Francesco Stancaro

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Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in

Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg
.

A scholar in theology and

Reformists in Poland.[1][2][3] He was imprisoned on numerous occasions and much of his life was spent as an itinerant theologian, traveling extensively across eastern Europe. From 1551 he was involved in the Osiandrian controversy, an extensive Lutheran debate in Germany and Prussia which extended into the mid-1560s. While acknowledging both natures, human and divine, of Christ, Stancaro claimed that Jesus Christ was a mediator not as God but as a man: this doctrine was challenged by the theologian Andreas Musculus in a public discussion held in Berlin on October 10, 1552. Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancaro.[1] In 1562 he settled in Stopnica
, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement. He died on November 12, 1574.

Life

Stancaro was born in Mantua in 1501. He devoted himself to the humanities and scholarly learning, and was ordained as a priest in Padua.[1] He published De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima in 1530.[4] Brought up a Roman Catholic, he became a Protestant in 1540, while teaching Hebrew at the University of Padua.[1] He left for Venice, where he was arrested and imprisoned for sometime, joining another Protestant Italian, Francesco Negri. He left Venice in 1541,[2] and arrived in Vienna by 1544. He was professor of Greek and Hebrew there, but lost his post in 1546.[2]

Bernardino Ochino, companion of Stancaro from March 1546.

In March 1546 he reached

Zurich during this period, before finding refuge in Basel.[3] At Basel he found the time to produce four theological works, Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, and Opera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone. In 1546 he was said to have published a "false opinion" in that there were "supposed to be two different Messiahs, one of a host of unusual notions entertained by Anabaptists."[3] After fruitlessly searching in vain for a job as a teacher of theology, he returned to Chiavenna
.

Stancaro moved on to the

University of Cracow, a position which he was forced to abandon when in March 1550 he was denounced as a Protestant for denying the Catholic doctrine of the intercession of saints. While at the University of Cracow, he is said to have argued that the Eucharist was a promise of a gift to be bestowed in heaven, and not the real flesh and blood of Christ. The small school of theologians who came to agree with this position were labelled Arrhabonarii after the Greek word Ἀρραβων, Arrha, meaning "earnest".[6]

In Poland his oratorical talents and scholarship was recognized, particularly amongst the aristocracy.

Stanislas Orzechowski, who had turned against Protestantism, and authored a popular work denouncing his beliefs.[3]

Andreas Musculus who debated the Osiandrian controversy with Stancaro in 1552.

Stancaro moved on to

Bugenhagen from Wittenberg to Frankfurt in the autumn of 1552 in order to investigate the dispute.[9] They did not travel, but Melanchthon stated in opposition to Stancaro that Christ, like a priest, was a mediator in two natures.[9] Melanchthon published Responsio de controversiis Stancari scripta in June 1552, and Stancaro was forced to leave Frankfurt.[9] Around this time he published Canones Reformationis (also Canones reformationis ecclesiarum Polonicarum or Riformatione),[10] although some give the date of publication as earlier and state 1548 or 1550;[11] the truth though appears to be that he drafted the work in Pińczów in 1650 and published it two years later while in Frankfurt-on-the-Oder in 1552.[4] The work of 50 theological propositions received considerable attention amongst Polish noblemen and their wives in the 1550s.[2][11]

He continued an itinerant existence in Eastern Europe; indeed Stephen Edmondson refers to him as the "wandering Italian theologian".[12][13] Stancaro authored De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis a decade later in 1562 in which he offered his views on the issue, mainly in response to the letters of Peter Martyr Vermigli, a strong critic of Stancero.[1]

In November 1554 he settled in Transylvania, enjoying the protection of the Hungarian lord

Wlodzislaw.[16] Stancaro was released and moved to Dubiecko.[17] Here he was involved in the Synod of Książ, held in September 1560, and a year later he founded a Reformed church, an existence which was to be short-lived.[17] During his time in Dubiecko he authored Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem and De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit. In 1562 he settled in Stopnica, where he led a comparatively quiet life in retirement.[1]
He died on November 12, 1574.

Works

  • De modo legendi Hebraice institutio brevissima, Venedig (1530)
  • Suae ebraee grammaticae compendium, nunc primum excussum, Basel (1547)
  • In epistolam canonicam D. Jacobi Heriolymitani expositio pia, Basel (1547)
  • Miscellanea theologica. Nempe gradus beneficiorum dei, de templis Judaeorum, bibliorum scriptroes, deprophetis, Israeliticus ordo, de synagogis, modus legendas prophetas, linguae ebrae inclinatio, ebrei unde dicti, lectionis in synagoga. Noviter excussa, (1547)
  • Opera nuova di F. S. Mantovano della Riformatione, si della dottrina Christiana, come della vera intelligentia dei sacramenti. con maturi consideratione et fondamento della scrittura santa, et consoglio de Santi Padri. non solamente utile, ma necessaria a ogni stato et conditione di Persone, Basel (1547)
  • Canones Reformationis, Frankfurt/Oder (1552)
  • Collatio doctrinae Arrii, et Philippi Melanchthonis, et sequacium Arrii et Philippi Melanchthonis et Francisci Davidis et reliquorum Saxonum doctrina de Filio Dei, Domino Jesu Christo, vna est et eadem, (1559)
  • De officiis mediatoris domini Jesu Christi et secundum quam naturam haec officia exhibuerit et executusd fuerit, (1559)
  • De Trinitate et Mediatore Domino nostro Iesu Christo adversus Henricum Bullingerum...Ad magnificos et generosos Dominos Nobiles ac eorum Ministeros a variis Pseudoevabelicis seductis, Kraków (1562)
  • Summa confessionis fidei F: S. Matvani, et quorundam discipulorum suorum, triginta octo articulis comprehensa, (1570)

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-943549-75-0
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-16983-8
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-57591-043-7
    . Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780664203726
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4510-0334-5
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  6. ^ "History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences - Arboreus - artery". digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  7. ISBN 978-90-04-18573-9
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  8. ISBN 978-0-09-943983-7
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Artikel „Stancarus, Franciscus“ von Paul Tschackert in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 35 (1893), S. 436–439, (in German), Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource
  10. ISBN 978-3-525-55323-7
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-860175-3
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  12. ISBN 978-1-4068-9245-1
    . Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  13. ISBN 978-0-521-54154-1
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4051-4962-4
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  15. ISBN 978-3-525-01387-8
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  16. ^ Kyrios: Vierteljahresschrift fr̈ Kirchen- und Geistesgeschichte Osteuropas (in German). Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. 1967. p. 162. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8006-7085-6
    . Retrieved 11 September 2012.
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