Francis II, Duke of Brittany
Francis II | |
---|---|
Anne | |
Born | 23 June 1433 Château de Clisson, Nantes, Brittany |
Died | 9 September 1488 Couëron | (aged 55)
Burial | |
Spouses | |
Dreux-Montfort | |
Father | Richard, Count of Étampes |
Mother | Margaret, Countess of Étampes |
Francis II (
Early life
Francis was born on 23 June 1433 to
Relationship with English royalty
Protector of the House of Lancaster
Francis unexpectedly became the protector of England's
Francis gained custody over the Tudors when they tried to flee to France but strong winds in the English Channel forced them to land at Le Conquet in Brittany.[5] Henry Tudor, the only remaining Lancastrian noble with a trace of royal bloodline, had a weak claim to the throne,[4] and King Edward IV regarded him as "a nobody".[6] However, Francis viewed Henry as a valuable bargaining tool for England's aid, when in conflicts with France, and therefore kept the Tudors under his protection.[6] He housed Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor, and the core of their group of exiled Lancastrians at the Château de Suscinio in Sarzeau, where they remained for 11 years. There, Francis generously supported this group of exiled Englishmen against all the Plantagenet demands that he should surrender them.
In October 1483, Henry Tudor launched a failed invasion of England from Brittany. Francis supported this invasion by providing 40,000 gold crowns, 15,000 soldiers, and a fleet of transport ships. Henry's fleet of 15 chartered vessels was scattered by a storm, and his ship reached the coast of England in company with only one other vessel. Henry realised that the soldiers on shore were the men of the new Yorkist king, Richard III of England, and so he decided to abandon the invasion and return to Brittany. As for Henry's main conspirator in England, Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, he was convicted of treason and beheaded on 2 November 1483, way before Henry's ships landed in England.[7] For Henry's conspiracy against King Richard III had been unravelled, and without the Duke of Buckingham or Henry Tudor, the rebellion was easily crushed.[8]
Survivors of the failed uprising then fled to Brittany, where they openly supported Henry Tudor's claim to the throne.[9] On Christmas Day in 1483 at the Rennes Cathedral, Henry swore an oath to marry King Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, and thus unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster.[10] Henry's rising prominence made him a great threat to King Richard III, and the Yorkist king made several overtures to Duke Francis II to surrender the young Lancastrian. Francis refused, holding out for the possibility of better terms from the King.[11] In mid-1484, Francis was incapacitated by one of his periods of illness, and while recuperating, his treasurer, Pierre Landais, took over the reins of government. Landais reached an agreement with King Richard III to send Henry and his uncle Jasper back to England in exchange for a pledge of 3,000 English archers to defend Brittany against a threatened French attack. John Morton, a bishop of Flanders, learnt of the scheme and warned the Tudors in time. The Tudors then managed to escape separately, hours ahead of Landais' soldiers, across the nearby border into France.[12] They were received at the court of King Charles VIII of France, who allowed them to stay and provided them with resources.[13] Shortly afterwards, when Francis had recovered, he offered the 400 remaining Lancastrians, still at and around the Château de Suscinio, safe-conduct into France and even paid for their expenses. For the French, the Tudors were useful pawns to ensure that King Richard III did not interfere with French plans to acquire Brittany.[14] Thus, the loss of the Lancastrians seriously played against the interests of Francis II.[a]
Relationship with French royalty
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
King Louis XI
Louis XI was renowned as a cunning adversary and a master at diplomacy, if not the military arts. His contemporary nickname was "The Universal Spider," reflecting his constant political plotting.
Francis became a member of the
In 1467 Charles the Bold inherited the Duchy of Burgundy, which held fiefs in France that included the counties of Artois and Flanders, and the Imperial lands of Holland, Brabant, and Luxembourg. As Duke of Burgundy, Charles aspired to forge a kingdom of his own between France and Germany, approximating the former domains of the Frankish Emperor Lothair I. But Charles was killed in 1477 at the Battle of Nancy against René II, Duke of Lorraine and a hired army of Swiss mercenaries, and Louis was saved from his greatest adversary. The great Duchy of Burgundy was then absorbed into the Kingdom of France, and the League of the Public Weal was essentially defeated, although several members would re-ally for the Mad War in 1485.
The fortunes of Francis and Brittany would continue to deteriorate after Louis XI's death in 1483, as his daughter Anne of France would serve as regent for putative successor Charles VIII.
Regency of Anne of France
Francis was anxious to maintain his duchy's autonomy during the minority of
In focusing on relations with his neighbour France, however, Francis II neglected his own realm. His corrupt and oppressive prime minister, Guillaume Chauvin, who was overthrown by treasurer general Pierre Landais in 1477, died in prison on 5 April 1484. A large part of the nobility had been bribed by Anne and Charles and supported them in their eagerness to subjugate Brittany. These nobles performed a coup d'état ousting Landais, who was eventually hanged in 1485.
In 1486, the Estates of Brittany confirmed Francis' daughter
La Guerre Folle (The Mad War)
Francis then allied with
A few days later, on 10 August, Francis was forced to sign the
Francis is interred in an elaborate tomb in the Nantes Cathedral. His tomb was commissioned by his daughter Anne, and is an important early example of Renaissance sculpture in France.[c]
Family
Francis was married twice. His first wife was
- John, Count of Montfort (29 June – 25 August 1463)
Francis' second wife was Margaret of Foix, Princess of Navarre, daughter of Gaston IV, Count of Foix and Queen Eleanor of Navarre.[24] They had:
- Anne of Brittany (1477–1514),[3] his only legitimate heir to reach adulthood.
- Isabeau of Brittany (1478–1490),[22] betrothed to Jean d'Albret in 1481, died young, and was buried at the Rennes Cathedral.
Francis also had five illegitimate children with Antoinette de Maignelais, the former mistress of King Charles VII of France.
Legacy
Breton nobles acted to safeguard Anne as their Duchess and to protect the Duchy's autonomy for which Francis had fought so hard. In 1489 these nobles signed the
See also
- Dukes of Brittany family tree
- Henry VII of England
- War of the Roses
- Other politically important horse accidents
Notes
- ^ On 16 March 1485, Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died,[15] and rumours spread across the country that she was murdered to pave the way for Richard to marry his niece, Elizabeth. The gossip alienated Richard from some of his northern supporters,[16] and upset Henry across the English Channel.[17] The loss of Elizabeth's hand in marriage could unravel the alliance between Henry's supporters who were Lancastrians and those who were loyalists to Edward IV.[18] Anxious to secure his bride, Henry assembled approximately 2,000 men and set sail from France on 1 August.[19] Henry's second successful invasion of England ended with his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field.
- ^ League of the Public Weal in French is La ligue du Bien public
- ^ Francis II's tomb was designed by Jean Perréal and sculpted by Michel Colombe.
References
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 617–618.
- ^ Jones 1988, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Devries 1999, p. 182.
- ^ a b Ross 1997, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 17.
- ^ a b Ross 1999, p. 192.
- ^ Williams 1973, p. 25.
- ^ Ross 1999, p. 117.
- ^ Ross 1999, p. 118.
- ^ Ross 1999, p. 196.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 19.
- ^ Lander 1981, p. 324.
- ^ Kendall 1973, p. 297.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 31.
- ^ Ross 1999, p. 144.
- ^ Ross 1999, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 38.
- ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 39.
- ^ Lander 1981, p. 325.
- ^ Kendall 1973, p. 143.
- ^ Currin 2000, p. 379-412.
- ^ a b Gaude-Ferragu 2016, p. 16.
- ^ Booton 2010, p. 317.
- ^ Booton 2010, p. 152.
Bibliography
- Adams, George (1896). The Growth of the French Nation. Chautauqua Century Press.
- Booton, Diane E. (2010). Manuscripts, Market and the Transition to Print in Late Medieval Brittany. Ashgate Publishing.
- Currin, John M. (2000). "The King's Army into the Partes of Bretaigne': Henry VII and the Breton Wars", War in History, Vol. 7, No. 4.
- Contamine, Philippe (2004). Bataille de Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, in Jacques Garnier dir. Dictionnaire Perrin des guerres et batailles de l'histoire de France. Paris,France: Perrin.
- Chrimes, Stanley (1999) [1972]. Henry VII. Yale English Monarchs. ISBN 0-300-07883-8.
- de La Borderie, Arthur Le Moyne (Membre de l'Institut) (1905–1914). Histoire de la Bretagne, 6 volumes in-quarto. Rennes, France: Imprimerie Vatar, Plihon Editeur.
- Devries, Kelly (1999). Joan of Arc: A Military Leader. The History Press.182
- Dupuy, Antoine (1880). Histoire de l'union de la Bretagne à la France, 2 vol. Paris, France: Librairie Hachette.
- Gaude-Ferragu, Murielle (2016). Queenship in Medieval France, 1300-1500. Translated by Krieger, Angela. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hoyt, Robert (1966). Europe in the Middle Ages. Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 2nd ed.
- Jones, Michael (1988). Creation of Brittany. The Hambledon Press.
- Kendall, Paul Murray (1973). Richard the Third. Sphere Books. ISBN 0-351-17095-2.
- Kerhervé, Jean (1987). L'État Breton aux XIVe et XVe siècles, 2 vol. Maloine. ISBN 2-224-01704-9
- Lander, Jack (1981) [1980]. "Richard III". Government and Community: England, 1450–1509. Massachusetts, United States: ISBN 0-674-35794-9.
- Legay, Jean-Pierre; Martin, Hervé (1982). Fastes et malheurs de la Bretagne ducale 1213–1532. Rennes, France: Editions *Ouest-France Université.
- Minois, Georges (1999). Anne de Bretagne. Paris, France: Fayard.
- ISBN 0-300-07372-0.
- Ross, Charles (1999) [1981]. Richard III. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07979-6.
- Tourault, Philippe (1990). Anne de Bretagne. Paris, France: Perrin.
- L'État Breton, tome 2 de l' Histoire de la Bretagne et des pays celtiques. Morlaix: Éditions Skol Vreizh. 1996.
- Williams, Neville (1973). The Life and Times of Henry VII. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76517-5.