Francis Atterbury
Francis Atterbury | |
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Bishop of Rochester | |
Diocese | Diocese of Rochester |
In office | 1713–1723 |
Predecessor | Thomas Sprat |
Successor | Samuel Bradford |
Orders | |
Ordination | 1687 |
Consecration | 1713 |
Personal details | |
Born | Middleton, Buckinghamshire, England | 6 March 1663
Died | 22 February 1732 Paris, France | (aged 68)
Buried | Westminster Abbey |
Denomination | Church of England |
Education | Westminster School |
Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
Francis Atterbury (6 March 1663 – 22 February 1732) was an English
Early life
He was born at
Clerical career
After the "Glorious Revolution", Atterbury readily swore fealty to the new government. He had taken holy orders in 1687, preached occasionally in London with an eloquence which raised his reputation, and was soon appointed one of the royal chaplains. He ordinarily lived at Oxford, where he was the chief adviser and assistant of Henry Aldrich, under whom Christ Church was a stronghold of Toryism. He inspired a pupil, Charles Boyle, in the Examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertations on the Epistles of Phalaris, an attack (1698) on the Whig scholar Richard Bentley, arising out of Bentley's impugnment of the genuineness of the Epistles of Phalaris. He was figured by Swift in the Battle of the Books as the Apollo who directed the fight, and was, no doubt, largely the author of Boyle's essay. Bentley spent two years in preparing his famous reply, which proved not only that the letters ascribed to Phalaris were spurious, but that all Atterbury's wit and eloquence were a cloak for an audacious pretence at scholarship.[2]
Atterbury was soon occupied in a dispute about matters still more important and exciting. High Church and Low Church divided the nation. The majority of the clergy were on the High Church side; the majority of King William's bishops were inclined to
Leadership of High Church Party
In 1710, the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell produced a formidable explosion of High Church fanaticism. At such a moment Atterbury could not fail to be conspicuous. His inordinate zeal for the body to which he belonged and his rare talents for agitation and for controversy were again displayed. He took a chief part in framing that artful and eloquent speech which Sacheverell made at the bar of the House of Lords, and which presents a singular contrast to the absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honoured with impeachment. During the troubled and anxious months which followed the trial, Atterbury was among the most active of those pamphleteers who inflamed the nation against the Whig ministry and the Whig parliament. When the ministry changed and the parliament was dissolved, rewards were showered upon him. The lower house of Convocation elected him prolocutor, in which capacity he drew up, in 1711, the often-cited Representation of the State of Religion; and in August 1711, the queen, who had selected him as her chief adviser in ecclesiastical matters, appointed him Dean of Christ Church on the death of his old friend and patron Aldrich.[3]
At Oxford he was as conspicuous a failure as he had been at Carlisle, and it was said by his enemies that he was made a bishop because he was so bad a dean. Under his administration, Christ Church was in confusion, scandalous altercations took place, and there was reason to fear that the great Tory college would be ruined by the tyranny of the great Tory doctor. In 1713 he was removed to the bishopric of
Jacobitism
Queen Anne's sudden death confounded the projects of these conspirators, and, whatever Atterbury's previous views may have been, he acquiesced in what he could not prevent, took the oaths to the
Recent findings from the State Papers at Kew has established that Atterbury was the 'Grand Prelate' of the Jacobite Order of Toboso in England. (The Order of Toboso was a Jacobite fraternity named in honour of Dulcinea del Toboso, the imaginary amour of Don Quixote. Both Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Benedict Stuart were members).[4]
Arrest and imprisonment
Attainder of Bishop of Rochester Act 1722 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 27 May 1723 |
In 1721, on the discovery of the plot for the capture of the royal family and the proclamation of "King James III", Atterbury was arrested with the other chief malcontents, and in 1722 committed to the Tower of London, where he remained in close confinement during some months. He had carried on his correspondence with the exiled family so cautiously that the circumstantial proofs of his guilt, though sufficient to produce entire moral conviction, were not sufficient to justify legal conviction. He could be reached only by a bill of pains and penalties. In 1723 such a bill passed the Commons depriving him of his spiritual dignities, banishing him for life, and forbidding any British subject to hold intercourse with him except by the royal permission. In the Lords the contest was sharp, but the bill finally passed by eighty-three votes to forty-three.[3]
Atterbury took leave of those whom he loved with a dignity and tenderness worthy of a better man, to the last protesting his innocence with a singular disingenuousness. After a short stay at Brussels he went to Paris, and became the leading man among the Jacobite refugees there. He was invited to Rome by the Pretender, but Atterbury felt that a bishop of the
Later life and death
Atterbury survived the shock of his daughter's death, and returned to Paris and to the service of the Pretender. In the ninth year of his banishment he published a vindication of himself against John Oldmixon, who had accused him of having, in concert with other Christ Church men, garbled the new edition of Clarendon's History of the Rebellion. He was not one of the editors of the History, and had never seen it until it was printed. Atterbury died, aged 68, on 22 February 1732. His body was brought to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey.[3] In his papers now kept at the Library of Westminster, he desired to be buried "as far from kings and politicians as may be." Thus he is buried next to a 21st-century tourist information booth kiosk. The black slab is simple, indicating his name, birth and death dates; the inscription is now considerably worn.
Of his wife, Katherine Osborn, whom he married while at Oxford, little is known; but between him and his daughter there was affection. His fondness for John Milton was such as to many Tories seemed a crime; and he was the close friend of Joseph Addison. He lived on friendly terms with Jonathan Swift, John Arbuthnot and John Gay. With Matthew Prior he had a close intimacy. Alexander Pope found in Atterbury an admirer, adviser, and editor as requested.[5]
Notes
- ^ British History On-line
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 880.
- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 881.
- ^ Rob Collis. To a Fair Meeting on the Green: The Order of Toboso and Jacobite Fraternalism, 1726-c.1739 in Living with Jacobitism, 1690–1788. The Three Kingdoms and Beyond, Allan Macinnas, Kieran German and Lesley Graham (eds.), Pickering & Chatto, 2014.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 881–882.
References
- Bennett, Gareth V. The Tory crisis in church and state 1688-1730: the career of Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester (Clarendon Press, 1975).
- Cruickshanks, Eveline and Howard Erskine-Hill. Atterbury Plot (2004) 312p. scholarly history
- Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 233–238.
- Thomas Babington Macaulay, Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches -Volume 3, Contributions to the Encyclopædia Britannica.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atterbury, Francis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–882. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Primary sources
- Atterbury, Francis. The Epistolary Correspondence, Visitation Charges, Speeches, and Miscellanies, of the Right Reverend Francis Atterbury...: With Historical Notes... (1784). online
External links
- Atterbury Papers. James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.