France–Asia relations

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Relations between France and Asia span a period of more than two millennia.

France–Asia relations span a period of more than two millennia, starting in the 6th century

Asia Minor, and continuing in the 3rd century BCE with Gaulish invasions of Asia Minor to form the kingdom of Galatia, and Frankish Crusaders forming the Crusader states
. Since these early interactions, France has had a rich history of contacts with the Asian continent.

Antiquity

Further information: Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
The Vix krater, an imported Greek wine-mixing vessel dated to around 500 BCE attests to the trade exchanges of the period.

The Phoenicians had an early presence around Marseille in southern France. Phoenician inscriptions have been found there.[1]

The oldest city of France, Marseille, was formally founded in 600 BCE by Greeks from the

Burgundy became an active trading center between Greeks and natives, attested by the discovery of Greek artifacts of the period.[3]

Gold coins of the Sequani Gauls, 5th–1st centuries BCE. Early Gaul coins were often inspired by Greek coinage.[4]

The mother city of Phocaea would ultimately be destroyed by the Persians in 545 BCE, further reinforcing the exodus of the Phocaeans to their settlements of the Western Mediterranean.[3][5] Populations intermixed, becoming half-Greek and half-indigenous.[3] Trading links were extensive, in iron, spices, wheat and slaves, and with tin being imported to Marseille overland from Cornwall.[3] The Greek settlements permitted cultural interaction between the Greeks and the Celts, and in particular helped develop an urban way of life in Celtic lands, contacts with sophisticated Greek methods, as well as regular East-West trade.[6]

Overland trade with Celtic countries declined around 500 however, with the troubles following the end of the Halstatt civilization.[3]

Further information:
Gallic invasion of the Balkans and Galatia
Location of Galatia in Anatolia.
The Dying Gaul, an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost ancient Greek statue, thought to have been executed in bronze, commissioned some time between 230 and 220 BCE by Attalus I of Pergamon to honour his victory over the Galatians, also called Gallo-Graeci.

Because of demographic pressure, the

Gallic invasion of the Balkans, favoured by the troubled rule of the Diadochi after Alexander the Great
.

A part of the invasion crossed over to

Antiochus I, in a battle where the Seleucid war elephants shocked the Celts. While the momentum of the invasion was broken, the Galatians were by no means exterminated. Instead, the migration led to the establishment of a long-lived Celtic territory in central Anatolia, which included the eastern part of ancient Phrygia, a territory that became known as Galatia.[8][9] There they ultimately settled, and being strengthened by fresh accessions of the same clan from Europe, they overran Bithynia
and supported themselves by plundering neighbouring countries.

In 189 BCE Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. He defeated them. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BCE onward.[10]

Further information:
History of Roman Catholicism in France

Christianity, following its emergence in the

Burgundy. In the Abbey of the Trinity at Vendôme, a phylactery was said to contain a tear shed by Jesus at the tomb of Lazarus. The cathedral of Autun
, not far away, is dedicated to Lazarus as Saint Lazaire.

Louvre Museum
.

The first written records of Christians in France date from the 2nd century when Irenaeus detailed the deaths of ninety-year-old bishop Pothinus of Lugdunum (Lyon) and other martyrs of the 177 persecution in Lyon.[13]

In 496

Catholicism. Clovis I, considered the founder of France, made himself the ally and protector of the papacy and his predominantly Catholic subjects.[14]

In the beginning of the 5th century, various Asian nomadic tribes of

Sarmatians, were settled in Gaul by the Romans as coloni. They settled in the regions of Aquitaine and Poitou, which at one point was even called Thifalia or Theiphalia (Theofalgicus) in the 6th century, with remaining place names such as Tiffauges.[15][16][17] Some Sarmatians had also been settled in the Rodez–Velay region.[15]

From 414,

Visigoths, entered into an agreement with the Romans which allowed them to settle in the area between Toulouse and the Mediterranean where they played a defensive role against the Visigoth in Spain.[18]

The Roman general

Bacaudae.[19] Some cities have been named after them, such as Allaines or Allainville
.

The general path of the Hun forces in the invasion of Gaul

In 450

J.B. Bury believes that Attila's intent, by the time he marched west, was to extend his kingdom – already the strongest on the continent – across Gaul to the Atlantic Ocean.[20] On 7 April, Attila captured Metz. Saint Genevieve
is believed to have saved Paris.

The Romans under

Battle of Châlons.[21]

Middle Ages

Exchanges with the Arab world (8th–13th centuries)

Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi (right) at the Battle of Poitiers

Following the rise of

Iberian peninsula
and France. They were finally repelled at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, but thereafter remained a significant presence in southern France and Spain.

Various exchanges are known around that time, as when Arculf, a Frankish Bishop, visited the Holy Land in the 670s.[22][23]

Abbasid-Carolingian alliance

Main article:
Abbasid-Carolingian alliance
Harun al-Rashid receiving a delegation of Charlemagne in Baghdad, by Julius Köckert
Islamic influences on Christian art

An

Muslim
rulers in Spain.

These contacts followed an intense conflict between the Carolingians and the

Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid from 797,[24] apparently in view of a Carolingian-Abbasid alliance against Byzantium,[27] or with a view to gaining an alliance against the Umayyads of Spain.[28]

Cultural and scientific exchanges

Main articles:
Islamic influences on Christian art

From the 10th to the 13th century,

Gerbert of Aurillac, future Pope Sylvester II, who had spent some time in Catalonia in the 960s, was instrumental in the adoption of Arabic numerals,[29] as well as the abacus in France and Christian Europe.[30]

France and the Near East (16th–19th centuries)

Between the 16th and 19th century, France had at times a relatively dormant relation with the

Afsharids, and Qajars
). The rivalry between the French, British, and Russians was a key factor in foreign policies for the French for the region, finding themselves at times allied with the Turks or Persians.

Franco-Ottoman alliance (16th–18th centuries)

Main articles: Franco-Ottoman alliance and Orientalism in early modern France
Francis I (left) and Suleiman the Magnificent (right) initiated a Franco-Ottoman alliance from the 1530s.

Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the

Arabic language, through the instruction of Guillaume Postel at the Collège de France.[31]

A

Lily and the Crescent"; nevertheless, it endured since it served the objective interests of both parties.[34]

The French forces, led by

François de Bourbon and the Ottoman forces, led by Barbarossa, joined at Marseille in August 1543,[35] and collaborated to bombard the city of Nice in the Siege of Nice.[33] In this action 110 Ottoman galleys, amounting to 30,000 men,[36] combined with 50 French galleys.[37] The Franco-Ottomans laid waste to the city, but met a stiff resistance which gave rise to the story of Catherine Ségurane. Afterwards, Francis allowed the Ottomans to winter at Toulon
.

The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance lasted for about three centuries,

Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt
, an Ottoman territory, in 1798–1801.

French diplomacy with Persia (16th–19th centuries)

The advent of Shah

Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555), he was accompanied by the French ambassador Gabriel de Luetz, whose advice enabled the Ottomans to force the Persians to surrender the citadel of Van.[39]

When the tide turned in 1604 as Persia gained the upper hand against Ottonan Turkey, the French ambassador to the Porte,

Abbas I, who was rapidly reconquering lost territories and conquering beyond that in Anatolia and the Caucasus.[39]

French endeavors in the Near East remained cautious and limited even after the fall of the

Marquis de Bonnac, ambassador to the Porte, and who was an active mediator between Russia, Iran, and Turkey, all regional rivals.[39]
Cultural links between France and Persia, although gradually developing through this period, suffered at times because of ruptures in diplomatic commercial relations. However, relations picked up intensely with the advent of Napoleon and the
Persia
.

Franco-Persian alliance (19th century)

Main articles: Franco-Ottoman alliance and Franco-Persian alliance
Napoleon I at the Finckenstein Palace, 27 Avril 1807, for the signature of the Treaty of Finckenstein, a Franco-Persian alliance

Despite the hostility of Russian Empress

Imperial Russia.[40] Napoleon thought that closer ties with Persia might facilitate the defeat of Russia and open the way to India as well.[40]

Fath Ali Shah
in 1808

Following his victory at

Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), in order to obtain strategic support in his fight against the Russian Empire
.

The treaty included French support for Persia to reclaim its lost territories comprising Georgia and other territories in the Caucasus that were occupied by Russia by that time, promising to act so that Russia would surrender the territory. In exchange, Persia was to fight Great Britain, and allow France to cross the Persian territory to eventually reach India.[41]

Changes in the political atmosphere that marked the peace between France and Russia at the

Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) despite several successes partly influenced due to initial French assistance, resulted eventually in combination with the Treaty of Tilsit in a disaster for Persia, as not only was it forced to recognize Russian suzerainty over Georgia, its own land which it had been ruling for centuries, but it also facilitated the cession of Dagestan and most of what is today Azerbaijan to Russia amongst the other terms of the Treaty of Gulistan.[42]

French plans in Egypt

Napoleon attempted to establish a decisive French presence in Asia, by first launching his

Talleyrand: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."[44] The Directory, though troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, agreed so the popular general would be absent from the centre of power.[45]

Commercial, religious and military expansion (16th–18th century)

Early-modern contacts with East-Asia (1527-)

Dieppe school
Example of Dieppe maps, by Guillaume Brouscon, 1543

France began trading with Eastern Asia from the early 16th century. In 1526, a sailor from Honfleur named Pierre Caunay sailed to Sumatra. He lost his ship on the return leg between Africa and Madagascar, where the crew was imprisoned by the Portuguese.[46] In July 1527, a French Norman trading ship from Rouen is recorded by the Portuguese João de Barros to have arrived in the Indian city of Diu.[47] The next year, a ship under Jean de Breuilly also arrived in Diu, but this time was seized by the Portuguese.[46]

In 1529, Jean Parmentier, sailing with the Sacre and the Pensée, reached Sumatra.[47][48] Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the Dieppe maps, influencing the work of Dieppe cartographers, such as Jean Rotz.[49]

Following the Portuguese and Spanish forays into Asia after 1500, a few Frenchmen participated in the activities of Catholic religious orders in these countries during the 16th century. The first instance of

Pegu), where for three years he preached the Gospel, but without any result.[50]

François Pyrard and François Martin (1601–1611)

Itinerary of François Pyrard de Laval (1601—1611)

In December 1600 a company was formed through the association of

Acheh in Sumatra, but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at Cape Finisterre.[47][51] François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia were published.[52]

From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré,

Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company, giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years, but no ships were actually sent.[51] In 1606, Henri de Feynes left for China, which he became the first Frenchman to visit. On 1609, another adventurer, Pierre-Olivier Malherbe returned from a circumnavigation, and informed Henry IV of his adventures.[52] He visited China, and in India had an encounter with Akbar.[52]

On the missionary front,

France-China relations when he left Europe to do missionary work in Asia around 1610, eventually arriving at Nanjing
, China in 1611.

Hasekura Tsunenaga (1615)

France-Japan relations when he landed in Saint-Tropez
in 1615.
Further information:
France-Japan relations and Hasekura Tsunenaga

Nagasaki on 29 September 1637.[54]

Company of the Moluccas (1615)

In 1615, the regent

Bantam. One ship returned from Bantam in 1617 with a small cargo, and letters from the Dutch expressing their hostility towards French ships in the East Indies.[51] Also in 1616, two ships were sent from Saint-Malo to Java. One was captured by the Dutch, but the other obtained an agreement from the ruler of Pondicherry to build a fortress and a factory there, and returned with a rich cargo.[51]

"Fleet of Montmorency", led by Augustin de Beaulieu, in the East Indies (1619—1622)

In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannons) called the "Fleet of Montmorency" under General

Treaty of Compiègne, Richelieu obtained that the Dutch would stop fighting the French in the East.[51] Isaac de Razilly
commented however:

As regards Asia and the East Indies there is no hope of planting colonies, for the way is too long, and the Spaniards and Dutch are too strong to suffer it.

— Isaac de Razilly, 1625.[47]
Jean de Thévenot, from "Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant" (1664)

However, trade further developed, with the activities of people such as Jean de Thévenot and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in 17th century Asia. Gilles de Régimont travelled to Persia and India in 1630 and returned in 1632 with a rich cargo. He formed a trading company at Dieppe in 1633, and sent ships every year to the Indian Ocean.[51][55]

In 1638, the Honfleur sailor

Carmelite in Goa in the mission of Francis Xavier, was martyred in Aceh.[56]

Expansion under Louis XIV

Main articles: French East India Company and Paris Foreign Missions Society

France adopted a more structured approach to its expansion in Asia during the 17th century during the rule of Louis XIV, in an organized attempt to establish a mercantile empire by taking a share of the lucrative market of the Indian Ocean.[57] On the religious plane, the Paris Foreign Missions Society was formed from 1658 in order to provide for missionary work in Asia mainly, under French control. Soon after, the French East India Company was established in 1664.

King Narai
in 1685.

In 1664 a mission was sent to

Masulipatam (1669) in India;.[58]
Caron became "Commissaire" at Pondicherry (1668—1672). The French East India Company set up a trading centre at Pondicherry in 1673. This outpost eventually became the chief French settlement in India.

In 1672, Caron helped lead French forces in

Coromandel coast was also taken.[58] However, his military success was short-lived. The French were driven out while Caron was en route to Europe in 1673.[59]

D'Anville
's map of China and Central Asia (1734), compiled on the basis of the first systematic geographic survey of the entire Chinese Empire by a team of French Jesuits (c. 1700)

During the reign of Louis XIV, France further developed

Manchu Kangxi Emperor in China, Louis received the visit of a Chinese Jesuit, Michael Shen Fu-Tsung, by 1684.[61] Furthermore, several years later, he had at his court a Chinese librarian and translator — Arcadio Huang.[62][63]

Louis XV/ Louis XVI

Maximum extension of French influence in India
Suffren meeting with Hyder Ali
in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving (1789)

After these first experiences, France took a more active role in Asia from its base in India. France was able to establish the beginnings of a commercial and territorial empire in India, leading to the formation of

Suffren had a considerable role in upholding French naval power in the Indian Ocean
.
Syriam. France allied with the Mon people and participated in the Burman-Mon conflict in 1751–1756 under Sieur de Bruno and Pierre de Milard.[64][65]

The geographical exploration of Asia was expanded thanks to the efforts of

La Pérouse
.

Following the development of

Pigneau de Behaine
.

France thus managed to gain strong positions in

Napoleonic wars
.

Trade also developed, with the activities of people such as Pierre Poivre who dealt with Vietnam from the 1720s.

Asia in 17th–18th-century French art

Main articles: Chinoiserie and Turquerie
Charles André van Loo
(1747)

The discovery of Asia led to a strong cultural interest in Asian arts. France especially developed a taste for artistic forms derived from Chinese art and narratives, called Chinoiserie, as well as for Turkish scenes, called Turquerie. French textile industry was also strongly influenced by Asian style, with the development of the silk and tapestry industries. A carpet industry façon de Turquie ("in the manner of Turkey") was developed in France in the reign of Henry IV by Pierre Dupont, who was returning from the Levant, and especially rose to prominence during the reign of Louis XIV.[66] The Tapis de Savonnerie especially exemplify this tradition ("the superb carpets of the Savonnerie, which long rivalled the carpets of Turkey, and latterly have far surpassed them")[67] which was further adapted to local taste and developed with the Gobelins carpets. This tradition also spread to Great Britain where it revived the British carpet industry in the 18th century.[68]

Napoleon's Asian ventures

Jean-François Allard became a General in the army of Ranjit Singh.

For a brief period (1806—1815), France had an intense role in

Badung, to provide workers and soldiers for the Franco-Dutch defensive effort, but Java was captured a British expedition in 1811, and the agreement was not implemented.[71]

After the Napoleonic era, some former soldiers of Napoleon left France as mercenaries in Asian countries. One of them

Punjab, in the Maharaja Ranjit Singh's service.[72] Another mercenary of Ranjit Singh, Claude Auguste Court was an early student of Kushan coinage, whose coin–rubbings books are on display at the British Museum
.

Colonial era

Through its defeat in the Napoleonic wars, France lost most of its colonial possessions, but the 19th century brought an era of

Industrial revolution
combined with European expansionism that saw France expand anew to form a second colonial empire in Asia.

French Indochina

Main article: French Indochina
French soldiers in the Tonkin (c. 1890)

In the 1820s, France tried to reestablish contacts with

Cochinchina Campaign
(1858–1862) which marked the real beginning of territorial expansion in Vietnam.

map of Thailand's territorial losses

Northern Vietnam was then disputed with China, leading to the

Franco-Siamese crisis
.

China campaigns

Main articles: Second Opium War and Boxer Rebellion

France intervened several times in China, together with other Western powers, to expand Western influence there. France participated actively to the Second Opium War in 1860, also using religious persecutions as a pretext. In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion led to massive French and Western intervention.

Korea

France also had an interventionist role in northeastern Asia throughout the second half of the 19th century.

In Korea, religious persecutions again motivated the

French Campaign against Korea
in 1866. Although there were no territorial gains, these events would progressively lead to the opening of the "Hermit kingdom" to the rest of the world.

Japan

The French military advisers and their Japanese allies in Hokkaido in 1868
Main article:
France-Japan relations (19th century)

In Japan, France had a key role in fighting anti-foreign forces and supporting the

Boshin war
.

Japonism

Although the shōgun was defeated in the Boshin war, France continued to take an active role in supporting Japan military through the

Emile Bertin.[77]

Asia in 19th-century French art

Main articles:
Japonism

Asia influenced Western authors, and especially French ones, in an artistic school known as

Japonism
. French literature was also strongly influenced by Asia, as in the works of Pierre Loti.

Decolonization and modern collaboration

Indochina War
.

The 20th century was marked by the French difficulties during

Indochina War (1946–1954) marked the end of French military presence in southeast Asia.[78]

Since then, contacts have resumed, and France has remained a strong economic partner to Asian countries. French exports include nuclear power technologies, advanced transportation technologies such as Airbus or TGV, food products, and consumer industries. Asia in turn finds in France a receptive market for its manufactured goods.

Gallery

See also

Notes and references

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  2. ISBN 9780521086912. Retrieved 9 January 2024 – via Google Books
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  3. ^
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  4. ^ Boardman, p. 308
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  11. ISBN 978-0-19-820288-2
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  12. ISBN 978-1-58843-551-4
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  13. ISBN 978-0-89622-537-4
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  15. ^
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  17. ^ "Life of the Fathers".
  18. ISBN 978-1-4529-1215-8
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  21. ^ "A History of the Alans in the West".
  22. ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1
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  23. ^ Fletcher, p. 53
  24. ^ a b "When Worlds Collide".
  25. ^ "The Oliphant".
  26. ISBN 978-0-472-06186-0
    .
  27. ISBN 978-3-11-019229-2
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  28. ISBN 0801492645
    .
  29. ISBN 9780792340669
    .
  30. ^ Fletcher, p. 55
  31. ISBN 978-0-19-820291-2
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  40. ^ a b c d "FRANCE iii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA 1789–1918". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
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  47. ^ a b c d e f Dodwell, H. H., ed. (1933). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. Vol. IV: British India, 1497–1858. Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
  48. ISBN 978-81-206-0710-1
    .
  49. ^ "Explorers and Colonies".
  50. ^ "The Catholic Encyclopedia".
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-46765-8
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  52. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-46765-8
    .
  53. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4
    . The account ... François Martin de Vitré made of their experience incited the king to create a company in the image of that of the United Provinces.
  54. ^ Butler's Lives of the Saints by Alban Butler, Paul Burns, p. 259
  55. ISBN 978-1-61204-339-5
    .
  56. ISBN 978-0-8387-5449-8
    .
  57. ^ Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade by Ames, Glenn J.　Northern Illinois University Press [1][permanent dead link]
  58. ^ a b Pope, G. U. (George Uglow) (1880). A text-book of Indian history : with geographical notes, genealogical tables, examination questions, and chronological, biographical, geographical, and general indexes for the use of schools, colleges, and private students. Oxford University. London : W.H. Allen.
  59. ^ Frazer, Robert Watson (1897). British India. University of Michigan. New York, G. P. Putnam's sons; [etc., etc.]
  60. ^ ""Eastern Magnificence & European Ingenuity"".
  61. ^ "The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art".
  62. ISBN 0-674-01872-9
    , p. 85
  63. ISBN 0-7425-3815-X
    , p. 125
  64. ^ Europe and Burma: A Study of European Relations with Burma- p. 62 by Daniel George Edward Hall – 1945: "Dupleix promised them men and munitions, but before deciding how far to commit himself he sent over his agent, the Sieur de Bruno, to Pegu".
  65. ^ "Power and Plenty".
  66. ^ "Paris as it was and as it is".
  67. ^ "The Industry of Nations".
  68. ^ "Sloan's Architecture - The Late Georgian Period".
  69. ^ Hanna, p. 44
  70. ^ Hanna, p. 45
  71. ^ Hanna, pp. 45–47
  72. ISBN 978-0-415-20289-3
    .
  73. ^ "The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862-1874".
  74. ^ "The Last Emperors of Vietnam".
  75. ^ Tucker, p. 27
  76. ^ "French Policy in Japan During the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime".
  77. ISBN 9780203132234
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  78. ISBN 978-1-40-582470-5. Retrieved 9 January 2024 – via Google Books
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Bibliography
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