Francis, Duke of Anjou

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Francis
Valois-Angoulême
FatherHenry II of France
MotherCatherine de' Medici
Engraving of Francis, Duke of Anjou

Monsieur François, Duke of Anjou and Alençon (French: Hercule François; 18 March 1555[1] – 10 June 1584) was the youngest son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.

Early years

He was scarred by smallpox at age eight, and his pitted face and slightly deformed spine did not suit his birth name of Hercule. He changed his name to Francis in honour of his late brother

confirmed
.

The royal children were raised under the supervision of the governor and governess of the royal children, Claude d'Urfé and Françoise d'Humières, under the orders of Diane de Poitiers.

In 1574, following the death of his brother

Duke of Anjou, Touraine, and Berry
.

Alençon and the Huguenots

During the night of 13 September 1575, Alençon fled from the French court after being alienated from his brother King Henry III as they had had some differences.

prince of Condé and his forces in the south. In February 1576, Henry, King of Navarre escaped from the French court, whereupon his forces also joined Condé. This combined army was enough to force Henry III, without a pitched battle of any sort, to capitulate and sign the very pro-Protestant "peace of Monsieur", or Edict of Beaulieu, on 6 May 1576. By "secret treaties" which formed part of this peace settlement, many on the Protestant side were rewarded[by whom?] with land and titles. Francis was awarded the Duchy of Anjou (along with other lands) and thus became the Duke of Anjou. He had the writer Jean de La Gessée as a secretary.[3]

Courting Elizabeth I

French monarchy
Capetian dynasty, House of Valois
(Valois-Angoulême branch)
Francis I
Children
Francis, Dauphin of Viennois
Henry II
Magdalene, Queen of Scots
Charles of Valois
Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
Henry II
Children
Francis II
Elizabeth, Queen of Spain
Claude, Duchess of Lorraine
Louis, Duke of Orléans
Charles IX
Henry III
Margaret, Queen of Navarre
Francis, Duke of Anjou
Francis II
Charles IX
Children
Marie Elisabeth of Valois
Henry III

In 1579, negotiations commenced for marrying Anjou to

Sir Francis Walsingham
, strongly opposed it, even warning the Queen of the hazards of childbirth at her age.

Between 1578 and 1581 the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage with the Duke of Alençon, who had put himself forward as a protector of the Huguenots and a potential leader of the Dutch.[citation needed] In these years Walsingham became friends with the diplomat of Henry of Navarre in England, the anti-monarchist Philippe de Mornay.[citation needed] Walsingham was sent to France in mid-1581 to discuss an Anglo-French alliance, but the French wanted the marriage agreed first, and Walsingham had instructions to obtain a treaty before committing to the marriage.[citation needed] He returned to England without an agreement. Personally, Walsingham opposed the marriage, perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition.[citation needed] Alençon was a Catholic, and as his elder brother, Henry III, was childless, he was heir presumptive to the French throne. Elizabeth was probably past the age of childbearing, and had no clear successor. If she died while married to the French heir, her realms could fall under French control. By comparing the match of Elizabeth and Alençon with the match of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Valois, which occurred in the week before the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, the "most horrible spectacle" he had ever witnessed,[citation needed] Walsingham raised the spectre of religious riots in England in the event of the marriage proceeding. According to the Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth tolerated his blunt opinions and often unwelcome advice, referring to Walsingham as "her Moor who cannot change his colour" with regard to his strong beliefs.[8]

Eventually, Elizabeth pragmatically judged the union an unwise one, after considering the overwhelming opposition of her advisors.[citation needed] She continued, however, to play the engagement game, if only to warn Philip II of Spain, another of her suitors, what she might do, if it became necessary. Finally, Elizabeth bade him farewell in 1581. On his departure she penned a poem, "On Monsieur's Departure", which, taken at face value, has lent credence to the notion that she may really have been prepared to go through with the match.[citation needed]

Anjou in the Netherlands

Anjou continued on to the Netherlands. In 1579

Flushing. In spite of the Joyous Entries he was accorded in Bruges and Ghent and his ceremonious installation as Duke of Brabant and Count of Flanders, Anjou was not popular with the Dutch and Flemish, who continued to see the Catholic French as enemies; the provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William, the central figure of the "Politiques
" who worked to defuse religious hostilities, came under extensive criticism for his "French politics".

  • The Duke enters Antwerp, greeted by cannons
    The Duke enters Antwerp, greeted by cannons
  • Joyous Entry in Antwerp on 19 February 1582 (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam)
    Joyous Entry in Antwerp on 19 February 1582 (
    Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
    )
  • The Duke's arrival in Antwerp on 19 and 22 February 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
    The Duke's arrival in Antwerp on 19 and 22 February 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
  • Anjou's inauguration in front of Antwerp's City Hall on 22 February 1582 ( Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
    Anjou's inauguration in front of Antwerp's City Hall on 22 February 1582 ( Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
  • Anjou on his horse under a baldachin during the Joyous Entry in 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
    Anjou on his horse under a baldachin during the Joyous Entry in 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
  • Anjou's coronation on stage - 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
    Anjou's coronation on stage - 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
  • Satirical Flemish painting painted c.1586, three years after Anjou's Antwerp fiasco; depicting a cow which represents the Dutch provinces. King Philip II of Spain vainly tries to ride the cow, drawing blood with his spurs. Queen Elizabeth I feeds it while William of Orange holds it steady by the horns. The cow is defecating on the Duke of Anjou, who holds its tail. (Toronto Public Library)
    Satirical Flemish painting painted c.1586, three years after Anjou's Antwerp fiasco; depicting a cow which represents the Dutch provinces. King Philip II of Spain vainly tries to ride the cow, drawing blood with his spurs. Queen Elizabeth I feeds it while William of Orange holds it steady by the horns. The cow is defecating on the Duke of Anjou, who holds its tail. (Toronto Public Library)

He is now thought to have been the patron behind the "

Valois tapestries" presented to Catherine de' Medici, which depicted major figures in Catherine's court against scenes of festivity.[9] When Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the Duke of Parma
feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand.

However, Anjou himself, dissatisfied with his limited power, decided to take control of the Flemish cities of Antwerp, Bruges, Dunkirk, and Ostend by force.

He would personally lead the attack on Antwerp. To fool the citizens of Antwerp, Anjou proposed that he should make a "Joyous Entry" into the city, a grand ceremony in which he would be accompanied by his French troops.[citation needed] On 18 January 1583, Anjou entered Antwerp, but the citizens had not been deceived. The city militia ambushed and destroyed Anjou's force in the French Fury. Anjou barely escaped with his life.[10]

Death

Coat-of-arms (after 1576)

The debacle at Antwerp marked the end of Anjou's military career. His mother, Catherine de' Medici, is said to have written to him that "would to God you had died young. You would then not have been the cause of the death of so many brave gentlemen."[11] Another insult followed when Elizabeth I formally ended her engagement to him after the massacre. The position of Anjou after this attack became impossible to hold, and he eventually left the country in June. His departure also discredited William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Anjou.

Soon Anjou fell seriously ill with "tertian ague",

Huguenot Henry of Navarre became heir-presumptive, thus leading to an escalation in the French Wars of Religion
.

Titles

Ancestors

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to François d'Alençon.
  1. ISBN 2-01-009461-1
    .
  2. ^ Knecht, p.53.
  3. ^ Dictionnaire de la littérature française et francophone, Larousse, 1988.
  4. ^ "Elizabeth I to François, Duke of Alençon and Anjou, 19 February 1579 (SP 78/3 f.9)". The National Archives. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  5. ISBN 978-1-349-61581-0
    .
  6. PMID 18985963
    .
  7. ^ From Sir Philip Sidney's letter to Elizabeth I on the subject of Anjou (1579), in Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jan van Dorsten, eds, Miscellaneous prose of Sir Philip Sidney (1973) pp. 46-57
  8. ISBN 978-3-319-76974-5
    .
  9. Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
    ; they remain at the Uffizi.
  10. ^ see Jean Heritière, Catherine di Medici, Allen and Unwin, p397
  11. ISBN 0-15-198370-4
    .
  12. ^ a b Questier 2019, p. 153.
  13. ^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 131–132.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Whale 1914, p. 43.
  15. ^ a b c d Anselme 1726, pp. 210–211.
  16. ^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 126–128.
  17. ^ a b c d Tomas 2003, p. 7.
  18. ^ a b Anselme 1726, p. 209.
  19. ^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 207–208.
  20. ^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 463–465.
  21. ^ a b Tomas 2003, p. 20.
  22. ^ a b Anselme 1726, p. 324.

Bibliography

External links

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