Francis William Newman
Francis William Newman | |
---|---|
Weston-Super-Mare , England | |
Occupation(s) | Scholar, philosopher, writer, activist |
Spouses | Maria Kennaway
(m. 1835; died 1876)Eleanor Williams (m. 1878) |
Family | John Henry Newman (brother) |
Signature | |
Francis William Newman (27 June 1805 – 4 October 1897) was an English classical scholar and moral philosopher, prolific miscellaneous writer and activist for vegetarianism and other causes.
He was the younger brother of John Henry Newman. Thomas Carlyle in his life of John Sterling called him a "man of fine attainments, of the sharpest-cutting and most restlessly advancing intellect and of the mildest pious enthusiasm."[1] George Eliot called him "our blessed St. Francis" and his soul "a blessed yea".[2]
Early life
Newman was born in London, the third son of John Newman, a banker, and his wife Jemima Fourdrinier, sister of Henry Fourdrinier. With his brother John Henry, he was educated at Ealing School. He matriculated at Worcester College, Oxford in 1822, where he obtained a double first class and graduated B.A. in 1826. He was elected fellow of Balliol College in the same year.[3][4][5]
During his undergraduate days, his father's bank having failed, he was able to complete his degree by relying on financial support from his older brother John Henry.
In 1827, Newman went to Delgany, County Wicklow, where for a year he tutored the sons of Edward Pennefather, There he fell under the influence of Pennefather's brother-in-law, the Rev John Nelson Darby, one of the nascent group of Plymouth Brethren, who he describes in Phases of Faith as "the Irish Clergyman".[4]
Conscientious scruples respecting the ceremony of infant baptism then led him to resign his fellowship in 1830.[3][8]
Missionary
Newman then took another position, in the family of
Shortly, in September 1830, Newman left Ireland with a party bound for Baghdad. They intended to join the independent faith mission of Anthony Norris Groves, who was working there with John Kitto and Karl Gottlieb Pfander. The party included John Vesey Parnell, who was its financial backer with John Gifford Bellett, Edward Cronin, and others. The journey, guided by the early views of Darby, ended badly.[10][11][12] Newman's letters written home during the period of his mission were collected and published in 1856.[3] There are other accounts, by the Brethren historian William Blair Neatby, and by Henry Groves, son of Anthony Norris Groves.
In 1833, Newman returned to England, via
Academic
Finding himself looked upon with suspicion by erstwhile evangelical colleagues, including Darby, Newman gave up on his vocation of missionary. He became classical tutor at the non-sectarian Bristol College, which existed 1831–1841 at Park Row, Bristol.[3]
In 1840, he became classics professor at
During his tenure there, Newman produced a translation of the Iliad in 1856 that was notable for having come under heavy criticism from English poet and literary critic Matthew Arnold,[13] which infamously led to a bitter quarrel between the two in 1860 and resulted in Arnold's famous series of essays on translation, On Translating Homer.[14]
Views
Newman once described himself as "anti-everything".[15] Wilfrid Meynell commented that Newman was as a "deist, vegetarian, anti-vaccinationist, to whom a monastery is even as a madhouse."[16] Literary critic Lionel Trilling described Newman as a "militant vegetarian, an intransigent anti-vivisectionist, an enthusiastic anti-vaccinationist."[17]
"The perfection of the soul, he said, lay in its becoming woman. He believed in woman's right to vote, to educate herself and to ride astride". He sought to make life rational in all things, including clothing. He wore an alpaca tailcoat in summer, three coats in winter (the outer one green), and in bad weather, he wore a rug with a hole cut for his head. When it was muddy, he wore trousers edged with six inches of leather.[15]
Christian and secularist belief
As a young man, Newman was a fervent
Newman returned from Baghdad in 1833 a
In London of the 1840s Newman associated with the radical group comprising also
The liberal theological movement to which Newman belonged was hailed by
Journalism and controversy
Newman wrote, anonymously, a favorable review of
With Martineau and others such as James Anthony Froude and Edward Lombe, he was one of the unorthodox but "respectable" backers when John Chapman took over the radical Westminster Review in 1851.[30] The embattled Newman was a figure of controversy, particularly with Henry Rogers and his The Eclipse of Faith, or, A Visit to a Religious Sceptic of 1852, to which Newman replied.[31] He was supported in the Westminster Review by a sympathetic article of 1858, "F. W. Newman and his Evangelical Critics", by Wathen Mark Wilks Call, that classed him as an "honest doubter".[32] Considering the reception of ten books by Newman from the 1850s, Call (writing anonymously) concluded that many of his opponents "failed in candour, courtesy, generosity, and conscientiousness."[33]
Newman himself published in the Westminster Review the provocative "Religious Weaknesses of Protestantism" in 1859. Circulation dropped, but
Returning to the topic at book length, Newman published The Religious Weakness of Protestantism in 1866.
He went on to contribute 11 articles in the early 1870s to Fraser's Magazine, edited by Froude.[41]
Social purity movement
Newman was both a supporter of a radical
In his lectures of the 1850s on
An opponent of birth control, Newman put a case that sexual excess was a danger to women's health.[47] The Moral Reform Union, launched in 1881 and commended by The Englishwoman's Review, published Newman's book 1889 book The Corruption Now Called Neo-Malthusianism.[48][49]
Vegetarianism
Newman joined the Vegetarian Society in 1868,[50] and was President of the Society from 1873 to 1883.[51] He was opposed to the dogmatic ideas of raw foodism and objected to the disuse of flavourings and salt. He commented that "the number of dogmatic prohibitions against everything that makes food palatable will soon ruin our society if not firmly resisted." In 1877, Newman criticized a raw food book of Gustav Schlickeysen.[50]
He made an associate membership possible for people who were not completely vegetarian, such as those who ate chicken or fish. From 1875 to 1896, membership for the Vegetarian Society was 2,159 and associate membership 1,785.[50]
Newman did not like the term "vegetarian" because it implied someone who ate only vegetables. Instead, he preferred the Greek term "anti-creophagite" or "anti-creophagist" (anti-flesh eater). This idea was not supported by other members of the Society, as few people knew what the term meant.[52] He used the phrase "V E M" diet (vegetables, eggs, milk).[53] Newman consumed dairy and eggs. In 1884, a hostile review of his book Essays on Diet commented that he "is no vegetarian himself in the strict acceptation of the word, for he takes milk, eggs, butter, and cheese."[54] Newman believed that abstinence from meat, fish and fowl should be the only thing the Vegetarian Society advocates. Some members believed that Newman was not strict enough.[50] However, under Newman's presidency the Society flourished as income, associates and membership numbers increased.[55]
In the 1890s, Newman converted to a
Vaccination
Newman was an
One of Newman's opponents in the vaccination controversy was Henry Alleyne Nicholson (Harry), whom he had tutored, and the son of his good friend John Nicholson. He declined to answer Henry's pamphlet.[59]
Land reform
- The Land as National Property: With Special View to the Scheme of Reclaiming it for the Nation Proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace (1886)[60]
Newman was quoted by James Platt as stating that "the ownership of land is a monstrous despotism".[61]
During the 1870s, Newman supported Matthew Vincent's scheme for acquiring land to provide smallholdings for agricultural labourers.[62]
Family
Newman was married twice, firstly on 23 December 1835 to Maria Kennaway (died 1876).
Maria's sister Frances married Edward Cronin in 1838.[67]
The couple had no children.
Secondly, Newman married Eleanor Williams on 3 December 1878.[4]
Death
After his retirement from University College, Newman continued to live for some years in London, subsequently removing to Clifton, and eventually to Weston-super-Mare, where he died in 1897. He had been blind for five years before his death, but retained his faculties to the last.[1]
Newman's funeral address was given by John Temperley Grey.[38] It contained the comment that he was "a saint in the very thick of life's battle."[76]
Legacy
Newman is listed on the south face of
Works
Newman studied mathematics and oriental languages, but wrote little until 1847.
Linguistic
As listed in the Dictionary of National Biography.
- A Collection of Poetry for ... Elocution, 1850
- Homeric Translation in Theory and Practice, 1861; a reply to Matthew Arnold.
- The Text of the Iguvine Inscriptions, 1864[79]
- A Handbook of Modern Arabic, 1866[80]
- Translations of English Poetry into Latin Verse, 1868[81]
- Orthoëpy ... Mode of Accenting English, 1869
- Dictionary of Modern Arabic, 1871, 2 vols.[82][83]
- Libyan Vocabulary, 1882[84]
- Comments on the Text of Æschylus, 1884
- Supplement ... and Notes on Euripides, 1890
- Kabail Vocabulary, 1887
Translations or adaptations into Latin:
- Hiawatha [The Song of Hiawatha]. London: Walton and Maberly. 1862.
- Rebilius Cruso [Robinson Crusoe]. London: Trübner & co. 1864. (In the preface Newman describes himself as "taking only the general idea from Defoe".)
Religion
Prominent were:
- History of the Hebrew Monarchy (1847; 1853);[85] intended to introduce the results of German scholarship and Biblical criticism.[1]
- The Soul (1849; 3rd edit. 1852)[86] This work made a favourable impression on Charlotte Brontë.[87]
- Phases of Faith (1850; 1852), autobiographical, detailing the author's passage from Calvinism to theism.[88]
- Theism, Doctrinal and Practical, 1858[89]
Others listed in the Dictionary of National Biography:
- On the Relation of Free Churches to Moral Sentiment, 1847
- Thoughts on a Free and Comprehensive Christianity, Ramsgate [1865]
- The Religious Weakness of Protestantism, Ramsgate, 1866
- On the Defective Morality of the New Testament, Ramsgate, 1867.
- The Bigot and the Sceptic, Ramsgate [1869]
- James and Paul, Ramsgate, 1869
- Anthropomorphism, Ramsgate, 1870
- On the Causes of Atheism [1871]
- The Divergence of Calvinism from Pauline Doctrine, Ramsgate, 1871
- The Temptation of Jesus, Ramsgate [1871]
- On the Relation of Theism to Pantheism, and on the Galla Religion, Ramsgate, 1872
- Thoughts on the Existence of Evil, Ramsgate [1872]
- On the Historical Depravation of Christianity, 1873
- Ancient Sacrifice, 1874
- Hebrew Theism, 1874
- The Two Theisms [1874]
- On this and the other World [1875]
- Religion not History, 1877
- Morning Prayers, 1878; 1882
- What is Christianity without Christ? 1881
- A Christian Commonwealth, 1883
- Christianity in its Cradle, 1884; 1886
- Life after Death? 1886; 1887
- The New Crusades; or the Duty of the Church to the World, Nottingham, 1886
- Hebrew Jesus: His true Creed, Nottingham, 1895
Posthumous was
- Mature Thought on Christianity, 1897, edited by George Jacob Holyoake.[90]
Social and political
As listed in the Dictionary of National Biography.[38]
- A State Church not Defensible, 1845; 1848
- On Separating ... Church from State, 1846
- Appeal to the Middle Classes on ... Reforms, 1848
- On ... Our National Debt, 1849
- Lectures on Political Economy, 1851[91]
- The Ethics of War, 1860
- English Institutions and their ... Reforms, 1865
- The Permissive Bill, Manchester, 1865
- The Cure of the great Social Evil, 1869; first part reprinted as On the State Provision for Vice, 1871; second part reprinted, 1889
- Europe of the near Future, 1871
- Lecture on Women's Suffrage, Bristol [1869]
- Essays on Diet, 1883[92]
- The Land as National Property [1886]
- The Corruption now called Neo-Malthusianism, 1889; 1890
- The Vaccination Question, 5th edit. 1895
Other
- The Science of Evidence. Oxford: J. H. Parker. 1838.
- Personal Narrative in Letters, Principally from Turkey in the Years 1830–3. London: Hollyoak & co. 1856.
- Physiological Arguments in Favor of Vegetarianism. The Herald of Health, 1875.
- Contributions chiefly to the Early History of Cardinal Newman (1891), considered at the time deficient in fraternal feeling.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e Garnett 1911, p. 517.
- ^ Lionel Trilling, "Matthew Arnold", W.W. Norton Company, 1939, p. 169
- ^ a b c d e f Garnett 1911, p. 516.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20019. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
- ISBN 978-0-521-28067-9.
- ^ Ward, Maisie (1948). Young Mr. Newman. Sheed & Ward. p. 165.
- ISBN 0-19-282705-7.
- ^ The Homeopathic World: A Monthly Journal of Medical, Social, and Sanitary Science. Homœpathic Publishing Company. 1882. p. 125.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21389. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11688. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- JSTOR 20515641.
- ISBN 978-0-521-01246-1.
- ISBN 978-1-84769-408-9.
In contrast, Matthew Arnold engaged in a bitter quarrel with Francis Newman about the correct way to translate ancient works for modern readers, which resulted in his famous essays, 'On Translating Homer', published in 1860, which established a benchmark for the ideal translation.
- ^ a b I.G. Sieveking, "Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman", London, 1909, p.26
- ^ Meynell, Wilfrid. (1890). Cardinal Newman: A Monograph. London: John Sinkins. p. 5
- ^ Trilling, Lionel. (1939). Matthew Arnold. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 170
- ISBN 978-1-4982-0931-1.
- Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
- Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b c d e Gavin Budge et al. (editors), The Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century British Philosophers (2002), Thoemmes Press (two volumes), article Newman, Francis William, p. 858.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-0557-2.
- ISBN 978-90-04-41855-4.
- ISBN 978-0-86193-312-9.
- ISBN 978-1-000-41981-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7190-0557-2.
- ^ Newman, Francis William (1854). Catholic Union: Essays Towards a Church of the Future, as the Organization of Philanthropy. J. Chapman.
- ISBN 978-0-226-15825-9.
- ISBN 978-0-521-24245-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-6689-3.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23977. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- JSTOR 20083747.
- ISBN 978-0-300-14282-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7185-1190-6.
- ISBN 978-0-521-87605-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8139-1869-3.
- ISBN 978-0-8139-1869-3.
- ^ a b c Lee, Sidney, ed. (1901). . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ISBN 978-0-567-01471-9.
- ^ Newman, Francis William (1860). Phases of Faith: Or, Passages from the History of My Creed. G. Manwaring. p. 113.
- JSTOR 20776003.
- ISBN 978-0-85664-938-7.
- ISBN 978-0-300-19428-9.
- ISBN 978-0-85664-938-7.
- ISBN 978-0-85664-938-7.
- ^ The Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review. John Chapman. 1851. p. 91.
- ISBN 978-0-8419-0349-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7100-0807-7.
- ^ Newman, Francis William (1889). The Corruption Now Called Neo-Malthusianism. Moral Reform Union.
- ^ ISBN 0-87451-708-7
- ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9
- ^ Sieveking, I. Giberne. (1909). Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 118
- ^ Newman, Francis William. (1883). Essays On Diet. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co. p. 24
- ^ "A Vegetarian Diet. Essays on Diet by Francis William Newman". Health: A Weekly Journal of Sanitary Science. 3: 90. 1884.
- S2CID 143788478.
- ^ May Vegetarians Eat Fish?. Dundee Evening Telegraph (11 September 1895).
- ISBN 978-0-85664-938-7.
- ^ Anonymous. (1869). F. W. Newman as an Anti-Vaccinator. The Lancet 2: 346.
- ^ Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman (1909) by I. Giberne Sieveking, chapter IX
- ^ Newman, F. W. (1886). The Land as National Property: With Special View to the Scheme of Reclaiming it for the Nation Proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace. W. Reeves.
- ^ Platt, James (1883). Platt's Essays. Simpkin, Marshall. p. 9.
- ^ s:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Vincent, J. E. Matthew
- ^ Schellenberg, Ann Margaret (1994). Prize the Doubt: The Life and Work of Francis William Newman (PDF) (Thesis). Durham University.
- ^ Newman, John Henry (1961). Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman: Fellow of Trinity. Vol. January 1876-December 1878. T. Nelson. p. 471.
- ^ Sieveking, Isabel Giberne (1909). Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman: With Twenty-eight Illustrations and Two Articles (one Unpublished Ms.). Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Company, Limited. p. 55.
- ISBN 978-0-300-11507-9.
- ISBN 978-0-19-088272-3.
- ^ Carlyle, Thomas (1871). The Life of John Sterling. Chapman & Hall. p. 246.
- ISBN 978-0-19-871828-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-1286-4.
- S2CID 162252715.
- ISBN 978-1-135-43401-4.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26408. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Deaths of Note". Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette. 7 June 1877. p. 8.
- ISBN 978-0-300-09652-1.
- ISBN 978-3-030-40082-8.
- ^ "The Reformers Memorial". Waking the Dead - The Hidden Histories of Kensal Green Cemetery. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ISSN 0025-570X.
- ^ The Text of the Iguvine Inscriptions with Interlinear Latin Translation and Notes. London: Trübner & co. 1864.
- ^ A Handbook of Modern Arabic. London: Trübner & co. 1866.
- ^ Translations of English Poetry into Latin Verse. London: Trübner & co. 1868.
- ^ A Dictionary of Modern Arabic. Vol. 1. London: Trübner & co. 1871.
- ^ A Dictionary of Modern Arabic. Vol. 2. London: Trübner & co. 1871.
- ^ Libyan Vocabulary. London: Trübner & co. 1882.
- ^ History of the Hebrew Monarchy. London: J. Chapman. 1847.
- ^ The Soul: Its Sorrows and Aspirations. London: J. Chapman. 1849.
- ISBN 978-0-7481-1453-5.
- ^ Phases of Faith. London: Trübner & Co. 1874 [1850].
- ^ Theism, Doctrinal and Practical: Or, Didactic Religious Utterances. London: J. Chapman. 1858.
- ^ Holyoake, G. J., ed. (1897). Mature Thought on Christianity. Watts.
- ^ Lectures on Political Economy. London: J. Chapman. 1874.
- ^ Essays on Diet. London: K. Paul, Trench & co. 1883.
Further reading
- Sieveking, Isabel Giberne, ed. (1909). Memoir and Letters of Francis W. Newman. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co.
- Jones, Tod E., ed. (2009). Letters of Francis William Newman, Chiefly on Religion. Charlottesville, VA: The Philosophy Documentation Center. ISBN 978-1-889680-76-7.
- Jones, Tod E., ed. (2009). The Works of Francis William Newman on Religion. Charlottesville, VA: The Philosophy Documentation Center. ISBN 978-1-889680-75-0.
External links
- Works by Francis William Newman at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Francis William Newman at Internet Archive
- Francis William Newman at the International Vegetarian Union
Attribution
- public domain: Garnett, Richard (1911). "Newman, Francis William". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 516–517. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the