve hours later and taken to the Conciergerie.[42][54]
In the afternoon of 10 Thermidor (28 July, a
Hanriot owned 47 prints of different events during the revolution, a "magnifique" wooden
Notes
References
- ^ "François Hanriot". NNDB. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- OCLC 867948426.
- ^ a b Moreau, J. (2010) François Hanriot, general-citizen, p. 32-34. Nanterre: Société d'Histoire de Nanterre.
- ^ Chisholm 1911.
- ^ N. Hampson (1978) Danton, p. 72
- ^ Andress 2006, p. 396.
- ^ Cassagnac, Adolphe Granier de (1860) Histoire Des Girondins Et Des Massacres de Septembre d'après Les Documents Officiels Et Inédits, p. 433
- ^ Schama 1989, pp. 714–722.
- ^ Stephens, Henry Morse (1902). A history of the French revolution. C. Scribner's sons. pp. 242.
- ^ a b Legrand 1989, p. 341.
- ^ Mémoires de Louvet de Couvray, p. 88
- ^ Thompson, J.M. (1959) The French Revolution. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 353.
- ^ Mathiez, Albert (1995) The French Revolution, p. 325. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix.
- ^ Davidson, Ian. The French Revolution, p. 161
- ^ a b c d e f Le Temps(Paris) 1904-03-29
- ^ Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 5 juin 1793
- ^ Thompson 1959, p. 354.
- ISBN 978-1-315-50892-4.
- ^ Le Républicain français, 14 septembre 1793, p. 2
- ^ Moreau, J. (2010) François Hanriot, general-citizen, p. ?. Nanterre: Société d'Histoire de Nanterre.
- OCLC 944662819.
- ^ Israel 2014, p. 447.
- ^ Davidson, Ian. The French Revolution, pp. 161–162
- ^ Schama 1989, p. 722.
- ISBN 978-0-674-54328-7.
- ^ Moreau, J. (2010) François Hanriot, general-citizen, p. 32-34. Nanterre: Société d'Histoire de Nanterre.
- OCLC 11262233.
- ISBN 9780674736559– via Google Books.
- ^ Gustave Hue (1907) "Deux géneraux de la République". In: Les Contemporains, 1 janvier 1907
- ^ The public prosecutor of the terror, Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, p. 250
- ^ Scurr 2006, p. 279.
- ^ Thompson 1988, p. 460.
- ^ The Jacobin Republic 1792-1794 By Marc Bouloiseau, p. 117
- ^ Le republicain francais, 8 juin 1794; Mercure universel, 24 juin 1794
- ^ a b "Robespierre peint par lui-même". 1794.
- ^ Cobb, Richard, The people's armies: the armées révolutionnaires: instrument of the Terror in the departments, April 1793 to Floréal Year II, trans. Elliott, Marianne (New Haven, CT, and London, 1987), pp. 65–6. Google Scholar
- ^ Ratineau Fabienne. "Les livres de Robespierre au 9 thermidor". In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n°287, 1992. pp. 131–135. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/ahrf.1992.1479 http://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1992_num_287_1_1479
- ^ a b Hazan, E. (2014) A People's History of the French Revolution.
- ^ a b Furet 1996, p. 150.
- ^ "Projet de procès-verbal des séances de 9, 10 et 11 thermidor par Charles Duval, p. 34". 1794.
- ^ Dupuy, Roger. La Garde nationale (Folio Histoire) (French Edition). Editions Gallimard.
- ^ OCLC 317736774.
- ^ Scurr 2006, p. 320.
- ^ Thompson 1988, p. 573.
- ^ Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (1838). The history of the French revolution, tr. with notes by F. Shoberl. p. 465.
- ^ Mémoires de B. Barère ... publiés par MM. Hippolyte Carnot ... et ..., Volume 2 By Bertrand BARÈRE DE VIEUZAC p. 226
- ^ Fouche & Robespierre, le 9 thermidor by Arnaud Louis Raoul Comte de Martel, p. 238-239
- ^ Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) The Ninth of Thermidor, p. 215, 224
- ^ Histoire religieuse, monarchique, militaire et littéraire de la ..., Volume 2 by Étienne Léon baron de Lamothe-Langon
- ^ Legrand 1989, p. 436.
- ^ Scurr 2006, p. 324.
- ^ Andress 2006, pp. 341–344.
- ^ C.A. Méda, p. 385
- ^ a b c Le Temps (Paris) 1904-03-29
- ^ E. Hamel, p. 342
Sources
- Andress, David (2006). The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374273415.
- Furet, François (1996). The French Revolution: 1770–1814. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-631-20299-4.
- Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4999-4.
- Legrand, Jacques (1989). Chronicle of the French Revolution : 1788-1799. Longman, Chronicle. OCLC 231002598.
- ISBN 978-0-394-55948-3.
- Scurr, Ruth (2006). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0805082616.
- Thompson, J. M. (1959). The French Revolution. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Thompson, J. M. (1988). Robespierre. New York: B. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631155041.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.