Francis of Assisi

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This article is about the friar and patron saint. For other uses, see Francis of Assisi (disambiguation).

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Benedictine abbey of Subiaco, painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the stigmata, but the image is a religious image and not a portrait.[6]

Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone (c. 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi,[b] was an Italian mystic, poet and Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans. He was inspired to lead a Christian life of poverty as a beggar[7] and itinerant preacher. One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,[8][4] Francis was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown habit with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots that symbolize the three Franciscan vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade.[9] In 1223, he arranged for the first live nativity scene as part of the annual Christmas celebration in Greccio.[c][10][11] According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the stigmata during the apparition of a Seraphic angel in a religious ecstasy.[12]

He founded the men's

Order of St. Clare, the Third Order of St. Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Once his community was authorized by Pope Innocent III
, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs.

Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the

American city of San Francisco
.

Names

Francis (

Latin: Franciscus Assisiensis) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surnames, di Pietro di Bernardone, come from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honor of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.[14]

His full name contemporarily could be translated to John Peter "Francis" Bernardone.

Biography

São Francisco das Chagas, painted by Ducarmo Teles.

Early life

Francis of Assisi was born c. 1181,[15][16] one of the children of an Italian father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from Provence.[17]

Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.

Transalpine.[14] He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes. He spent money lavishly.[11] Although many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures,[17] his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar". In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends mocked him for his charity; his father scolded him in rage.[18]

Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive,[19] during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in the worldly life.[12] According to hagiographic accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty".[11]

On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basilica.[12] He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for divine illumination. He said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the forsaken country chapel of San Damiano, just outside Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there.[20] When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor.[11]

In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the

Bishop of Assisi, Francis renounced his father and his patrimony.[11] Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak.[21][22]

For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a

lepers, in the leper colonies
near Assisi.

  • The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young
    The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young
  • Saint Francis renounces his earthly father.
    Saint Francis renounces his earthly father.

Founding of the Franciscan Orders

Friars Minor

One morning in February 1208, Francis was taking part in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woolen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went about exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so.[4]

His example attracted others. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria, making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.[11]

Pope Innocent III approving the statutes of the Order of the Franciscans, by Giotto, 1295–1300

In 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ("friars"), the Regula primitiva or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from

Franciscan Order.[4] The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (Order of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order or the Seraphic Order), were centered in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.[4] Francis was later ordained a deacon, but not a priest.[11]

Poor Clares and Third Order

From then on, the new order grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of

Benedictine nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano,[4] to a few small huts or cells. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as Poor Clares.[11]

For those who could not leave their affairs, Francis later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance, a fraternity composed of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.[4] Before long, the Third Order – now titled the Secular Franciscan Order – grew beyond Italy.[26]

Travels

Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and let God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind".[27] The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.[28]

In the same year, Francis sailed for Morocco, but an illness forced him to break off his journey while in Spain.

In 1219, accompanied by Friar Illuminatus of Arce and hoping to convert the Sultan of Egypt or be martyred in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt during the Fifth Crusade where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of Damietta. The Sultan, al-Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire that lasted four weeks.[29] Probably during this interlude Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days.[30] Reports give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed.[d] No known Arab sources mention the visit.[31]

Francis and others treating victims of leprosy or smallpox

Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi.[e]

According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for Acre, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by Bonaventure, later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis.[f]

Due to these events in Jerusalem,[

Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from Pope Clement VI in 1342.[32]

Reorganization of the Franciscan Order

Papal Bull" (Regula prima, Regula non bullata), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.[4]

On 29 September 1220, Francis handed over the governance of the order to Brother Peter Catani at the Porziuncola, but Peter died only five months later.

Brother Peter was succeeded by

Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule", creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the order's official rule, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order. Once the rule was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs.[4] During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, first as far south as Catania in Sicily and afterward as far north as Bologna.[34]

Stigmata, final days, and sainthood

Francis considered his stigmata part of the Imitation of Christ.[35][36] by Cigoli, 1699

While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for

Exaltation of the Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ."[37] Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma, Francis received care in several cities (Siena, Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing Psalm 141, "Voce mea ad Dominum"
.

On 16 July 1228, he was declared a saint by Pope

Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias, in order to protect it from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed a crypt for the remains in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978, the remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by Pope Paul VI, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.[38]

Character and legacy

St. Francis talking to the wolf of Gubbio (Carl Weidemeyer, 1911)
Francis led semi-naked for humility

Francis set out to imitate Christ and literally carry out his work. This is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament.[4] He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbor, in every man."[39]

He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order.[4]

He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birds[40][41] and supposedly persuaded a wolf in Gubbio to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died".[4]

Francis' visit to Egypt and attempted

Custodians of the Holy Land" on behalf of the Catholic Church.[42]

At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche (

Bonaventure, biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ox and donkey.[43] According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass.[citation needed
]

Nature and the environment

See also: Wolf of Gubbio
A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds

Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..."[44] In the Canticle of the Sun he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees as rendering praise to God.[45]

Many of the stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment.

Fioretti ("Little Flowers") is a collection of legends and folklore that sprang up after his death. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds."[40] The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand.[41]

Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals". Francis went up into the hills and when he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger", the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator.[46]

On 29 November 1979, Pope John Paul II declared Francis the patron saint of ecology.[47] On 28 March 1982, John Paul II said that Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us."[48] The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples."[49]

In 2015,

Laudato Si' about the ecological crisis and "care for our common home, which takes its name from the Canticle of the Sun, which Francis of Assisi composed. It presents Francis as "the example par excellence of care for the vulnerable and of an integral ecology lived out joyfully and authentically".[50] This inspired the birth of the Laudato Si' Movement, a global network of nearly 1000 organizations promoting the Laudato Si' message and the Franciscan approach to ecology.[51]

It is a popular practice on his feast day, 4 October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing.[52]

Feast day

Main article: Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine
Francis' last resting place at Assisi

Francis'

feast day is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honor of the stigmata received by Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the Tridentine calendar) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order.[53] Wherever the Tridentine Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar.[54]

Francis is

Episcopal Church USA, the Old Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and other churches and religious communities on 4 October.[56][57]

Papal name

On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Archbishop and Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis.[58][59]

At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.[59][60][61][62] The pontiff recounted that Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right after the election; that made Bergoglio think of Francis.[63][64] It is the first time a pope has taken the name.[g]

Patronage

A relic of Francis of Assisi

On 18 June 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint patron saint of Italy along with Catherine of Siena with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa".[66] Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.[citation needed]

Francis is the patron of animals and ecology.[67] As such, he is the patron saint of the Laudato Si' Movement, a network that promotes the Franciscan ecological paradigm as outlined in the encyclical Laudato Si'.[68]

He is also considered the patron against dying alone; against fire; patron of the

Franciscan Order and Catholic Action;[69] of families, peace, and needleworkers.[70] and a number of religious congregations.[69]

He is the patron of many

Lancaster, England; Kottapuram, India; General Trias, Philippines; San Francisco;[70] Santa Fe, New Mexico; Colorado; Salina, Kansas; Metuchen, New Jersey; and Quibdó
, Colombia.

Outside Catholicism

Anglicanism

One of the results of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the Community of St. Francis (women, founded 1905), the Poor Clares of Reparation (P.C.R.), the Society of St. Francis (men, founded 1934), and the Community of St. Clare (women, enclosed).[71][citation needed]

A U.S.-founded order within the Anglican world communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia), The Little Sisters of St. Clare.[72]

The Anglican church retained the Catholic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice.[73]

Protestantism

Main article: Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism

Several Protestant groups have emerged since the 19th century that strive to adhere to the teachings of St. Francis.[74]

There are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the

Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches,[75] including the Order of Lutheran Franciscans, the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers).[76]

Orthodox churches

Francis is not recognized as a saint by any Orthodox Church and stigmatas are considered foreign to the faith.[77] Orthodox Saint, bishop, and theologian Ignatius Brianchaninov called Francis of Assisi's claims delusions.[78]

Francis' feast is celebrated at

Cambridge, New York founded by Catholic Franciscans in the 20th century.[79]

Other religions

Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the example and teachings of Francis. These include the popular philosopher Eckhart Tolle, who has made videos on the spirituality of Francis.[80]

The interreligious spiritual community of Skanda Vale in Wales also takes inspiration from the example of Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order.[81]

Main writings

Francisci Assisiatis opuscula, Antverpiae, apud Balthasarem Moretum, 1623
  • Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; Canticle of the Sun, 1224
  • Oratio ante Crucifixum, Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation)
  • Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221
  • Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223
  • Testament, 1226
  • Admonitions, 1205 to 1209[82]

For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience.[83]

Francis is considered the first Italian poet by some literary critics.[84] He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin.[85]

The anonymous 20th-century prayer "

Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace" is widely attributed to Francis, but there is no evidence for it.[86][87]

In art

The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards, and Francis appeared in European art soon after his death.

Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi
, parts of which are shown above.

There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis as "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.[89]

Media

Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi
Statue of St. Francis in front of the Catholic church of Chania

Films

Music

For musical settings of the prayer incorrectly attributed to Francis, see Prayer of Saint Francis § Musical settings.

Selected biographical books

Hundreds of books have been written about him. The following suggestions are from Franciscan friar Conrad Harkins (1935–2020), director of the Franciscan Institute at St. Bonaventure University.[94]

  • Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi (Scribner's, 1905).
  • Johannes Jurgensen, St. Francis of Assisi: A Biography (translated by T. O’Conor Sloane; Longmans, 1912).
  • Arnaldo Fortini, Francis of Assisi (translated by Helen Moak, Crossroad, 1981).
  • Nikos Kazantzakis, Saint Francis (Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού, in Greek; 1954)
  • John Moorman, St. Francis of Assisi (SPCK, 1963)
  • John Moorman, "The Spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi" (Our Sunday Visitor, 1977).
  • Erik Doyle, St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood (Seabury, 1981).
  • Raoul Manselli, St. Francis of Assisi (translated by Paul Duggan; Franciscan, 1988).

Other

  • In Rubén Darío's poem "Los Motivos del Lobo" ("The Reasons of the Wolf") St. Francis tames a terrible wolf only to discover that the human heart harbors darker desires than those of the beast.
  • In Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of "Pater Seraphicus", an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is found in Goethe's Faust, Part 2, Act 5, lines 11,918–25.[95]
  • In Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams' chapter on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively.
  • Francesco's Friendly World was a 1996–97 direct-to-video Christian animated series produced by Lyrick Studios that was about Francesco and his talking animal friends as they rebuild the Church of San Damiano.[96]
  • Rich Mullins co-wrote Canticle of the Plains, a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but told as a Western story.
  • Bernard Malamud's novel The Assistant (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City.[citation needed]
  • G. K. Chesterton's book St. Francis of Assisi, a biographical and philosophical explanation of St. Francis[97]

See also

Prayers

Notes

  1. ^ The tunic that Saint Francis actually wore was simpler.[1] It reportedly was made by himself to be unattractive and uncomfortable,[2] unlike today's Franciscan habits.[3]
  2. ^ His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), name with the possible meaning "Frenchman".
  3. ^ The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents.
  4. ^ e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 February or March 1220 and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, Vita prima (1228), §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in Tolan 2009, pp. 19– and Tolan 2009, p. 54 respectively.
  5. ^ e.g., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. Tolan 2009, p. 126 discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does not extend to a fire actually being lit.
  6. ^ For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., Tolan 2009, pp. 258–263. The first mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. See Tolan 2009, p. 168
  7. ^ On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I". A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.[61][65]

References

  1. ^ Bryner, Jeanna (10 September 2007). "Tunic Worn by Saint Francis Identified". LiveScience. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  2. ^ Wolf, Kenneth (March 2003). "St. Francis and His Tunic". Oxford Academic. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  3. ^ Graves, Jim (22 March 2019). "7 Religious Talk About the Habits They Wear". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 18 December 2023. but our habits are comfortable to wear
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Brady & Cunningham 2020.
  5. ^ Pavia, Will (14 March 2013). "St Francis of Assisi: patron saint of the poor". thetimes.co.uk. News Corporation. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  6. ^ Brooke 2006, pp. 161–162.
  7. ^ Zielinski, Karen (23 January 2019). "Begging like St. Francis". Global Sisters Report.
  8. ^ Delio 2013.
  9. ^ Tolan 2009.
  10. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Christmas" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  12. ^
    ISBN 0199566712
    .
  13. ^ "St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal". Franciscanfriars.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  14. ^ a b Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. p. 158.
  15. ^ "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Online. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  16. ^ Dagger, Jacob (November–December 2006). "Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small". Duke Magazine. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56619-516-4
    .
  18. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41
  19. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0
    .
  20. ^ a b Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56
  21. ^ de la Riva, Fr. John (2011). "Life of St. Francis". St. Francis of Assisi National Shrine. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  22. ^ Kiefer, James E. (1999). "Francis of Assisi, Friar". Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  23. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108
  24. ^ Galli (2002), pp. 74–80
  25. ^ Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111
  26. ^ "Secular Franciscan Order". Secular Franciscan Order US. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  27. ^ Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244.
  28. ^ Chesterton (1924), p. 130
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General references

Further reading

External links
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